METHODS OF TEACHING SOCIAL SCIENCE
GROUP MEMBERS:
Alig, Junisia
Banglig, Loida
Bantule, Chester Levi
Pugong, Florida C.
November 28, 2023
Teaching Approaches, Strategies, Methods and Techniques
Teaching Approach – is a set of principles, beliefs or ideas about the nature of
learning which is translated into the classroom. It springs from a teacher’s own
philosophy of education, the nature of education, the role of the teacher and that
of the student
Teaching Strategy – Also known as Instructional Strategies. A long-term plan of
action designed to achieve a particular goal. It refers to the procedures and
various processes that a teacher uses during classroom instruction.
Teaching method – is a systematic way of doing something. It implies an orderly
logical arrangement o step. It is more procedural.
Teaching technique – is a well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific
activity or task. It is a teacher’s particular style or trick used to accomplish an
immediate objective. Techniques are consistent with a given approach, strategy
and method.
15 Effective Teaching Strategies
1. Behavior management
Behavior management strategies foster an atmosphere of mutual respect, reduce
disruptive behavior and ensure students have an equal opportunity to fulfill their
potential in the classroom. It's crucial to provide them with both a positive and
productive learning environment. Examples include establishing a reward system with
an interactive chart where students move up or down depending on their performance
and behavior in class.
2. Blended learning
With a blended learning teaching strategy, technology is incorporated with
traditional learning. This allows students to work at their own pace, research their ideas
and become more physically engaged during lessons. Examples include providing
interactive tablets or whiteboards with engaging activities and posting classwork online
for easier access.
3. Cooperative learning
Group work is a cooperative learning strategy that allows students with various
learning levels to work together. By encouraging them to express their own ideas and
listen to others' ideas as a group, you help students develop communication and critical
thinking skills. Examples include solving math puzzles together, performing skits as a
team or working on group presentations.
4. Culturally responsive teaching
Culturally responsive teaching links lessons and context with students’
contemporary and ancestral cultures. Diverse classrooms require you to reach students
with dramatically different backgrounds and/or different learning styles.
Through this teaching strategy, explain how your topic relates to different cultures and
make sure your classroom is a place where all students feel empowered. Encourage all
students to ask questions and share unique answers.
5. Differentiation
Differentiation is a teaching strategy that lets you assign tasks to students based
on their specific academic abilities and their learning needs. Effective classrooms are
often inclusive settings so it's important to teach to a range of learning levels
simultaneously. Examples include worksheets that vary in complexity or letting students
choose from activities or stations related to a particular lesson.
6. Experiential learning
Experiential learning uses real-world experience to learn by doing. While
traditional lesson plans tend to focus on the teacher, this strategy focuses on students
participating in activities they may not immediately recognize as educational. Examples
include games, experiments and/or simulations. A common form of experiential learning
is a field trip combined with practical lessons outside of the classroom that connect to
your current curriculum.
7. Formative assessment
A formative assessment is used periodically to monitor student learning
incrementally. This can more effectively measure the process of learning as opposed to
end-of-unit tests and can help you to improve your teaching methods throughout the
year. Examples of this teaching strategy include self-evaluation exercises and
summarizing a topic in multiple ways.
8. Game-based learning
If you want to help students become more excited about learning, consider
developing and implementing educational games and/or challenges, whether in-person
or online. These games can inspire children, especially kinesthetic learners, to
participate more fully in the learning process, as well as keep them motivated and
focused on their class lessons. This teaching strategy can also help them solve
problems and reach a goal.
9. Growth mindset
A growth mindset is a strategy designed to help students see the value of effort,
persistence and risk in trying new things and learning new concepts. It focuses on
praising students when they try new methods and/or embrace different perspectives on
learning goals. A growth mindset also encourages students to set goals using
the Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time-Based (SMART) method.
10. Inquiry-based instruction
Inquiry-based instruction uses thought-provoking questions to inspire students to
think independently and discuss meaningful topics. This lets you present academic
concepts in a way that invites students to reconsider their perspectives and ask
questions. Inquiries can be math or science questions with a complex answer, such
as "Why is the sky blue?" or questions that result in a more subjective response, such
as "Do poems have to rhyme?"
There are four types of inquiry-based instruction:
Confirmation
Structured inquiry Guided inquiry Open inquiry
inquiry
You let students
You give students an
You give students a You give students an develop original
open question and they
question and a way open question and questions that they
design investigation
to answer it. investigation method. answer through their
methods.
own methods.
11. Modeling
Teachers can use a modeling teaching strategy by generating their own example
as an acceptable answer. For some students, it's easier to learn when you tell them
what to do and then show them how to do it.
This teaching strategy will be especially helpful for students who identify themselves as
visual learners. Among younger age groups, you may model appropriate classroom
behaviors, for example. In older grades, it's more common to provide sample answers
to complex equations or other challenging tasks.
12. Response to intervention
Response to intervention (RTI) is a strategy for accommodating a student who
may require extra support. This teaching strategy focuses on early and continuous
identification, assessment and assistance for students with learning or behavior needs.
The RTI strategy helps you respond proactively to students who may learn more
effectively with a personalized plan. Examples include adjusting your instructional
methods to re-engage students or contacting parents to discuss one-on-one support.
13. Student-led teaching
The student-led teaching strategy lets students become the teacher. In a
classroom with learners at different levels, you can better engage those learning faster
by showing them how to teach and give feedback to their peers. They may team-teach
or work in groups to teach a new topic. Examples include letting a student teach an
entire lesson or having advanced writers lead a peer-editing session as well as provide
constructive criticism.
14. Summative assessment
Summative assessments are exams and/or projects designed to evaluate
students' understanding of specific material. While these assessments may not be
effective for measuring learning ability, they help identify class-wide learning gaps and
encourage students to remain attentive to their lessons. Examples include end-of-unit
tests, final projects or standardized tests.
15. Visualization
Graphic organizers are a simple, effective visualization tool to help students
brainstorm and organize their thoughts and ideas in a visual presentation. Visual aids
like pie charts, Vygotsky scaffolding and Venn diagrams spur students to think about
information through connections and comparisons.
This helps them organize the information in their minds to better grasp new concepts.
You might ask students to make their graphic organizers so they can learn to apply their
knowledge more creatively.
Teaching Techniques
1. Brain Storming
It is a group creativity technique that was designed to generate a large number of
ideas for the solution of a problem. Problem solving is a process to choose and use the
effective and beneficial tool and behaviors among the different potentialities to reach the
target. It contains scientific method, critical thinking, taking decision, examining and
reflective thinking. This method is used in the process of solving a problem to
generalize or to make synthesis. It provides students to face the problems boldly and to
deal with it in a scientific approach. It helps students to adopt the view of benefit from
others ideas and to help each other.
2. Micro Teaching Technique
It is essential to practice the teaching skills in order to become better teachers. A
teaching skill is a set of teaching behaviors of the teacher which is especially effective in
bringing about desired changes in pupils’ behavior. Allen and Ryan in 1966 identified
20
teaching skills at Stanford University. This list has now increased to 37 teaching skills.
These skills can be assessed by means of an observation scale. It is not possible to
train all the pupil teachers in all these skills in any training programmed because of the
constraints of time and funds. Therefore, a set of teaching skills which cuts across the
subject areas has been identified. They have been found to be very useful for every
teacher. The set of these skills are Skill of Probing Questions, Skill of Explaining, Skill of
Illustrating with Examples, Skill of Reinforcement, Skill of Stimulus Variation, Skill of
Classroom Management and Skill of using Blackboard.
3. Programmed Learning
Programmed learning (or programmed instruction) is a research-based system
which helps learners work successfully. The learning material may be a textbook or
teaching machine or computer. The medium presents the material in a logical and
tested sequence. The text is in small steps or larger chunks. After each step, learners
are given a question to test their comprehension. Then immediately the correct answer
is shown. This means the learner at all stages makes responses, and is given
immediate knowledge of results.
4. Inquiry-Based Learning
Inquiry-based learning starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—rather
than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge. The
process is often assisted by a facilitator. Inquirers will identify and research issues and
questions to develop their knowledge or solutions. The inquiry-based instruction is
principally very closely related to the development and practice of thinking skills.
5. Mind Map
It is one of the Innovative teaching techniques. It was developed by Tony Buzan
in 1960. Mind Maps are used as learning and teaching technique. Mind Map visually
illustrates the relationship between concepts and ideas. Often represented in circles or
boxes, concepts are linked by words and phrases that explain the connection between
the ideas, helping the students, organize and structure their thoughts to further
understand information and discover new relationships. Recollect information for long
time. Mind map help for better learning and effective achievement.
6. Cooperative Learning
İt is a successful teaching technique in which small teams, each with students of
different levels of ability, use variety of learning activities to improve their understanding
of a subject. Each member of a team is responsible not only for learning what is taught
but also for helping team mates learning, thus creating the atmosphere of achievement.
Students work through the assignment until all the members successfully understand
and complete it. Cooperative efforts result in participants striving for mutual benefit for
all the group members.
7. Dramatization
One of the Modern teaching techniques teaches students how to behave in a
situation by living it. Physical environment/costumes/accessories are important and
they effect the concentration of the students. Students use their own imagination thus
improving their creativeness. It provides direct involvement in learning on the part of all
students, improves their language usage, communicating/speaking and listening skills
and allows for the exploration of solutions. The various types of Dramatization are
Informal drama, Role playing, Formal drama, Puppets, Pantomime and Finger game.
Media involved in Modern Teaching Techniques
8. Audio Aids
In the recent past these hearing aids like cassettes and recorders were in used in
the process of learning of English language. Such teaching aids were effective in
improving the phonetics, pronunciation and spoken English of the students.
9. Visual Aids
Apart from the traditional visual aids like charts, pictures and models that are still
in use in the classrooms, there are other modern visual aids which were in use in the
recent years. These aids include the picture slides, motion pictures and the like. The
modern times, the development in technology e-book readers which are portable
electronic devices are mainly used for reading digital books.
10. Audio-Visual Aids
These are being widely adopted and used in many of the educational institutions,
which have a separate audio-visual room or lab. By the growth of technology children
are showing much interest in computer-based learning like the Power point
presentations. It develops team work among the students as they are required to work
in teams for such project based learning. In such a Project based learning teacher acts
as a facilitator to the taught and this involves the active participation of the student.
11. Interactive Electronic White Board
This is a very recent development wherein the whole board acts like a touch
screen with students being able to do various manipulations directly on the board itself.
Basically, the white electronic board is connected to a digital projector which projects
the material on the computer onto the board. Then without the need of touching the
computer, the students can do mathematical calculations, scrabble solving etc. by the
use of a stylus provided.
12. M-Learning
M-Learning is the technique where learning occurs in multiple contexts, through
social and content interactions. M-Learning Technologies are available by using
personal electronic devices such as handheld computers, MP3 players, notebooks,
mobile phones and tablets. M-learning is more convenient and access at anytime and
anywhere.
13. E-Learning
Instructional Content or Learning Experiences delivered of enabled by Electronic
Technologies (Ong & Wang, 2004). E-Learning Teaching Strategies are E-lecture ring,
E-discussion, E-monitoring, E-tutorial, E-access to network resources, E-structured
group activity, E-informal peer interaction, E-connected education, E-quality learning
and simulation.
13 Teaching Approaches Used in the K to 12 Curriculum
1. Learner – Centered - an approach to education focusing on the needs of the
students, rather than those of others involved in the educational process, such as
teachers and administrators. Focused on the student's needs, abilities, interests, and
learning styles with the teacher as a facilitator of learning. This classroom teaching
method acknowledges student voice as central to the learning experience for every
learner.
2. Inclusive - This promotes the right of every Filipino to quality, equitable, culture-
based and complete basic education. Through inclusive education, all Filipinos
will realize their full potential and contribute meaningfully to building the nation
3. Developmentally appropriate – is a teaching perspective in education where
a teacher nurtures a child’s development (social, emotional, physical, and cognitive).
Tasks within their developmental stages. From simple to complex, respective of the
grade level. “Observing developmental appropriateness is another way of expressing
learner-centeredness.”
4. Relevant and responsive - Connect the lessons to the student’s daily experiences.
Making your teaching meaningful. No to meaningless “mile-wide-inch-deep teaching”.
No to “teaching-to-the-test”.
5. Research-based - Integrate research findings in your lessons. Make your lesson
more interesting, updated, more convincing, and persuasive.
6. Culture-sensitive - Respect for cultural diversity Learners have varied cultural
experiences. Don’t judge one culture as superior to the other. Be less judgmental, more
understanding, and more empathetic with your students.
7. Contextual - Put your lesson in context. Contextualized teaching means exerting
effort to extend learning beyond the classroom into relevant contexts in the real world.
Indigenize and localize the lessons.
8. Constructivist - Students learn by building upon their prior knowledge (schema).
9. Inquiry-based and reflective - Students must begin to formulate questions. Risk
answers, probing for relationships, making their own discoveries, reflecting on their
findings, acting as researchers and writers.
10. Collaborative - Working together to learn together. Group tasks, solving a
problem, completing a task, creating a product.
11. Integrative - Subjects are brought together so that students can grasp a
more authentic understanding of a subject matter under study.
12. Spiral progressive - The same concepts from one grade level to the next
in increasing complexity.
13. Mother tongue-based multilingual education - This approach provides an
opportunity for students to learn concepts in their mother tongue.
Teaching Method
1. Direct and indirect method Methods
The direct method is teacher-dominated. You lecture immediately on what you
want that students to learn without necessarily involving them in the process. This is the
traditional OBE that emphasizes on subject- specific content
Example: You want to teach students how to pronounce a word, how to write a
paragraph; how to add fractions. how to throat! a sewing machine, how to dribble a ball,
how to draw a Gold “or how to read a map. To teach them the skill or process, you show
them how by demonstrating it. This is the “telling” and the “showing" method. You are
lecturer and demonstrator.
2. Deductive and inductive methods
Methods of teaching can also be grouped into deduct!" or inductive
method. In the deductive method, you begin your lesson with a generalization, a rule, a
definition, and end with examples and illustrations or with what is concrete.
Examples:
1. You start your lesson in economies with the low of supply and demand and then give
examples to illustrate.
2. You state the rule on deriving the area of a rectangle then apply it with an example.
3. You state the rule on subject-verb agreement then give sentences that
illustrate the rule.
4. ‘You give the definition of pollination then show a video clip of the pollination process.
References
Murugesan, V. (2019). Modern teaching techniques in education. ResearchGate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
331071559_Modern_Teaching_Techniques_in_Education
15 of the Most Effective Teaching Strategies. (2023). indeed.com
Gaytan, J.B. (2021). Kalinga State University. The teaching Approaches of the subjects
in the K to 12 Curriculum.
Republic of the Philippines Department of Education (2021). The teaching Approaches
of the subjects in the K to 12 Curriculum.
