Satellite Link Design
It gives the estimate of power that the satellite would be able to receive from
transmitting earth station & power received from satellite repeater by the
receiving earth station.
The Earth station - satellite segment is called the uplink
The satellite - Earth station segment is called the downlink
Free-space attenuation is determined by the inverse square law, which states that
the power received is inversely proportional to the square of the distance.
Factors that produce significant amount of degradation and time variation
Rain
Terrain effects
absorption by trees and walls
Air condition
Ionosphere
The four factors related to satellite system design:
1.The weight of satellite
2.The choice frequency band
3.Atmospheric propagation effects
4.Multiple access technique
The major frequency bands are 6/4 GHz, 14/11 GHz and 30/20 GHz (Uplink/Downlink)
At geostationary orbit there is already satellites using both 6/4 and 14/11 GHz
every 2˚(minimum space to avoid interference from uplink earth stations)
Info input -> encoding -> modulator -> up converter -> high power amp
(transmitter)-> -> -> (reciever) satellight repeater -> -> -> (reciever) -> low
noise down converter -> demodulator -> info output
Factors for Link Budget Analysis
Antenna Gain
Path Loss
Obstacle Loss
Atmospheric Loss
Receiver Gain
Recieved power calculation
Pr = Pt Ar/ A0
Gt = 4 PI d^2/ A0
Pr = Pt Gt Ar/ 4 PI d^2
Gr = 4 PI Ar/Lambda^2
Pr = Pt Gt Gr *(Lambda/4 PI d)^2
Pt*Gt => effective isotropic power
Telemetry, Tracking, Commanding and Monitoring (TTCM)
present in both satellite and earth station word ‘Telemetry’ means measurement at a
distance.
Mainly, the following operations take place in ‘Telemetry’.
Generation of an electrical signal, which is proportional to the quantity to be
measured.
Encoding the electrical signal.
Transmitting this code to a far distance.
This TTCM subsystem is divided into following three parts-
1. Telemetry and Monitoring Subsystem
Telemetry signals carry information related to altitude, environment and
satellight. Transmitted as FSK or psk.
Telemetry subsystem present in the satellite performs mainly two
functions
1 Receiving data from sensors, and
2 Transmitting that data to an earth station.
2. Tracking Subsystem
Tracking subsystem is useful to know the position of the satellite and its
current orbit.
Satellight control centre monitors the position of the satellight once
launched from earth using these telemetry downlink and controls using uplink.
It performs the functions like, locating of satellite in initial orbit and
transfer orbit.
3. Commanding Subsystem
Commanding subsystem is necessary in order to launch the satellite in an
orbit and its working in that orbit.
This subsystem adjusts the altitude and orbit of the satellite ,if deviated.
It also controls other subsystems based on data recieved from telemetry
tracking subsystems.
Launching of Satellites
The process of placing the satellite in a proper orbit is known as launching
process. During this process, from earth stations we can control the operation of
satellite. Mainly, there are four stages in launching a satellite.
First Stage − The first stage of launch vehicle contains rockets and fuel for
lifting the satellite along with launch vehicle from ground.
Second Stage − The second stage of launch vehicle contains smaller rockets. These
are ignited after completion of first stage. They have their own fuel tanks in
order to send the satellite into space.
Third Stage − The third (upper) stage of the launch vehicle is connected to the
satellite fairing. This fairing is a metal shield, which contains the satellite and
it protects the satellite.
Fourth Stage − Satellite gets separated from the upper stage of launch vehicle,
when it has been reached to out of Earth's atmosphere. Then, the satellite will go
to a “transfer orbit”. This orbit sends the satellite higher into space.
Transfer Orbit:
A transfer orbit is an elliptical orbit used during the initial phase of a
satellite launch.
The launch vehicle places the satellite into a transfer orbit, which typically has
a perigee (closest point to Earth) within the atmosphere and an apogee (farthest
point from Earth) that reaches the desired orbital altitude.
The transfer orbit is designed to efficiently transfer the satellite from its
initial parking orbit or launch trajectory to its final operational orbit.
Once the satellite reaches the apogee of the transfer orbit, a maneuver is
conducted to circularize the orbit, bringing the satellite into its intended
operational orbit.
Satellite Launch Vehicles:
Satellite launch vehicles launch the satellites into a particular orbit based on
the requirement. Satellite launch vehicles are nothing but multi stage rockets.
Following are the two types of satellite launch vehicles.
Expendable Launch Vehicles: Expendable launch vehicles (ELV) get destroyed after
leaving the satellites in space. The following image shows how an ELV looks.
Reusable Launch Vehicles: Reusable launch vehicles (RLV) can be used multiple
times for launching satellites. Generally, this type of launch vehicles will return
back to earth after leaving the satellite in space.
Azimuth Angle:
The formula for azimuth angle (α)-
α=180^𝑜+〖𝑇𝑎𝑛〗^(−1) (TanG / TanL)
Elevation Angle:
The formula for elevation angle (β)-
β=〖𝑇𝑎𝑛〗^(−1)((cos G.cosL-0.15)/ 〖"(1−" 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗^2 "G. " 〖𝑐𝑜𝑠〗^2 "L) " 〗^(1/2) )
where,
L is Latitude of earth station antenna.
G is the difference between position of satellite orbit
and earth station antenna.
Multiple Access Scheme
Multiple access scheme allows many users to share satellite’s resource (Capacity).
The basic form of multiple access employed by most communications satellites is the
use of many transponders.
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
• Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Describing the Orbit of a Satellite
PPT se dekhna hai
b = a(1-e^2)^1/2
To be perfectly geostationary, the orbit of a satellite needs to have three
features:
It must be exactly circular (i.e., have an eccentricity of zero)
altitude (i.e., have the correct orbital period)
it must be in the plane of the equator (i.e., have a zero inclination with respect
to the equator).
orbital velocity(v) = root(mu/r)
orbital period T^2 = 4 pi^2 a^3 / mu (Keplers 3rd law)
orbital angular velocity = 2 pi/T(in sec)
radius of earth +hp = a(1-ecosE)
