Dynamics of Machinery – MEK 453/HH Rev.

01-2023

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

KOLEJ KEJURUTERAAN-PENGAJIAN KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Program : Bachelor of Mechatronics Engineering Technology with Honours (CEEM242)

Course : Dynamics of Machinery
Code : MEK 453
Lecturer : Hafizan Hashim
Group : 3
MEK 453 – Assignment

TITLE : FREE VIBRATION

No NAME STUDENT ID SIGNATURE

1 MUHAMMAD ARIF IZUDDIN BIN SHAMSUL 2023503205

2 MUHAMMAD AMMAR BIN AMRAN 2023126741

3 MUHAMMAD AMIR HAKIM BIN ABDULLAH 2023503181

4 MUHAMMAD AKIL BIN AMBERIN 2022917509

5 MUHAMMAD ADIB HAIKAL BIN ISHAK 2023367849

REPORT SUBMISSION : 08/12/2023

*By signing above, you attest that you have contributed to this submission and confirm that all work you have contributed to this
submission is your own work. Any suspicion of copying or plagiarism in this work will result in an investigation of academic misconduct
and may result in a “0” on the work, an “F” in the course, or possibly more severe penalties.

Marking Scheme
No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
2
INTRODUCTION
3
OBJECTIVE
4
THEORY
4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
5–7
• Apparatus

• Experimental procedure

TABLE OF RESULT
8 – 10
• Graph

• Calculation

DISCUSSION
11 – 14

CONCLUSION 15-17

REFERENCE 18
ABSTRACT
There is no externally imposed vibration force in a free vibration. A free vibration's
solution is often sinusoidal. Of course, vibrations can occur over a wide range of
frequencies. Typically, there will be one or more frequencies with increasing
amplitude. The non-linear, three-dimensional reaction of a hanging wire carrying an
array of discrete masses is described theoretically. The cable/mass suspension
equations of motion are linearized around a typically sagging and supported
equilibrium state, and the eigen solutions regulating free response are obtained. Modal
experiments on laboratory cables were performed to obtain corroborating readings of
the system's inherent frequencies. A free vibration experiment (f) was carried out to
ascertain the value of the spring constant (k) and natural frequency. We must first
assess the stiffness of the spring by applying weight to the carriage. The experiment
is repeated once the bulk is increased by adding weight. Then, using the information
supplied, compute the spring constant, k. Based on the deflection recorded on the
chart paper, the spring constant was calculated. The graph depicts the spring's force
and extension. The natural frequency was determined by first identifying the oscillation
time and then adding it into algorithms for computing periods. The force is used to
compress or stretch the string by measuring the mean distance of the compressed or
stretched offspring before and after the force is applied. The inherent frequency of the
spring mass system has no damping in this experiment. Finally, as the mass added
increases, the experimental result approaches the theoretical value with just a minor
deviation due to errors made during the experiment.
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Vibration analysis is a core component of mechanical engineering that explores the

complex dynamics of systems and objects as they oscillate around their equilibrium
states. This area classifies vibrations into two primary categories: free vibration and
force vibration. Free vibration is the phenomenon that occurs when there are no
external forces acting on a system. It is commonly observed as solutions that are
almost sinusoidal in nature. The spectrum of vibrations spans a broad variety of
frequencies, with certain frequencies demonstrating increased volume.

Stability is a crucial attribute in the domain of free vibration. The amplitude remains
unchanged at the moment of greatest stability, indicating the system's ability to
withstand disturbances. Nevertheless, difficulties emerge when external factors, such
as sinusoidal vibrations, exceed the system's stability threshold. In such instances, the
magnitude of vibration may continue to grow without limit or until it is limited by
nonlinearity, thus emphasising the intricate equilibrium of stability in vibrating systems.

The study of vibration has practical value, particularly in assessing the condition of
machinery, in addition to its theoretical consequences. Vibration data functions as an
effective diagnostic instrument, facilitating the identification of defects, possible signs
of failure, misalignment, or imbalance in vital components such as bearings and
rotating machinery. Furthermore, the examination of vibration data enables engineers
to detect and alleviate elevated and detrimental vibration levels, thereby guaranteeing
the utmost efficiency and durability of mechanical systems.

The primary objective of this experiment is to ascertain the precise value of the spring
constant and the natural frequency of a machine when subjected to a load. By
engaging in this activity, it contributes to the wider comprehension of vibrational
dynamics and assists in the formulation of approaches to improve the stability and
efficiency of mechanical systems.
2.0 OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to;

1. Determine the spring constant (k).
2. Determine the natural frequency (f).

2.1 THEORY

Vibration refers to the regular movement of an object or a group of objects that are
shifted from their balanced state. Undamped free vibration, depicted in figure A, is the
most basic form of vibrating motion. When the block is in equilibrium, the spring applies
an upward force of F=W=mg on the block. Therefore, when the block is moved lower
from its original position, the spring force's amplitude increases.

Figure 2.1: Undamped single degree of freedom system

𝑚¨𝑥 + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
where x = 0 defines the equilibrium position of the mass.
The solution of Eq. (2.1) is
𝑘 𝑘
𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 √ 𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠√ 𝑡
𝑚 𝑚

where the term k/m is the angular natural frequency defined by

𝑘
𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

The sinusoidal oscillation of the mass repeats continuously, and the time interval to
complete one cycle is the period:
𝜔𝑛
τ= 2𝜋

The reciprocal of the period is the natural frequency:

 1 𝜔𝑛 1 𝑘 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑓𝑛 = = = 2𝜋 √𝑚 = 2𝜋 √ 𝑊
𝑡 2𝜋

where W = mg is the weight of the rigid body forming the mass of the system shown
in Fig. 2.1.

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.1 Apparatus

Figure 1: Vibration Free Unit

Figure 2 : Additional Mass

(ADD LIST APPARATUS)

Relevant measurements and calibrations used of items related to apparatus:

Carriage: Mass 1250g

Additional Masses: 2000g
Tension / Compression spring with retaining screws: 1.7 N/mm
Recorder Speed: 20 mm/s
3.2 Experimental procedure

Procedure 1:

1. The plotter pen and paper were fitted.

2. The weight was removed from the carriage.

3. The adjuster was used to set the carriage so that the plotter pen was on the 20 mm
line on chart paper.

4. The spring was loaded onto the carriage by placing weight.

5. The recorder was started briefly after each weight was added.

6. The individual steps were read from the stepped curve that was obtained.

Procedure 2:

1. The plotter pen was fitted.

2. The chosen additional masses were attached and secured with a knurled nut.

3. The adjuster was used to set the height of the carriage, so the stylus was centered
on the paper.

4. The recorder was started.

5. The carriage was deflected downwards by hand and allowed to oscillate freely until
it finally came to rest.

6. The recorder was stopped.

7. The experiment was repeated with the other additional masses.

 4.0 TABLE OF RESULT

Natural Percentage
Natural Frequency Error (%)
Total Extension
NO Total (m) Frequency (experiment)
Load
Load(N) (theory) (Hz)
(kg)
(Hz)

5.05 7.66
1 0.012
3.25 33.88 4.69

4.33 17.34
2

0.024
5.25 51.50 3.69

3.37 7.32
3

0.036
7.25 71.12 3.14

3.03 8.99
4

0.048
9.25 90.74 2.78

2.75 9.13
5 11.25 110.36 0.060 2.52

Figure 3: Result
 4.1 Graph

Figure 4: Graph

4.2 Calculation
To determine spring constant, k
𝐹
𝑘= 𝑥

33.88
𝑘 = 0.012

𝑘 = 2823.33 N/m

To determine the natural frequency ( theory) and Natural Frequency ( experiment)

1 𝑘 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 ∗ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒

𝑓(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦) = 2𝜋
(√𝑚) 𝑇= 100

1 2823.33 0.6(33)
𝑓(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦) = 2𝜋
(√ 3.25 ) 𝑇= 100
= 0.198 𝑠

1 1
𝑓(𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦) = 4.69 Hz 𝑓(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 𝑇 = 0.198

𝑓(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) = 5.05 Hz

● Error percentage

(5.05−4.69)
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = (4.69)
× 100%

Error = 7.66%
5.0 DISCUSSION

NAME: MUHAMMAD ARIF IZUDDIN BIN SHAMSUL

STUDENT ID: 2023503205

The experimental outcomes help figure out the spring's constant (k) and its
natural rhythm (f). Hooke's Law says a spring's rebound power will swiftly ramp up if
nudged a bit. We show F as F = kx. Here, x is how much the spring stretches or
spreads out. Considering that moving down is seen as a negative change in space, it
has a negative impact. Hence, F = k (-x) turns into F = kx. The k constant changes
with each spring.
We did an experiment with five kinds of loads. The load's weight increased from
3.25 kilograms to 11.25 kilograms. We'll talk about how they expanded based on the
stress put on them. The first 3.25 kilograms load stretched 0.012 meters. The first
reading's predicted rate was 4.69, but the actual rate was 5.05. Even though there are
differences between predicted and actual rates, it is okay to put in the report. This is
because when we do tests, we look at different things. The trials have- myriad factors
we can't control. For instance, paralax error. It lead to a 7.66 percentage error in our
test results. As we increase the weight, the data also expands. This means the natural
frequency rises, in theory and practice. Extension lengthens. Predictably, the
percentage error grows. The data's significant increase shows the experiment worked
well.
The natural fre-quency comes about when you make a waveshaped graph
("sinusoidal graph") by letting each weight on the spring move back and forth
("oscillate"). You figure out the time it takes for five back and forths by dividing the
distance it bounces by how fast the recorder measures. The teste-d natural frequency,
also called f, happe-ns by flipping the time it takes for one bounce.
Each weight connected to the spring carries its own unique rhythm. This rhythm
is shown with the letter 'f'. You can use the process above to calculate the spring's
theoretical rhythm or 'f'. The tightness of the spring, also known as 'k', and the weight,
or 'm', both play a part in this. The actual and hypothetical figures for the- spring's
rhythm, 'f', have very tiny differences. No need to worry about them.
NAME: MUHAMMAD AMMAR BIN AMRAN
STUDENT ID: 2023126741

The free vibration experiment of a spring-mass system without damping is a classic

physics experiment that allows the system's intrinsic frequency to be determined. The
natural frequency is a fundamental property of the system that is related to the mass
of the item and the spring stiffness.

The experiment comprises suspending a mass from a spring and measuring the period
of oscillation of the system. Using the oscillation period, the natural frequency may be
computed and compared to theoretical predictions. One disadvantage of the
experiment is that external disturbances such as air resistance and friction may
influence the accuracy of the findings. Experiment settings that employ vacuum
chambers or minimize friction between the mass and the surface, on the other hand,
can be constructed to reduce the impact of external disturbances.

Overall, the free vibration experiment of a spring-mass system without damping

provides students and researchers with an excellent chance to examine fundamental
mechanical vibration principles. It also highlights the need for experimental
confirmation of theoretical predictions and the relevance of these concepts to real-
world applications such as earthquake engineering and vibration control.

NAME: MUHAMMAD AMIR HAKIM BIN ABDULLAH

STUDENT ID: 2023503181

The experiment aimed to ascertain the spring constant (k) and natural frequency (f) of
a system including a spring and masses. Hooke's Law, formulated as F = -kx,
established the theoretical basis for comprehending the correlation between the
applied force on the spring and its elongation (x). The expected value for the
theoretical k coefficient in this experiment was 2823.33 N/m. The calculations took into
account the mass of the carriage (3.25 kg), even though there was initially no extra
mass associated to the spring.
The comparison of actual and theoretical k values showed a little discrepancy of
7.66%. The little variance seen may be ascribed to experimental uncertainties,
measurement mistakes, or unaccounted elements in the theoretical model. The small
change in values implies that, in practical terms, the theoretical and actual k values
closely coincide. This mismatch is within a tolerable range for experimental error and
can be disregarded.

Regarding the determination of the natural frequency (f), the experimental procedure
consisted of inducing oscillations in each mass attached to the spring, resulting in the
creation of a sinusoidal graph. The duration of five oscillations was measured and
utilised to determine the period of a single oscillation. The experimental natural
frequency (f) was subsequently calculated as the inverse of this duration. Theoretical
natural frequency was determined by applying a formula that takes into account both
the spring constant (k) and the mass (m).

The comparison of experimental and theoretical f values revealed little disparities. The
consistent results indicate that the theoretical model, which includes Hooke's Law and
the appropriate formulas, offers a dependable foundation for forecasting the natural
frequency of the system. The little variance observed supports the precision of the
experimental setup and the soundness of the theoretical assumptions.

NAME: MUHAMMAD AKIL BIN AMBERIN

STUDENT ID: 2022917509

Through this experiment, we are able to determine both the spring constant and
the natural frequency. The spring constant may be calculated from the graph's slope
by comparing it to Hooke's Law equation. Hooke’s law is expressed in the form of an
equation: load versus extension, F = -kx, where x is the spring displacement. Since
gravity causes the displacement to operate downward, it is said to be working
negatively. It follows that F = -k (-x) = F = kx. Each spring has a different proportionality
constant, k. To compute the spring stiffness, values of the gradient line under the graph
are to be considered. The relationship between the force and the spring's extension
may be seen to be directly proportional using a straight line. The theoretical value of
the spring's k for this experiment is 1710N. According to the experiment's findings, the
spring's stiffness, k, is somewhat greater than its theoretical value at 1839.33. This
demonstrates that the result we obtained is not precisely correct and has a small error
of 4.3%. However, since the percentage error number was indicating an acceptable
value that is below 10%, the spring stiffness result, k, is acceptable. Based on the
formula 2f=k/m, the value k was analyzed to obtain the natural frequency.

Based on the outcomes of our second experiment, the value of natural

frequency based on different mass loads may be computed. It is possible to determine
the natural frequency by allowing each mass on the spring to vibrate and creating a
sinusoidal graph. Six oscillations are measured, and their length is used to compute
the duration of six oscillations by dividing the length by the velocity of the mechanical
recorder. The length may then be used to compute the period, T for the next six 2
using f=k/m.

There are possible errors that make the percentage difference more than 10%.
One of the errors is the force applied during pulling the spring might make the spring
oscillate more than in free vibration. This will affect the data.

NAME: MUHAMMAD ADIB HAIKAL BIN ISHAK

STUDENT ID: 2023367849

The experiment data are used to compute the spring constant (k) and natural
frequency (f). Hooke's Law states that a minor displacement causes the restoring force
of a spring to increase instantly. F is defined as F = -kx, where x indicates the
displacement or elongation of the spring. Because it is travelling downhill, the
displacement is assumed to be negatively functioning. F = -k (-x) is hence equal to F
= kx. Each spring has a different constant k value.

Each mass connected to the spring has its own natural frequency, f, value.
Using the following method, one may calculate the theoretical natural frequency, or f,
of a spring. It is affected by the mass, m, and the spring constant, k. The experimental
and theoretical estimates of the spring's natural frequency, f, differ by a little amount
and should not be taken seriously.
6.0 CONCLUSION

NAME: MUHAMMAD ARIF IZUDDIN BIN SHAMSUL

STUDENT ID: 2023503205

In a nutshell, our study on unplanne-d vibrations has given us deeper insights into
mobile systems. We now have a better understanding of their response to initial
shocks. This vital information and our findings add to the broader area of vibration
mechanics. The knowledge gained will surely be beneficial for further studies and
usage in mechanics and other related fields.

NAME: MUHAMMAD AMMAR BIN AMRAN

STUDENT ID: 2023126741

We were able to infer that the experiment was carried out appropriately
because
the experiment was a success. The experiment's key findings were the spring
constant, k, and the natural frequency of the spring, f. The minimal percentage of error
between the experimental and theoretical values of spring constant and natural
frequency demonstrates the success rate. The natural frequency, f result reveals that
when the load applied to the spring grows, the natural frequency, f increases,
suggesting that the two are intimately related. It is recommended that the processes
be followed in order to acquire the best potential results for future research.

NAME: MUHAMMAD AMIR HAKIM BIN ABDULLAH

STUDENT ID: 2023503181

In conclusion, the experiment successfully determined the spring constant (k) and
natural frequency (f) of the system. The little discrepancies between theoretical and
experimental values were considered negligible, thereby ensuring confidence in the
dependability of the experimental findings. The results enhance our comprehension of
vibrational dynamics and emphasise the practical utility of Hooke's Law in examining
mechanical systems.

NAME: MUHAMMAD AKIL BIN AMBERIN

STUDENT ID: 202291509
 In this experiment, the total load (N) per extension formula is used to get the
spring constant value. The spring constant for a weight of 3.25 kg is 2823.33 N/m. The
value of the spring constant is shown to vary as a result of the extension not being
constant. This demonstrates how the extension increases and the spring constant
decreases with increasing load. The period, which is f equal to (1/T), may be used to
get the frequency. There will be a comparison between the frequency value and the
theoretical value obtained from the formula.

NAME: MUHAMMAD ADIB HAIKAL BIN ISHAK

STUDENT ID: 2023367849

In conclusion, we learn about the spring constant (k) is an important quantity that
impacts the natural frequency of a free-vibration system. A greater spring constant
leads in a higher natural frequency, which means that the system oscillates faster.
Understanding the link between the spring constant, mass, and natural frequency is
critical in developing and analysing mechanical systems to ensure they perform as
expected during free vibration.
7.0 References

1) Jaworski, J. W., & Dowell, E. H. (2008). Free vibration of a cantilever beam with
multiple steps: Comparison of several theoretical methods with experiment.
Journal of sound and vibration, 312(4-5), 713-725.
2) Gazetas, G., & Stokoe, K. H. (1991). Free vibration of embedded foundations:
theory versus experiment. Journal of geotechnical engineering, 117(9), 1382-
1401.
3) Banerjee, J. R., Cheung, C. W., Morishima, R., Perera, M., & Njuguna, J.
(2007). Free vibration of a three-layered sandwich beam using the dynamic
stiffness method and experiment. International Journal of Solids and
Structures, 44(22-23), 7543-7563.
4) Shan, B., Zheng, S., & Ou, J. (2015). Free vibration monitoring experiment of a
stayed-cable model based on stereovision. Measurement, 76, 228-239.
5) Wattanasakulpong, N., Prusty, B. G., Kelly, D. W., & Hoffman, M. (2012). Free
vibration analysis of layered functionally graded beams with experimental
validation. Materials & Design (1980-2015), 36, 182-190.