CHAPTER - 1

REAL NUMBERS

KEY CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC: Every composite number can be
expressed as a product of primes, and this factorization is unique except for the order in
which the prime factors occur.
 Every composite number can be uniquely expressed as the product of powers of primes in
ascending or descending order.
 For any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) x LCM(a, b) = a x b.
 Let ‘a’ be a positive prime number such that ‘p’ is divisible by a2, then p is also divisible by
a.
 There are infinitely many positive primes.
 If p is a positive prime, then √p is an irrational number. For example, √2, √3, √5, √7, √11
etc. are irrational numbers.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1: Show that 12n cannot end with digit 0 or 5 for any natural number n.

SOLUTION: Expressing 12 as the product of primes, we obtain

12 = 22 x 3,

12n = (22 x 3)n = (22)n x 3n = (2)2n x 3n

So, only primes in the factorization of 12n are 2 and 3 and, not 5. Hence, 12 cannot end with digit 0

or 5.

EXAMPLE 2: Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by prime factorization method. Hence, find their
LCM.

SOLUTION: We have, 96 = 25 x 3 and 404 = 22 x 101

Thus, HCF = 22 = 4

Now, HCF x LCM = Product of numbers

= 96 x 404,

LCM = (96 x 404)/HCF = (96 x 404)/4 = 96 x 101 = 9696

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EXAMPLE 3: On a morning walk, three persons step off together and their steps measure 40
cm, 42 cm and 45 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should
walk so that each can cover the same distance and complete steps?

SOLUTION: Each person will cover the same distance in complete steps if the distance covered
in cm is the LCM of 40, 42 and 45.

Now, 40 = 23 x 5, 42 = 2 x 3x 7 and 45 = 32 x 5

LCM of 40, 42 and 45 is 23 x 32 x 5 x 7 = 2520

Hence, minimum distance each should walk = 2520 cm.

EXAMPLE 4: Prove that 5 - √3 is an irrational number.

SOLUTION: Let us assume on the contrary that 5 - √3 is rational. Then, there exist co-prime
positive integers a and b such that

5 - √3 = a/b

 5 – a/b = √3

 (5b – a)/b = √3

Since, a and b are integers and thus (5b – a)/b is rational number. Thus √3 is rational but this
contradicts the fact that √3 is irrational. So, our assumption is incorrect. Hence, 5 - √3 is an
irrational number.

EXAMPLE 5: Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

SOLUTION: Let us assume on the contrary that 3 + 2√5 is rational. Then, there exist co-prime
positive integers a and b such that

3 + 2√5 = a/b

 2√5 = a/b – 3

 √5 = (a – 3b)/2b

Since, a and b are integers and thus (a – 3b)/2b is rational number. Thus √5 is rational but this
contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational. So, our assumption is incorrect. Hence, 3 + 2√5 is an
irrational number.

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 mark)

1. If p and q are two distinct prime numbers, then HCF is

a) 2 b) 0 c) either 1 or 2 d) 1

2. If p and q are two distinct prime numbers, then LCM (p, q) is

a) 1 b) p c) q d) pq

3. Let p be a prime number. The sum of its factors is

a) p b) 1 c) p + 1 d) p – 1

4. The LCM of the smallest two digits composite number and the smallest composite number is
a) 12 b) 20 c) 4 d) 44

5. The HCF of smallest prime number and the smallest composite number is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8

6. The smallest number divisible by all the natural numbers between 1 and 10 (both inclusive) is
a) 2020 b) 2520 c) 1010 d) 5040

7. Let n be a natural number. Then, the LCM (n, n+1) is

a) n b) n + 1 c) n (n + 1) d) 1

8. If 3 is the least prime factor of m and 5 is the least prime factor of n, then the least prime
factor of (m + n) is
a) 11 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

9. If HCF (x, 8) = 4, LCM (x, 8) = 24, then x is

a) 8 b) 10 c) 12 d) 14

10. If two positive integers m and n are expressible in the form m = pq3 and n = p3q2, where p, q
are prime numbers, then HCF (m, n) =
a) pq b) pq2 c) p3q3 d) p2q3

11. If a = 23 x 3, b = 2 x 3 x 5, c = 3n x 5 and LCM (a, b, c) = 23 x 32 x 5, then n =

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

12. If n is any natural number, then 6n - 5n always end with

a) 1 b) 3 c) 5 d) 7
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 ASSERTION AND REASONING (1 mark)
Each of the following examples contains Assertion (A) and Reason (R) has following four
choices (a), (b), (c) and (d), only one of which is the correct answer. Mark the correct answer.

(a) A is true, R is true; and R is correct explanation for A.

(b) A is true, R is true; R is not a correct explanation for A.
(c) A is true, R is false.
(d) A is false, R is true.

1. A: If LCM (60, 72) = 360, then HCF (60, 72) = 12.

R: HCF (a, b) x LCM (a, b) = a + b.
2. A: The product of (5 + √3) and (2 - √3) is an irrational number.
R: The product of two irrational numbers is an irrational number.
3. A: HCF and LCM of two natural numbers are 25 and 815 respectively.
R: LCM of two natural numbers is always divisible by their HCF.
4. A: HCF (234, 47) = 1.
R: HCF of two co-primes is always 1.
5. A: √11 is an irrational number.
R: If p is a prime number, then √p is an irrational number.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE (2 marks)

1. **Given that HCF (2520, 6600) = 40 and LCM (2520, 6600) = 252 x k, then find the value of
‘k’.
2. *If two positive integers a and b are written as a = p3q4 and b = p2q3, where p and q are prime
numbers, such that HCF (a, b) = pmqn and LCM (a, b) = prqs, then find the value of
(m + n)(r + s).
3. *Three bells ring at intervals of 4, 7 and 14 minutes. All the three rang at 6 AM. When will
they ring together again?
4. *Determine the prime factorization of 58500.
5. **Explain why 7 x 11 x 13 + 13 and 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 are composite numbers.
6. *Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
7. *The HCF of two numbers is 16 and their product is 3072. Find their LCM.
8. Write the smallest number which is divisible by both 306 and 657.

Page | 11
 SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 marks)

1. **Find the HCF and LCM of 144, 180 and 192 by prime factorization method.
2. Find the largest positive integer that will divide 398, 436 and 542 leaving remainders 7, 11
and 15 respectively.
3. In a school there are two sections – section A and section B of class X. There are 32 students
in section A and 36 students in section B. Determine the minimum number of books required
for their class library so that they can be distributed equally among students of section A or
section B.
4. **Find the LCM and HCF of the pair of integer 404 and 96 and also verify that LCM x HCF
= Product of the integers.
5. *On a morning walk, three persons step out together and their steps measure 30 cm, 36 cm
and 40 cm respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that each can
cover the same distance in complete steps?
6. *Prove that √2 + √5 is irrational.
7. *Show that 3 + √2 is an irrational.
8. If the sum of LCM and HCF of two numbers is 1260 and their LCM is 900 more than their
HCF, then find the product of two numbers.

LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 marks)

1. Find the largest number which on dividing 1251, 9377 and 15628 leaves remainder 1, 2 and 3
respectively.
2. ***Prove that √2 is an irrational number.
3. **Prove that √3 is an irrational number.
4. **Prove that (2 + √3)/5 is an irrational number, given that √3 is an irrational number.

CASE STUDY BASED (4 marks)

1. Mira is very health conscious and avoids fast food, cakes, ice-creams etc. On her
birthday she decided to serve fruits to her friend guests. She had 60 bananas and 36
apples which are to be distributed equally among all.

(i) How many maximum guests Mira can invite? (1 M)

(ii) How many apples will each guest get? (1 M)
(iii) If Mira also decide to distribute 42 mangoes, how many maximum guests she can
invite. Also, find the total number of fruits that each guest will get. (2 M)
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 ANSWER KEY CHAPTER-1
MULTIPLE CHOICE:

1. d 2. d 3. c 4. b 5. a 6. b 7. c 8. b
9. c 10. b 11. b 12. a

ASSERTION AND REASONING:

1. c 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. a

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

1. 1650 2. 35 3. 6:28 AM 4. 22 x 32 x 53 x 13

5. Since 7 x 11 x 13 + 13 =13 (7 x 11 + 1) and 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 5 = 5(7 x 6 x

4 x 3 x 2 x 1 + 1)

6. 6n = (2 x 3)n = 2n x 3n 7. 192 8. 22338

SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

1. HCF = 12 ; LCM = 2880 2. 17 3. 288 Books 4. LCM = 9696 ;

HCF = 4 5. 360 cm 8. 194400

LONG ANSWER TYPE:

1. 625

CASE STUDY BASED:

1. (i) 12 (ii) 3 (iii) 6 ; 23

2. (i) 12 (ii) 5 (iii) 45360
3. (i) 5 (ii) 17 (iii) 3847

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 CHAPTER - 2
POLYNOMIALS

 KEY CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE

Polynomial: A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which the exponent on any variable is a

whole number. A polynomial is an algebraic expression with variables having positive integral
powers only.

General Form:

p(x) = anxn +an-1 xn-1 + ……… + a2 x2 +a1 x1 +a0x0

Degree of a polynomial: • The highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the
polynomial p(x).

Name of polynomial degree Example

Zero 0 0,5,-3….. (constant) 2x0 = 2, 6y0 =6
Linear 1 x +1 , y -3, x+z+y etc
Quadratic 2 6x²-3y, ax2 + bx + c
Cubic 3 4x³+5y²-1, x+5y3-1
Biquadratic 4 3x4+5y²-1

❖Value of a polynomial:
If p(x) is a polynomial in x, and if k is any real number, then the value Obtained by replacing x by k
in p(x), is called the value of p(x) at x = k, and is denoted by p(k).

EXAMPLE 1. Find the value of the polynomial p(x) = 3x2 + 4x - 4 where x = 2.

SOLUTION: Given polynomial: p(x) = 3x2 + 4x - 4

Value of given polynomial when x = 2 and we get: p(2) = 3 x (2)2 + 4 (2) - 4

= 3 x 4 + 8 - 4 = 12 + 8 – 4 = 16

Hence the value of p(x) = 3x2 + 4x -4, where x = 2, is 16.

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❖Zero of a polynomial:

A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0

EXAMPLE 2. What is the value of p(x) = 2x3 + 3x + 5 at x = –1

SOLUTION: We have –

P (–1) = 2 x (–1)3 + 3 x (–1) + 5

= – 2 – 3 + 5 = –5 +5 =0

Here, p(–1) = 0

Therefore, –1 is called the zero of cubic polynomial 2x3 + 3x + 5.

 Linear Polynomial: A linear polynomial is an expression, in which the degree of the

polynomial is 1. The linear polynomial should be in the form of ax+b. Here, “x” is a variable,
“a” and “b” are constant.

The polynomial p(x) is ax+b, where a ≠ 0.

then the zero of a polynomial is -b/a = – constant term / coefficient of x

Quadratic Polynomial:***
A quadratic polynomial is defined as a polynomial with the highest degree of 2. The quadratic
polynomial should be in the form of ax2 + bx + c. In this case, a ≠ 0.

 Standard form of quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real

numbers with a ≠ 0.
 The zeroes of a polynomial p(x) are precisely the x-coordinates of the points, where
the graph of y = p(x) intersects the x -axis
 A quadratic polynomial can have at most 2 zeroes
 The graph of quadratic polynomial is Parabola.

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  Zero of a Quadratic polynomial : If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Of ax2 + bx + c

Example:

Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
Solution: x2 + 7x + 10
= x2 + 2x + 5x + 10
= x (x+2) + 5( x +2)
= (x + 2)(x + 5)
Therefore zeroes , x + 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0,
i.e., x = – 2 or x = –5.
Therefore, the zeroes of x2 + 7x + 10 are α = – 2 and β= – 5.
Verification:

Form of Quadratic polynomial when zeroes 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 are given

x2 - (𝜶 + 𝜷) x + 𝜶𝜷

Example1: Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are – 3 and 2, respectively

Given:
α=-3 β=2
Required quadratic equation is: x2 –(𝛼 + 𝛽) x + 𝛼𝛽
= x2 –(−3 + 2) x + (−3)x2
= x2 – (-1) x – 6
= x2 +x -6

Page | 17
 Example2: Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are – 3 and 2,
respectively

Solution:
Given: α + β = -3 , α β = 2
Required quadratic equation is: x2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽) x + 𝛼𝛽
= x2 – (-3) x + 2
= x2 + 3x + 2

Question: Write a polynomial whose zeros are (2+√3) and (2 − √3)

EXAMPLE 3. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 – 2x – 8 and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.

SOLUTION: Here, p(x) = x2– 2x – 8 = 0

x2 – 4x + 2x – 8 = 0

 x(x – 4) + 2(x – 4) = 0

 (x – 4)(x + 2) = 0

 x = 4, –2

Now, a = 1, b = –2, c = –8,  = 4,  = –2

Sum of zeroes, +β = 4 + (-2) = 2

-b/a = – (–2)/1 = 2

Therefore  +β = -b/a

Also, product of zeroes = c/a = –8/1= –8

αβ =-8 x1 = –8

therefore, αβ = c/a

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 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

MULTIPLE CHOICE (1 mark)

1. The zeroes of the polynomial x2+x-2 are:-

a) 1, 2 b) -1, -2 c) 1, -2 d) -1, 2

**2. A quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 2 and -3/2 is:-

a) 2x2-4x-3 b) 2x2+x-6 c) 2x2-x-6 d) 2x2-2x-6

3. The number of polynomials having zeroes as-2 and 5 is:-

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) more than 3

***4. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomials 2x2 + 3x +5, then the value of 1/α + 1/β is :-

a) -2/3 b) 2/5 c) 3/5 d) -3/5

5. If -3 is one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (k-1) x2 + kx -3, then the value of

k is :-

a) -1/2 b) 1/2 c) -2 d) 2

6. The zeroes of the polynomial 3x2 + 11x -4 are:-

a) 1/3, -4 b) -1/3 ,4 c) 1/3,4 d) -1/3,-4

**7. If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 2x2 + 7x -3 ,then the value of α2+β2 is

a) 49/4 b) 37/4 c) 61/4 d) 61/2

8. If ∝, β are the zeros of the polynomial x2 − 6x + k and 3 ∝ + 2β = 20, then value of k is

a) −8 b) 16 c) −16 d) 8

* 9. If 2 and ½ are the zeros of P(x) = px2 + 5x + r, then

a) p = r =2 b) p = r = −2 c) p = 2, r = −2 d) p = −2, r = 2

10. The zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 99x + 127 are: -

a) Both Positive b) Both Equal c) Both Negative d) One Positive and One Negative

**11. If ∝, β are the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = x2 − p(x + 1) − c then (α + 1)( β+1)=

a) c − 1 b) 1 − c c) c d) 1 + c

12. What should be added to the polynomial x2 − 5x + 4, so that 3 is a zero of the resulting

polynomials?

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5
Page | 19
 13. What is the quadratic polynomial whose sum and the product of zeroes is √2, ⅓

respectively?

(a) 3x2-3√2x+1 (b) 3x2+3√2x+1

(c) 3x2+3√2x-1 (d) None of the above

**14. If the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax2+bx+c, c≠0 are equal, then

(a) c and b have opposite signs (b) c and a have opposite signs

(c) c and b have same signs (d) c and a have same signs

15. Zeroes of p(x) = x2-27 are:

(a) ±9√3 (b) ±3√3 (c) ±7√3 (d) None of the above

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE (2 marks)

1. ***Find the zeroes of the polynomial 9t2 – 6t +1 and verify the relationship between the

zeroes and the coefficients. [CBSE,2014]

2. Find the quadratic polynomials whose zeroes are 3 + √2 and 3-√2.

3. ** If the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + px +q are double in value to the zeroes of

2 x2 – 5x -3, find the value of p and q. [CBSE 2012]

4. If 2 and -3 are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + (a+1) x + b, then find the values
of a and b. [CBSE 2011]
5. **If α, β are the zeroes of the polynomial 2 y2 + 7y +5, write the value of α + β +αβ.
[CBSE 2010]
6. ***Write the polynomial, the product and sum of whose zeroes are -9/2 and -3/2
Respectively [CBSE 2009]

7. If (x + 1) is a factor of x2 – 3kx + 3k -13, find k.

8. Show that x2 + 4x + 7 has no zero.

9. Check whether x = -3 is a zero of x3 +11 x2 + 23 x – 35.

10. Find the zeroes of the polynomial 2 x2 – 9 and verify the relationship between zeroes and

coefficients.
Page | 20
11. ** If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = x2 + 5x + k such that α – β = 1 .

Find k.

12 . Find the value of “x” in the polynomial 2a2 + 2xa + 5a + 10 if (a + x) is one of its factors.

13. Write a quadratic equation with roots 3 and 5. [CBSE 2022]

14. Find the quadratic polynomial if its zeroes are 0, √5

15 **Does the polynomial a4 + 4a2 + 5 have real zeroes?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 marks)

***1. Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2-2 and verify the relationship between

the zeroes and the coefficients. [CBSE 2016]

2. If one zero of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 4 x2 – 8kx + 8x -9 is negative of the other

, then the zeroes of kx2+ 3kx + 2. [CBSE 2015]

3. If α and β are zeroes of a polynomial x2+ 6x + 9, then form a polynomial whose

zeroes are -α and -β. [CBSE 2014]

*4. Verify whether 2, 3 and ½ are the zeroes of the polynomial

p(x) = 2 x3- 11 x2 + 17 x - 6. [CBSE 2013]

5. Show that ½ and -3/2 are the zeroes of the polynomial 4x2 + 4x -3 and verify the

relationship between zeroes and coefficients of polynomial. [CBSE 2012]

6. If the zeroes of the polynomial x3 – 3x2 +x +1 are a-b, a, a + b, find the values of a and b.

* 7. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2- 5x + k are reciprocals of each other, find the value of k.

8. If the sum of the zeroes of the polynomial p(x) = (a + 1)x2 + (2a + 3)x + (3a + 4)

is -1, then find the product of the zeroes.

9. If (x + a) is a factor of two polynomials x2 + px + q and x2 + mx + n , then prove that

a = ( n – q) / (m – p)

10. If one zero of a polynomial 3x2 − 8x + 2k + 1 is seven times the other, find the value of k.

*11. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are √2 and 1/3

respectively.

Page | 21
 12. Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are 0 and

5 respectively.

13. Obtain the zeros of the quadratic polynomial 3x2- 8x +4 and verify the relation

between its zeros and coefficients.

14. If p and q are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial a x 2 + b x + c (a ≠ 0), find the

value of pq + ( p + q )

**15. If the zeroes of the polynomial x2+ px + q are double in value to the zeroes of

2x2- 5 x –3, find the value of p and q.

CASE STUDY BASED (4 marks)

Q 1. Asana is a body posture, originally and still a general term for a sitting meditation pose,
and later extended in hatha yoga and modern yoga as exercise, to any type of pose or
position, adding reclining, standing, inverted, twisting, and balancing poses. In the figure,
one can observe that poses can be related to representation of quadratic polynomial.

i) What is the shape of the poses shown in above figure? 1M

ii) In the graph, how many zeroes are there for the polynomial? 1M
iii) Find the two zeroes in the below

shown graph. 2M

(2 M)

Page | 22
Q 5. While playing in garden, Sahiba saw a honeycomb and asked her mother what is that. She
replied that it's a honeycomb made by honey bees to store honey. Also, she told her that
the shape of the honeycomb formed is parabolic. The mathematical representation of the
honeycomb structure is shown in the graph.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

i) What is the shape of graph of a quadratic polynomial? (1 M)

ii) Find the sum of zeroes of the polynomial x2 + 2x – 3. (1 M)
iii) What is the expression of the polynomial represented by the graph ? (2 M)

LONG ANSWER TYPE (5 marks)

***Q1 . If one zero of the quadratic polynomial f(x) = 4 x2 – 8kx + 8x – 9 is negative of the other ,
then find the zeroes of kx2+ 3 k x + 2 . [CBSE 2015]

*Q 2. If p and q are the zeroes of the polynomial t2- 4t + 3, show that 1 / p + 1/q -2pq + 14/3 =0

Q3. If α , β and γ are zeroes of the polynomial 6 x3 + 3 x2- 5x +1 , then find the value of α-1 + β-1 + γ-1
**Q4 .If α and β are zeroes of the polynomial 2 x2- 5 x +7 ,then find a quadratic polynomial whose
zeroes are 3α+ 4 β and 4α+ 3 β .

**Q 5. If α and β are the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2- x - 6, then find the values of :

a) α3+ β3 b) α4+ β4 c) α - β

Page | 25
 ANSWER KEY

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Q 1. c) Q 2. c) Q3.d) Q4.d) Q5. d)

Q6. a ) Q7. (c ) Q8.c) Q9.b) Q10.b)
Q11. b) Q12.b) Q13.a) Q14.d) Q15.b)

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

Q1 .sum of zeroes =2/3
Product of zeroes=1/9
Q2. Required polynomial is x2 – 6x + 7
Q3. P= -5 and q = - 6
Q4. a = 0 and b= - 6
Q5. -1
Q6. Required quadratic polynomial is 2x2 +3x – 9
Q7. k = 2
Q9. X = - 3 is not a zero .
Q10. 3/√2 and -3/√2
Q11. k = 6
Q12. x = 2
Q13. x2 – 8x +15.
Q14. x2 - √5 x
Q15. The given polynomial does not have real roots

SHORT ANSWER TYPE:

Q1. x = +√ 2/3, - √2/3
Sum of zeroes =0
Product of zeroes = -2/3
Q2. Zeroes of p(x) are -1 and -2.
Q3. Required quadratic polynomial is x2 - 6x+9.
Q4. p(2), p(3), p(1/2) are the zeroes of p(x) .
Q5. Sum of zeroes = -1
Product of zeroes = -3/4
Q 6. Here a = 1 and b = √2, -√2.
Q7. k = 1
Q 8. k = - 2
Q9. Proof must be correct.
Q 10. k =2/3
Q11. 3x2- 3√2x +1
Q 12. x2+ √5
Q13. Zeroes are 2 and 2/3
Q14. p q + ( p+ q ) = (c-b)/a
Q 15. p = -5 and q = -6

Page | 26
 CASE STUDY BASED:
Q1 i) parabola
ii) 2
iii) – 2, 4
Q2 i) parabola
ii) 3
iii) – 3, – 1, 2
Q3 i) – 2, 8
ii) – x2 + 6x + 16
iii) 1, 2
Q4 i) 8, 16
ii) 152
iii) 1/2
Q5 i) parabolic
ii) - 2
iii) x2 – 36

LONG ANSWER TYPE:

Q 1. Zeroes of p(x) are -1 and -2.
Q2 .proof must be correct.
Q3. α-1+ β-1 + γ-1 = 5 .
Q4.Required quadratic polynomial is 2 x2- 35 x +157.
Q5 a) 19 b) 97 c) +5 and _5

******

Page | 27
 CHAPTER - 3
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES

Basic Concepts:

● Equation: An algebraic expression with ‘equal to’(=) sign is called the equation. It is an
algebraic expression of equality.
Example: 4x=5, 3y-4=5, 3x+4y=5 etc.
● Linear Equation: If the greatest exponent of the variables in an equation is one, the equation is
said to be a linear equation.
Example: 3x-4=2, 4x+6y=7 etc.
● Linear Equation in One Variable: An equation of the form ax+b=0, where a, b are real numbers
and a≠0 is called linear equation in one variable.
Example: 2x+7=0.
● Linear Equation in Two Variables’: An equation of the form ax+by+c=0, where a, b and c are
real numbers where a, b≠0 is called linear equation in two variables.
Example: 9x-2y+3=0
● Solution of an Equation: That value/values of variable/variables used in equation, which make(s)
two sides of equation equal or satisfy the equation is called solution of the equation.
Example: For equation 3x-4=2 , x=2 is a solution.
For equation 5x-2y=4, (x,y)=(2,3) is one of solutions.
 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables: Two linear equations of the form ax+by+c=0
taken together form a pair of linear equations in two variables.
Example: 2x-3y+4=0 and 3x+5y-7=0.
● Solutions of Linear equation in Two Variables: The values of x and y satisfying each one of
the given pair of linear equation is called their solutions.
Example: The solution of pair of linear equations
2x+3y-8=0 and 5x-2y-9=0 is x=1,y=2

Page | 28
 Solutions of Linear
equation in Two
Variables

Graphical Method Algebraic Method

Single Solutions Infinitely many No Solution(If Substitution Elimination

(If lines Solutions(If lines are Method Method
intersect at lines Coincide) Parallel)
single Point)

Page | 29
  Interpretation of the pair of linear Equations:

The general form of a pair of linear equations is

a1x+b1y+c1=0
a2x+b2y+c2=0
where a1 ≠ 0 , b1 ≠ 0 , a2 ≠ 0, b2 ≠ 0

Solved Questions:
1. Solve : the following pair of linear equations:
3x – 5y = 4,
2y + 7 = 9x.
Sol- Given, 3x – 5y = 4.....(1),
9x - 2y = 7 .....(2)
Multipy eq (1) by 3 and eq (2) by 1 and subtracting eq (2) from (1) we get

(3x – 5y)3 – (9x - 2y)1= 4 X 3 – 7 X 1

−5
i.e. -13y = 5 ⸫y= 13

−5 9
Then put y = in eq. (1) then We get x = 13
13

9 −5
Ans : x = 13, y =
13

2. Five years hence, the age of Jacob will be three times that of his son. Five years ago, Jacob’s
age was seven times that of his son. What are their present ages?

Sol- Let the present age of Jacob and his son be x and y respectively.
According to the question,
(x + 5) = 3(y + 5)
Or, x – 3y = 10 …………………………………….. (1)
Or, (x – 5) = 7(y – 5)
Or,x – 7y = -30 ………………………………………. (2)
From (1), we get x = 3y + 10 ……………………. (3)
Substituting the value of x in (2), we get
3y + 10 – 7y = -30
Or,-4y = -40
⸫ y = 10 ………………… (4)
Substituting the value of y in (3), we get
x = 3 x 10 + 10 = 40
Hence, the present age of Jacob’s and his son is 40 years and 10 years respectively.

Page | 30
 3. Raman’s age is three times he sum of the ages of his two sons. After 5 years his age will be
twice the sum of the ages of his two sons. Find the age of Raman.

Sol- Let x be the present age of Raman's and y be the present ages of sum of his two sons.
ATQ,
x = 3y -----(1)
After 5 years :
Raman's age = x + 5
The sum of the ages of his two sons = y + 5 + 5
= y + 10
ATQ,
x + 5 = 2(y + 10)
Or ,x + 5 = 2y + 20
Or ,x - 2y = 20 - 5
Or, x - 2y = 15 --------(2)
By applying the value of x in (2), we get
3y - 2y = 15 {from eqn 1}
⸫ y = 15
Put the value of y in eqn (1) x = 3(15)
⸫ x = 45
Answer : So, Raman present age is 45 years old.

4. The middle digit of a number between 100 and 1000 is zero and the sum of the other digit is 13. If
the digits are reversed, the number so formed exceeds the original number by 495. Find the number.

Sol-The required number will be in the form X 0 Y

Middle digit = 0
x + y = 13 -------(1)
Y 0 X = X0Y + 495
100y + x = 100x + 1y + 495
x - 100x + 100y - y = 495
-99x + 99y = 495
-x + y = 5 -------(2)
x = y-5
By applying the value of x in (1), we get
y - 5 + y = 13
2y = 13+5
2y = 18
y = 9
When y = 9,
x = 9-5
x = 4
So, the required number is 409.

5. Solve 2x + 3y = 11 and 2x – 4y = – 24 and hence find the value of ‘m’ for which y = mx + 3.

Sol- 2x + 3y = 11…………………………..(I)
2x – 4y = -24………………………… (II)
From equation (II), we get

Page | 31
 x = (11-3y)/2 ………………….(III)
Substituting the value of x in equation (II), we get
2(11-3y)/2 – 4y = 24
11 – 3y – 4y = -24
-7y = -35
y = 5……………………………………..(IV)
Putting the value of y in equation (III), we get
x = (11-3×5)/2 = -4/2 = -2
Hence, x = -2, y = 5
Also,
y = mx + 3
5 = -2m +3
-2m = 2
m = -1
Therefore the value of m is -1.

6. The sum of numerator and denominator of a fraction is 3 less than twice the denominator. If
each of the numerator and denominator is decreased by 1, the fraction becomes ½. Find the
fraction.

Solution: Let the numerator be x and denominator be y.

Let the fraction be x/y

ATQ,
x+y+3=2y
⇒x−y=−3
x=y−3 ………(i)
Also,
(x-1)/(y-1) = ½
⇒ (x-1) = (y-1)/2
⇒2x=y−1+2=y+1
2x−y=1 …………..(ii)
Substituting (i) in equation (ii), we get;
2(y−3)−y=1
⇒2y−6−y=1
⇒y=7
Now, put y=7 in (i) we get;
x=7−3=4
Thus, x=4,y=7
Therefore, the required fraction is 4/7.

7. If the system of equations has a unique solution, find the value of k.

6x + 2y = 3 and kx + y = 2

Solution: Given,

6x + 2y = 3 and kx + y = 2 have unique solutions

Thus, a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2

6/k ≠ 2/1 k≠3

Therefore, k will have any real value apart from 3.

Page | 32
Q.8 Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: Places A
and B are 100 km apart on a highway . One car starts from A and another from B at the same time .If
the cars travel in the same direction at different speeds , they meet in 5 hours . If they travel towards
each other ,they meet in 1 hour.

a) What is the actual speed of the other car ?

i) 40 km/hr ii) 60km/hr iii) 20km/hr iv))100km/hr

b) What is the relative speed of both cars while they are travelling towards each other?

i) u+v km/hr ii)u-v km/hr iii)u/v km/hr iv)uv km/hr

c) The given problem is based on which mathematical concept

i)polynomial ii)pair of linear equations iii)quadratic iv) none of these

Answer

a b c

ans (i) ans (i) ans (ii)

SECTION-A (MCQ - 1 Marks)

1*. Graphically, the pair of equation

6x-3y+10=0
2x-y+9=0
Represents two lines which are
(A) Intersecting at exactly one point (B) Intersecting at exactly two point
(C) Coincident (D) Parallel
2*. The pair of equation x+2y+5=0 and -3x-6y+1=0 have :
(A) A unique solution (B) Exactly two solutions
(C) Infinitely many solutions (D) No Solution
3**. If a pair of linear equations is consistent, then the lines will be:
(A) Parallel (B) Always coincident
(C) Intersecting or coincident (D) Always interesting
Page | 33
MATHEMATICS / X / 2023-24/RO-RANCHI

4**. The pair of equation x=a and y=b graphically represents lines which are:
(A) Parallel (B) Intersecting at (b, a)
(C) Coincident (D) Intersecting at (a, b)

5**. The pair of equation y = 0 and y = -7 has:

(A) One solution (B)Two solutions
(C) Infinitely many solutions (D) No solution

6*. One equation of a pair of dependent linear equations is -5x+7y=2. The second equation can be:
(A) 10x+14y+4=0 (B) -10x-14y+4=0
(C) -10x+14y+4=0 (D) 10x-14y = -4

7***. For what value of k, do the equations 3x-y+8=0 and 6x-ky=-16 represents coincident lines?
(A) 12 (B) −12 (C) 2 (D) -2

8***. If the lines given by 3x+2ky=2 and 2x+5y+1=0 are parallel, then the value of k is
(A) −5/4 (B) 2/5 (C) 15/4 (D) 3/2

9**. A pair of linear equation which has a unique solution x=2, y=-3 is
(A) x+y=-1 and 2x-3y=-5 (B) 2x+5y=-11 and 4x+10y=-22
(C) 2x-y=1 and 3x+2y=0 (D) x-4y-14=0 and x-y-13=0

10***. Shweta has only ₹1 and ₹2 coins with her. If the total number of coins that she has is 50 and
the amount of money with her is ₹75, then the number of ₹1 and ₹2 coins are, respectively
(A) 35 and 15 (B) 35 and 20 (C) 15 and 35 (D) 25 and 25

11**. The father’s age is six times his son’s age. Four years hence, the age of the father will be four
times his son’s age. The present ages, in years, of the son and the father are, respectively:
(A) 4 and 24 (B) 5 and 30 (C) 6 and 36 (D) 3 and 24

12**. If x=a, y=b is the solution of the equations x-y=2 and x+y=4, then the values of a and b are,
respectively
(A) 3 and 5 (B) 5 and 3 (C) 3 and 1 (D) -1 and 3

13*. The larger of the two supplementary angles exceed the smaller by 18°, then the angles are:
(A) 99°, 81° (B) 98°, 82° (C) 97°, 83° (D) None of these
.
14**. x and y are 2 different digits. If the sum of the two digit numbers formed by using both the
digits is a perfect square, then value of x +y is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13

15***. In a number of two digits, unit’s digit is twice the tens digit. If 36 be added to the number, the
digits are reversed. The number is
(a) 36 (b) 63 (c) 48 (d) 84

16**.The value of k for which the system of equation x+y-4=0 and 2x + ky =3 has no solution is
(a) -2 (b) ≠2 (c) 3 (d) 2
SECTION-B (2 Marks)

Page | 34
1*. Given the linear equation 3x+4y = 9. Write another linear equation in these two variables such
that the geometrical representation of the pair so formed is:
(1) intersecting lines (2) coincident lines.
2***. For what value of ‘p’ does the pair of linear equations given below has unique solution?
4x+ py +8 = 0 and 2x+2y + 2 =0 .
3**. Is the system of linear equations 2 x+3 y − 9 =0 and 4 x+6 y − 18 =0 consistent? Justify your
answer.
4*. Two lines are given to be parallel. The equation of one of the lines is 4x + 3y = 14, then find the
equation of the second line.
5***. Find the value(s) of k for which the pair of linear equations kx + y = k2 and x + ky = 1 have
infinitely many solutions.
6***. Find the value of ‘c’ for which the pair of equations cx-y =2 and 6x-2y =3 will have infinitely
many solutions.
7**. If the lines given by 4x+5ky=10 and 3x+y+1=0 are parallel, then find value of ‘k’.
8*. Do the equations 4x+3y-1=5 and 12x + 9y =15 represent a pair of coincident lines?
9**. For what value of ‘k’, does the systems of linear equations 2x + 3y = 7 ,
(k-1)x + (k + 2)y = 3k have an infinite number of solutions?
10*. Solve the pair of linear equations.
3x + 4y = 10 and 2x – 2y = 2.

SECTION-C (3 marks)
1**. Solve graphically: 2x − 3y + 13 = 0; 3x − 2y + 12 = 0
2**. Find the value of k for which the following pair of equations has no solution :
x + 2y = 3, (k-1)x+(k+1)y=(k+2)
3*. Solve x + y = 5 and 2x − 3y = 4 by elimination method and the substitution method.
4***. Draw the graph of the following equations:
2x - y = 1, x + 2y = 13 ,
Find the solution of the equations from the graph and shade the triangular region formed by the
lines and the y -axis.
5**. Solve the following pair of linear equations graphically: x - y = 1, 2x + y = 8. Also find the co-
ordinates of the points where the lines represented by the above equation intersect y - axis.
6*. In Figure, ABCD is a rectangle. Find the values of x and y

Page | 35
7*. In Figure, ABCD is a rectangle. Find the values of x and y

8**. Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more then its width, is 36 m.
Find the dimensions of garden.
9***. Determine graphically whether the following pair of linear equations :
3x - y = 7 ; 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 has : unique solution infinitely many solutions or no solution.
10**. Solve : 99x + 101y = 499, 101x + 99y = 501

SECTION-D (5 Marks)

1*. The ratio of incomes of two persons is 11:7 and the ratio of their expenditures is 9:5. If each of
them manages to save Rs 400 per month, find their monthly incomes.

2***. A fraction becomes 9/11 if 2 is added to both numerator and denominator. If 3 is added to both
numerator and denominator it becomes 5/6. Find the fraction.

3***. 2 man and 7 boys can do a piece of work in 4 days. It is done by 4 men and 4 boys in 3 days.
How long would it take for one man or one boy to do it?

4**. Solve the following pair of equations graphically: 2x + 3y = 12, x − y − 1 = 0. Shade the region
between the two lines represented by the above equations and the X -axis.

5**. A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and a second which is 25% acid. How much of
each should be mixed to make 10 litre of 40% acid solution.
𝑦
6**. If 2x+y =23 and 4x-y=19, find the value of (5y-2x) and (𝑥 -2).

7***. A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 6 km/h
faster, it would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time and if the train were slower by
6km/h, it would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the journey.

Page | 36
 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER-3 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

Answers Section A

1. 2. 3. 4.d 5. 6. 7.c 8.c 9.b,d 10.d 11.c 12.c 13.a 14.b 15.c 16.d
d d c d d

Answers (Section B)
1. One of the possible equation 3x-5y=10
One of the possible equation 6x+8y=18
2. p≠4
3. Consistent
4. One of the possible solution 12x+9y=5
5. K=1 or k= -1
6. There is no value of ‘c’ for which lines have infinitely many solutions.
4
7. k = 15
8. Given pair of lines do not represent a pair of coincident lines.
9. k = 7
10. x=2, y=1.
Answers (Section C)

1. x= -2 and y=3 2.k=3 3.x=19/5 and y=6/5 4.Draw the graph 5.Draw the graph
6.x=22 and y=8 7.x=19 and y=3 8.Length =20m and width =16m 9.Unique solution 10.x=2 , y=3

Answer (Section D)

1. 2200 and1400 2. 7/9 3. 15 days 4. Draw the Graph 5. x=6 ,y=4 6. x=7,
−5
y=9 , 31, 7
7. 720 km 8. Speed of the stream is 3 km/h and speed of boat is 8km/h
9. 60 Students

Answer (Section E)
1. Answer ( Case Study QN-1)

i) b ii) c iii) b iv) a

2. Answer ( Case Study QN-2)

i) 2x + y =19, x + y = 13
ii) Length of outer boundary = 12 + 15 + 12 + 15 = 54m
iii) area of bedroom = 5 x 6 = 30m2, area of kitchen = 5 x 7 = 35m2
iv) Area of living room = (15 x 7) – 30 = 105 – 30 = 75 sq.m
v) Total cost of laying tiles in the kitchen = Rs50 x 35 = Rs1750

3. Answer ( Case Study QN-3)

i) 96 ii) 24 iii) 70 iv) 100

******

Page | 39
 CHAPTER -4
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

MIND MAP

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

STANDARD FORM ROOTS/SOLUTION OF A NATURE OF WORD

OF A QUADRATIC QUADRATIC EQUATION ROOTS PROBLEMS
EQUATION

***

TWO TWO NO REAL

FACTORISATION QUADRATIC ROOTS
DISTINCT EQUAL
METHOD FORMULA
REAL ROOTS ROOTS
***

NATURE OF ROOTS DEPENDS ON THE

VALUE OF DISCRIMINANT

IMPORTANT NOTES

1. Standard form of a quadratic equation is 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 ≠ 0, where a, b & c are real
numbers. It has at most two roots generally called as 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽.

2. A Quadratic equation can be solved by-

● Factorisation method or
● Quadratic formula

Page | 40
Quadratic formula is
−𝒃 ± √𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄
𝒙=
𝟐𝒂
3. 𝒃² − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 is called DISCRIMINANT.

4. A quadratic equation has-

➢two distinct real roots if 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 > 0

➢two equal real roots if 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 = 0

➢no real roots if 𝒃² − 𝟒𝒂𝒄 < 0

5. The degree of a quadratic equation is 2.

6. 𝒃
The sum of the roots of a quadratic equation = Coefficient of x / coefficient of x2 = –
𝒂

𝒄
The product of the roots of a quadratic equation = constant term/coefficient of x2 =
𝒂

SOLVED EXAMPLES

STANDARD FORM OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

Example 1. Write 2x2 = 3x -7 in the standard form.

Solution: standard form of 2x2 = 3x -7 is

2x2 - 3x +7= 0, where a = 2, b = -3 and c = 7

Example 2. Check whether the following equation is a quadratic equation:

a). 4x2= 2(x2 –x +1)

b). 4(x -3) = -(x2 –6x)

Solution: 4x2= 2(x2 –x +1)

Or, 4x2= 2x2 –2x +2

Or, 4x2- 2x2 +2x +2=0

Or, 2x2 +2x +2=0

Or, x2 +x +1=0

It is of the form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎. So, the given equation is a quadratic equation.

Page | 41
 SOLUTION OF A QUADRATIC EQUATION

Example 3. Solve the quadratic equation x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 by factorisation.

OR

Find the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 by factorisation.

Solution:

x2 + 7x + 10=0

or, x2 + 2x + 5x + 10 = 0

or, x (x + 2) + 5(x + 2) = 0

or, (x + 5) (x + 2) = 0

Thus, (x + 2) and (x + 5) are the factors of the given quadratic equation.

Solving these two linear factors, we get x = -2, -5 as roots.

Example 4. Find the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 4x – 21 = 0 using quadratic formula.

Solution:

Given, x2 + 4x – 21 = 0

Here, a = 1, b = 4, c = -21

b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4x (1) x (-21) = 16 + 84 = 100

Substituting these values in the quadratic formula, we get;

[−4 ± √100]
Or, x =
2(1)

(−4 ± 10)
Or, x =
2

(−4 + 10) (−4 – 10)

Or, x = , x=
2 2

6 −14
Or, x = 2, x =
2

Or, x = 3, x = -7

Therefore, the roots of the given quadratic equation are 3 and -7

Page | 42
 DISCRIMINANT AND NATURE OF ROOTS OF A QUADRATIC
EQUATION

Example 5. Find the value of ‘p’, if the following quadratic equation has equal roots:
4x2 - (p - 2) x + 1 = 0

Solution:

We have the quadratic equation, 4x2 - (p - 2) x + 1 = 0

Here a= 4, b= - (p-2) and c= 1

For equal roots, discriminant = 0

Or, b2-4ac=0

Or, (p-2)2 -4x4x1=0

Or, p2-4p+4-16=0

Or, p2-4p-12=0

Or, p2-6p+2p-12=0

Or, p (p-6)+2 (p-6)=0

Or, (p-6) (p+2)=0

Or, p=6 or p=-2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE & MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

Q1. What is the positive root of √3𝑥 2 + 6 = 9 *

(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 0 (d) None of these

Q2. For what value(s) of 𝛼 quadratic equation 3𝛼𝑥² − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠? **
(a) α > 3 (b) α < 3 (c) α =3 (d) None

Q3. Find the nature of the roots of the Quadratic equation 2𝑥² − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 ? **

(a) Real roots (b) No real roots (c) Equal roots (d) None

Page | 43
Q4. Find the positive values of k for which the Quadratic equation 𝑥² + 𝑘𝑥 + 64 = 0 and
𝑥² − 8𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0, both will have the real roots? ***

(a) k = 4 (b) k =16 (c) k > 16 (d) k< 4

Q5. If the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation 3𝑥² + (2𝑘 + 1) − (𝑘 + 5) = 0 is equal to the
product of roots, then the value of k is **

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5

Q6. If the equation 𝑥² − 𝑏𝑥 + 1 =0 does not possess real roots, then **

(a) −3 < 𝑏 ≤ +3 (b) −2 < 𝑏 ≤ +2 (c) b > 2 (d) 𝑏 < −2

1
Q7. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥 – 𝑥 = 0 is **

3 3 (3+√13) (3−√13) 2 2
(a) 2, −2 (b) , (c) 3, −3 (d) None
2 2

Q8. If (𝑥 + 4) (𝑥 − 4) =9, then the values of x are *

(a) ± 5 (b) ± 1 5 (c) 5, 5 (d) 1 5, 1 5

Q9. How many real roots does the equation (𝑥 + 1)2 – 𝑥2 = 0 have? *

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Q10. The product of two successive integral multiples of 5 is 300. Then the numbers are ***

(a) 25, 30 (b) 10, 15 (c) 30, 35 (d) 15, 20

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

Q1. One year ago, father’s age was 8 times as old as his son and now his age is equal to the square of
his son’s age. Find the son’s age? **

Q2. If 𝑝²𝑥² − 𝑞² = 0, then find the value of x? *

1 5
Q3. If is a root of the equation 𝑥² + 𝑘𝑥 – 4 = 0, then what is the value of k? **
2

Q4. If one root of the equation 4𝑥² − 2𝑥 + 𝑝 − 4 =0 be the reciprocal of other, then what is the value
of p? **

Q5. What is the value of k for which the quadratic equation2𝑥² − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 =0 has equal roots?*

Q6. Find the roots of the quadratic equation 𝑥² − 3𝑥 =0 *

Q7. Find the sum of the roots of the quadratic equation: 3𝑥² − 9𝑥 + 5 = 0? **

Page | 44
Q8. Solve the following quadratic equation for x: √3 𝑥² + 10𝑥 + 7√3 = 0 **

Q9. The product of Riana’s age (in years) 5 years ago and his age 7 years from now, is one more
than twice his present age. Find their present age? **

Q10. For what value of p for equation 2𝑥² + 3𝑥 + 𝑝 = 0 will have real roots? **
5
Q11. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is . Find the numbers? ***
2

Q12. What is the discriminant of the quadratic equation 7√3𝑥2 + 10𝑥 − √3 = 0? *

Q13. If a and b are the roots of the equation 𝑥² + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 = 0 then what is the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏? *

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

Q1. Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots exist, find
them: 2𝑥2 + 4𝑥 − 8 = 0 *

Q2. Using the quadratic formula, solve the following quadratic equation for x

𝑝2𝑥2 + (𝑝2 − 𝑞2) 𝑥 − 𝑞2 = 0 **

Q3. If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 -6x + a = 0 and 2α+ 5β = 12,

find the value of a. ***

Q4. If −5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation

( x2 + 𝑥) + 𝑘 = 0 has equal roots, then find the value of 𝑘. ***

Q5. Find the positive value of k for which the equation x2+kx+64 = 0 and x2 -8x+k =0 will both
have real roots? **

Q6. The sum of ages (in years) of a son and his father is 35 years and product of their ages is 150
years, find their ages. **

Q7. The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 421. Find the numbers.***

Q8. A passenger train takes 2 hours less for a journey of 300 km if its speed is increased by 5 km/hr.
from its usual speed. Find the usual speed of the train? ***

Q9. Speed of a boat in still water is 11 km/hr. It can go 12 km upstream and return downstream to
the original point in 2-hour 45 min. Find the speed of the stream? ***

Q10. A takes 6 days less than the time taken by B to finish a piece of work. If both A and B together
can finish it in 4 days, find the time taken by B to finish the work? ***

Page | 45
 LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

Q1. Seven years ago, Rahul’s age was five times the square of Rena’s age. Three years hence,
Rena’s age will be two fifth of Rahul’s age. Find their present ages. **

Q2. The diagonal of a rectangular field is 16metres more than the shorter side. If the longer side is14
metres more than the shorter side, then find the length of the sides of the field. ***

Q3. One fourth of a herd of camel was seen in the forest. Twice the square root of the herd had gone
to the mountains and the remaining 15 camels were seen on the bank of the river. Find the total
number of camels. ***

Q4. A train travels 180 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 9km/ hour more, it would have
taken 1 hour less. Find the speed of the train. ***

Q5. Rs 9000 were divided equally among certain number of persons. Had there been 20 more
persons, each would have got Rs160 less. Find the original number of persons. ***

Q6. Two taps running together can fill a tank in 3 and 1/13 hours. If one tap takes 3 hours more than
the other to fill the tank, then how much time will each tap take to fill the tank. ***

Q7. A motor boat whose speed is 24 km/ hour in still water takes 1 hour more to go 32 km upstream
than to return downstream to the same spot. Find the speed of the stream. ***

Q8. Madhav has a field with total area 1260 square metre. He uses it to grow wheat and rice. The
land used to grow wheat is rectangular in shape while the rice land is in the shape of a square as
shown in the following figure. The length of wheat land is 3m more than twice the length of Rice
land. Find the area of wheat land. **

RICELAND WHEATLAND

Page | 46
1. If the speed of the stream be x km/hr. then speed of the motorboat in upstream will be

a)20 km/hr b) (20+x) km/hr c)(20-x) km/hr d)(x-20) km/hr

2. If the speed of stream is 10 km/hr, and then the speed of the motor boat in downstream is

a) (20+x) km/hr b) (x-20) km/hr c) 20x km/hr d) 20 𝑥 km/hr

3. The quadratic equation giving the speed of current is

a) x2+30x-200=0 b) x2 +20x-400=0 c) x2+30x-400=0 d) x2 -20x-400=0

4. The speed of current is

a) 20km/hr b) 10 km/hr c)15km/hr d)25km/hr

5. Time taken by the motor boat to cover 15 km upstream is

a) 1 hour b)1.5 hours c) 2 hours d) 3 hours

CBSE CLASS X -PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS FROM

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Q1. 1. The roots of the quadratic equation x2– 0.04 = 0 are [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
(a) ± 0.2 (b) ± 0.02 (c) 0.4 (d) 2

Q2. If Ritu were younger by 5 years than she really is, then the square of her age would have been 11
more than 5 times of her present age. Find her present age. [CBSE term2 SQP 2022]

Q3. Find the nature of roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 − 4x + 3 = 0. [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]

Q4. For what values of k, the roots of the equation x2 + 4x + k = 0 are real? [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]

Q5. Find the value of k for which the roots of the equation 3x2 − 10x + k = 0 are reciprocal of each
other. [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]

Q6. If x = 3 is one root of the quadratic equation x2 − 2kx − 6 = 0, then find the value of k.
[CBSE 2018]
Q7. If the quadratic equation px2 − 2√5 px + 15 = 0, has two equal roots then find the value of p.

[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]

1
Q8. If x = − 2, is a solution of the quadratic equation 3x2 + 2kx − 3= 0, find the value of k.

[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2015]

Q9. Find the value of p, for which one root of the quadratic equation px2 − 14x + 8 = 0 is 6 times the
other. [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]

Q10. Find the value of k for which the equation x2 + k (2x + k − 1) + 2 = 0 has real and equal roots.

[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]

Page | 48
Q11. Find the roots of the quadratic equation √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0.
[CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2017]

Q12. Solve for x: √2𝑥 + 9 + x = 13 [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2016]

Q13. If −5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px −15 = 0 and the quadratic equation

p(x2 + x) + k = 0 has equal roots, find the value of k. [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]

Q14. If x = 2/3 and x = −3 are roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + 7x + b = 0, find the values of a
and b. [CBSE Delhi, Term 2, Set 1, 2016]

Q15. Solve the following quadratic equation for x:

x2 − 2ax − (4b2 − a2) = 0

[CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 3, 2015]

Q16. In a flight of 600 km, an aircraft was slowed down due to bad weather. The average speed of
the trip was reduced by 200 km/hour and the time of flight was increased by 30 minutes. Find the
duration of flight. [CBSE OD, SET 1, 2020]

Q17. A fast train takes 3 hours less than a slow train for a journey of 600 km. If the speed of the slow
train is 10 km/h less than that of the fast train, find the speed of each train. [CBSE OD, Set 2, 2020]

Q18. A train covers a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8 km/h less, then
it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. Find the original speed of the train.

[CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2020]

Q19. A man can row a boat downstream 20 km in 2 hours and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find his
speed of rowing in still water. Also find the speed of the stream. [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]

Q20. Solve for x:

x2 + 5x − (a2 + a − 6) [CBSE OD, Set 2, 2019]

Q21. A plane left 30 minutes late than its scheduled time and in order to reach the destination 1500
km away in time, it had to increase its speed by 100 km/h from the usual speed. Find Its usual speed.

[CBSE 2018]

Q22. If the roots of the quadratic equation (a − b)x2 + (b − c) x + (c − a) = 0 are equal,

Prove that 2a = b + c. [CBSE OD, Term 2, Set 2, 2016]

ANSWER KEY CHAPTER-4 QUADRATIC EQUATION

Page | 49
 VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)
Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS
1 b 6 b
2 a 7 d
3 b 8 a
4 b 9 a
5 c 10 d

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (2 MARKS)

Q.NO ANS Q.NO. ANS

1 7years and 49years 8 -7/√3 or -√3
2 +q/p or –q/p 9 6years
3 K=2 10 p≤9/8
4 P=8 11 2 and ½
5 K=0 or 8 12 184
6 X=0 or 3 13 a+b= -1
7 Sum=3

SHORT ANSWER TYPE (3 MARKS)

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS

1 X= -1+√5 & x= -1-√5 6 Father-30 years; son-5 years
2 x = q2/p2, x= -1 7 14 & 15
3 a=4 8 Usual speed 25 km/hr
4 k=7/4 9 Speed of stream=5 km/hr
5 k=16 10 No. of days taken by B=12

LONG ANSWER TYPE (3 MARKS)

Q.NO ANS Q.NO ANS
1 Rahul’s age=27 years Reena’s 5 Number of persons=25
age=9 years
2 10m and 24m 6 Larger tap=5 hours Smaller tap=8
hours
3 Total number of camels=36 7 Speed of stream=8 km/hr
4 Speed of train=36km/hr 8 Area=860m2

Page | 50
 CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

CASE STUDY 1 CASE STUDY 2

1. 2(x+5) km 1. (20-x) km/hr
2. c 2. (20+x) km/hr
3. 20 km/hr 3 .c
4. 25 km/hr 4. 10
5.16 hours 5. 1.5 hours

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Q.NO ANS Q.NO ANS

1. x=0.2, -0.2 12 X=8
2 Age = 14 Years 13 7
K=4
3 D= -8<0. So, roots will 14 a=3, b= -6
be imaginary.
4 K ≤4 15 X=a-2b Or, X=a+2b
5 K=3 16 Original speed of aircraft =600 Km/hr
Original Duration of flight = 1hr
Increased duration of flight =1.5 hr
6 1 17 Speed of slow train = 40km/hr
K=2
Speed of fast train = 50 km/hr

7 P=3 18 Original speed of Train =40 km/hr

8 9 19 Speed of stream = 4 km/hr

K=-
4
Speed of boat in still water = 6 km/hr

9 P=3 (P=0 Does not 20 X=a-2 or X=-(a+3)

satisfy given condition)

10 K=2 21 Usual speed of plane = 500 km/hr

11 -5/√2 & -√2

******

Page | 51
 CHAPTER -5
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS

KEY CONCEPT
Arithmetic Progression is a sequence of numbers in order, in which the difference between any
two consecutive numbers is a constant value. In other words We can say that an arithmetic
progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to the
preceding term except the first term. This fixed number is called the common difference of the
AP. Remember that common difference can be positive, negative or zero.

Example: Consider the following lists of numbers :

(i) 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . (ii) 100, 70, 40, 10, . . . (iii) 3, 3, 3, 3, . . .

We can clearly see that

Common difference in (i) is 1 which is positive.

Common difference in (ii) is -30 which is negative.

Common difference in (iii) is zero

Some daily life Examples of A.P:

(a) The heights (in cm ) of some students of a school standing in a queue in the morning
assembly are 147 , 148, 149, . . ., 157.

(b) The minimum temperatures ( in degree Celsius ) recorded for a week in the month of
January in a city, arranged in ascending order are – 3.1, – 3.0, – 2.9, – 2.8, – 2.7, –
2.6, – 2.5

Note that in examples given above, there are only a finite number of terms. Such an
AP is called a finite AP. Also note that each of these Arithmetic Progressions (APs)
has a last term.

General form of an A.P:-

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . represents an arithmetic progression where a is the first term

and d the common difference. This is called the general form of an AP.

nth Term of an AP:

nth term 𝑎𝑛 of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by

𝒂𝒏 = a + (n – 1) d

Page | 52
𝒂𝒏 is also known as last term of a finite A.P and sometimes It is denoted by 𝒍.

Sum of First n Terms of an AP :

 𝒏
Sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by 𝑺𝒏 = [2a + (n – 1) d ]
𝟐

 We can also write this as

𝒏
𝑛 𝑺𝒏 = (a +𝒂𝒏 )
𝑆𝑛 = [a + a + (n – 1) d ] i.e., 𝟐
2

 Now, if there are only n terms in an AP, then 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒍 (the last term).

We see that . 𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = (𝒂 + 𝒍 )
𝟐

This form of the result is useful when the first and the last terms of an AP are given and the
common difference is not given.

Arithmetic Progression Formula (AP Formulas)

For the first term 'a' of an AP and common difference’d’, given below is a list of arithmetic
progression formulas that are commonly used to solve various problems related to AP:

● Common difference of an AP: d = a2 - a1 = a3 - a2 = a4 - a3 = ... = an - an-1

● nth term of an AP: an = a + (n - 1)d
● Sum of n terms of an AP: Sn = n/2 (2a + (n - 1) d) = n/2 (a + l), where l is the last
term of the arithmetic progression.
𝑛
● Sum of first n natural numbers= (n +1)
2
● Sum of first n odd numbers= n2
● an = Sn - Sn-1

NOTE:
● Three consecutive terms of an A.P should be taken as (a-d), a and(a+d)
● Four consecutive terms of an A.P should be taken as (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d) and
(a +3d).
● Five consecutive terms of an A.P should be taken as (a – 2d), (a – d), a,(a + d) and
(a + 2d).

Page | 53
 SECTION A (Solved MCQ)
1. The nth term of an A.P. 5, 2, -1, -4, -7 … is
(a) 2n + 5 (b) 2n – 5 (c) 8 – 3n (d) 3n – 8
Answer: c
Explanation: Here a = 5, d = 2 – 5 = -3
an = a + (n – 1)d = 5 + (n – 1) (-3) = 5 – 3n + 3 = 8 – 3n
2. The sum of first n odd natural numbers is
(a) 2n² (b) 2n + 1 (c) 2n – 1 (d) n²
Answer: d
Explanation: Required Sum = 1 + 3 + 5 + … + upto n terms.
Here a = 1, d = 3 – 1 = 2
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
Sum = 2[2 × 1 + (n – 1) × 2] = 2[2 + 2n – 2] = 2 × 2n = n²

3. The 10th term from the end of the A.P. 4, 9,14, …, 254 is
(a) 209 (b) 205 (c) 214 (d) 213
Answer: a
Explanation: Here l = 254, d = 9 - 4 = 5
∴ 10𝑡ℎ term from the end = l – (10 – 1 )d = 254 -9d = 254 - 9(5) = 254 – 45 = 209
4. If 2x, x + 10, 3x + 2 are in A.P., then x is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
Answer: d
Explanation : Since 2x, x + 10 and 3x + 2 are in A.P.
∴ (x + 10)-2x = (3x + 2)-(x+10)
⇒(x + 10)+ (x + 10)= (3x + 2)+2x
⇒ 2x + 20 = 5x + 2
⇒ 2x – 5x = 2 – 20
⇒ 3x = 18
⇒x=6
5. 30th term of the A.P: 10, 7, 4… is
(a) 97 (b) 77 (c) -77 (d) -87
Answer: c
Explanation a30 = 10+(30−1)(−3)
a30 = 10+ (29)(−3)
a30 = 10−87 = −77

Practice Questions:
1. Which term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18 … is 78?
(A) 12th (B) 13th (C) 15th (D) 16th
2. In an AP, if d = -4, n = 7, an = 4, then a is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 20 (D) 28

Page | 54
3. In an AP, if a = 3.5, d = 0,n = 101, then an will be
(A) 0 (B) 3.5 (C) 103.5 (D) 104.5
4. The 11th term of the AP: -5, −52 , 0, 52,…
(A) -20 (B) 20 (C) -30 (D) 30
5. Which term of the AP: 21, 42, 63, 84,… is 210?
(A) 9th (B) 10th (C) 11th (D) 12th
6. The 4th term from the end of the AP: -11, -8, -5, 49 is
(A) 37 (B) 40 (C) 43 (D) 58
7. The sum of first 16 terms of the AP: 10, 6 2, … is
(A) -320 (B) 320 (C) -352 (D) -400
8. The sum of first five multiples of 3 is
(A) 45 (B) 55 (C) 65 (D) 75
9. The list of numbers – 10, – 6, – 2, 2,... is

(A) an AP with d = – 16 (B) an AP with d = 4

(C) an AP with d = – 4 (D) not an AP

10. The sum of first 100 multiples of 3 is

(A) 30300 (B) 15150 (C) 300 (D) none of these

SECTION-B SA I (2 Marks Questions)

1. If 17th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.(**)
Solution: an = a+(n-1)d
Given, a17 − a10 = 7

⟹ (a +16d)−(a+9d) = 7
⟹7d = 7

⟹d = 1
Therefore, the common difference is 1.

2. Which term of the AP : 3, 9, 15, 21, . . . , is 99?(***)

Solution.- Here, a = 3, d = 9 – 3 = 6
We know that an = a + (n – 1)d
Let an = 99 or, a + (n – 1)d = 99
⟹3 + (n – 1)6 = 99
⟹ (n – 1)6 = 99 – 3 = 96
⟹ 𝑛 − 1 = 16
⟹ 𝑛 = 17.

Page | 55
3. Determine the AP whose 3rd term is 5 and the 7th term is 9. (***)
Solution-We have a3 = a + (3 – 1) d = a + 2d = 5 (1)
and a7 = a + (7 – 1) d = a + 6d = 9 (2)
Solving the pair of linear equations (1) and (2), we get a = 3, d = 1 Hence, the required AP is
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, . . .

4. Find the 11th term from the last term (towards the first term) of the AP : 10, 7, 4, . . ., – 62.
(***)
Solution : Here, a = 10, d = 7 – 10 = – 3, l = – 62,
where l = a + (n – 1) d
To find the 11th term from the last term, we will find the total number of terms in the AP.
So, – 62 = 10 + (n – 1)(–3)
i.e., – 72 = (n – 1)(–3) i.e., n – 1 = 24 or n = 25
So, there are 25 terms in the given AP.
The 11th term from the last term will be the 15th term.
a15 = 10 + (15 – 1)(–3) = 10 – 42 = – 32 i.e., the 11th term from the last term is – 32.
Alternative Solution : If we write the given AP in the reverse order, then a = – 62 and d = 3 So, the
question now becomes finding the 11th term with these a and d. So,
a11 = – 62 + (11 – 1) × 3 = – 62 + 30 = – 32 So, the 11th term, which is now the required term, is –
32.
5. Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, –2, . . . (**)
Solution : Here, a = 8, d = 3 – 8 = –5, n = 22.
𝑛
We know that 𝑆𝑛 = 2 [2a + (n – 1) d ]

Putting values of a ,d and n we get 𝑆𝑛 = -979

Practice Questions:
1. Find the 20th term from the last term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, . . ., 253. (***)
2. Find the 31st term of an A.P. whose 11th term is 38 and 16th term is 73. (***)
3. Which term of the A.P.84, 80, 76 ………………. is zero? (***)
4. Find the value of x if 3x-4, 4x-7, 7x-3 are in A.P. (***)
5. Which term of the sequence 48, 43, 38, 33……………… is the first negative term? (***)
6. If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and -8, respectively, then which term of this AP is
zero. (***)
7. In a flower bed, there are 23 rose plants in the first row, 21 in the second, 19 in the third, and so
on. There are 5 rose plants in the last row. How many rows are there in the flower bed? (**)
8.Find the sum of first 15 multiples of 8. (***)
9. If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10, find the 20th term. (**)
10. Find the sum of first 1000 positive integers. (**)

Page | 56
11. Which term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, 18, … is 78? (***)
12. In an AP if the common difference (d) = -4 and the seventh term (a7) is 4, then find the first term.
(**)
SECTION-C (SAII)-3 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Check whether – 150 is a term of the AP: 11, 8, 5, 2 . . . (**)

Solution: Given AP: 11, 8, 5, 2, …
First term, a = 11
Common difference, d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 11 = −3
Let −150 be the nth term of this AP.
As we know that
an = a + (n − 1) d
⇒ -150 = 11 + (n – 1)(-3)

⇒ -150 = 11 – 3n + 3

⇒ -164 = -3n

⇒ n = 164/3
Clearly, n is not an integer but a fraction.
Therefore, – 150 is not a term of the given AP.
2. The first term of an A.P. is 5, the common difference is 3, and the last term is 80; find the
number of terms. (**)
Solution: Given,a = 5 and d = 3
We know that, the nth term an = a + (n – 1)d
So, for the given A.P. an = 5 + (n – 1)3 = 3n + 2
Also given, last term = 80
⇒ 3n + 2 = 80
3n = 78
n = 78/3 = 26
Therefore, there are 26 terms in the A.P.
3. Which term of the AP 121, 117. 113 … is its first negative term? (***)
Solution: Given A.P is 121, 117, 113…
First term (a) = 121, Common difference (d) = 117 – 121 = – 4
We know that, the nth term an = a + (n – 1)d
Page | 57
 Let the nth term is negative, i.e., an < 0
121 + (n – 1) – 4 < 0
121 + 4 – 4n < 0
125 – 4n < 0
4n > 125
n > 125/4
n > 31.25
The integer which comes after 31.25 is 32.

∴ The 32nd term in the A.P. will be the first negative term.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. Which term of the sequence 48, 43, 38, 33……………… is the first negative term? (***)
2. Which term of the A.P. 4, 12, 20, 28,…. will be 120 more than its 21st term? (***)
3. Determine the AP whose 5th term is 15 and sum of its 3rd and 8th term is 34. (***)
4. If 19th term of an A.P. is equal to 3 times its 6th term. If the 9th term of the A. P. is 19, find the A.P.
(***)
5. If the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is given by Sn = 4n2 – 3n, find the nth term of the A.P. (**)
6. How many terms of the AP 24, 21, 18, . . . must be taken so that their sum is 78? (**)
7. If the sum of first 7 terms of an AP is 49 and that of 17 terms is 289, find the sum of first n terms.
(**)
8. 7 times the 7th term of an AP is equal to 11 times its 11th term, then what will be its 18th term ?
(**)
9. In an AP if a = 1, an = 20 and Sn = 399, then find no.of terms in the given A.P. (*)
10. Find the sum of the first 15 multiples of 8. (***)
11. Find the sum of the first 40 positive integers divisible by 6. (***)
12.Find the sum of all 3 - digit natural numbers which are divisible by 13. (***)
13.Find the sum of all 3- digit natural numbers which are multiples of 11. (***)
14. In an A.P., if the 5th and 12th terms are 30 and 65, respectively, what is the sum of the first 20
terms? (**)

Page | 58
 SECTION-D LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. If the 9th term of an A.P. is zero, prove its 29th term is double the 19th term. (**)
Solution: Given,a9 = 0
We know that, the nth term an = a + (n – 1)d

So, a + (9 – 1)d = 0 ⇒ a + 8d = 0 ……(i)

Now, The 29th term a29 = a + (29 – 1)d

⇒ a29 = a + 28d
And, a29 = (a + 8d) + 20d [using (i)]

⇒ a29 = 20d ….. (ii)

Similarly, the 19th term a19 = a + (19 – 1)d
⇒ a19 = a + 18d
And, a19 = (a + 8d) + 10d [using (i)]
⇒ a19 = 10d …..(iii)
On comparing (ii) and (iii),
a29 = 2(a19)
Therefore, the 29th term is double the 19th term.
2. If 10 times the 10th term of an A.P. is equal to 15 times the 15th term, show that the 25th term
of the A.P. is zero. (**)
Solution:Given,10 times the 10th term of an A.P. is equal to 15 times the 15th term.
We know that, the nth term an = a + (n – 1)d

⇒ 10(a10) = 15(a15)

⇒10(a + (10 – 1)d) = 15(a + (15 – 1)d)

⇒10(a + 9d) = 15(a + 14d)

⇒10a + 90d = 15a + 210d

⇒5a + 120d = 0

⇒5(a + 24d) = 0
⇒a + 24d = 0

⇒a + (25 – 1)d = 0 ⇒ a25 = 0

Therefore, the 25th term of the A.P. is zero.

Page | 59
3. Three numbers are in A.P. If the sum of these numbers is 27 and the product 648, find the
numbers. (**)
Solution: Let the three numbers of the A.P. be a – d, a, a + d
From the question,
Sum of these numbers = 27
a – d + a + a + d = 27

⇒ 3a = 27

⇒a = 27/3 = 9
Now, the product of these numbers = 648

⇒ (a – d)(a)(a + d) = 648

⇒ a(a2 – d2) = 648

⇒ 9(92 – d2) = 648

⇒93 – 9d2 =648

⇒729 – 648 = 9d2

⇒81 = 9d2

⇒d2 = 9 ⇒d = 3 or -3

Hence, the terms are 9-3, 9 and 9+3 ⇒ 6, 9, 12 or 12, 9, 6 (for d = -3).

PRACTICE QUESTIONS:
1. Sum of first 14 terms of an A.P is 1050 and its first term is 10. Find its 30th term. (**)
2. Find the 20th term of the AP whose 7th term is 24 less than the 11th term, first term being 12. (**)
3. Which term of the Arithmetic Progression -7, -12, -17, -22,…..will be -82? Is -100 any term of the
A.P.? Give a reason for your answer. (**)
4. How many terms of the Arithmetic Progression 45, 39, 33, …. must be taken so that their sum is
180? (***)
5. The sum of four consecutive numbers in an AP is 32 and the ratio of the product of the first and
the last term to the product of two middle terms is 7:15. Find the numbers. (**)
6. In a certain A.P., the 24th term is twice the 10th term. Prove that the 72nd term is twice the
34th term. (**)
7. The sum of the 4th and 8th terms of an A.P. is 24, and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 34. Find
the first term and the common difference of the A.P. (***)
8. Find the four numbers in A.P. whose sum is 50 and in which the greatest number is 4 times the
least. (**)
(Hint: consider the four terms of the A.P. to be (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d) and (a + 3d).
Page | 60
 ANSWER KEY OF PRACTICE QUESTIONS

SECTION-A (MCQ)
1)(D)16th 2)(D)28 3)(B)3.5 4)(B)20 5)(B)10TH
6)(B)40 7)(A) -320 8)(A)45 9)(B)-An AP with d=4 10)(B)15150
SECTION-B (SA I)
1) 158 2) 178 3) 22 4) x= -7/2 5) 11th term
6) 5th term 7) 10 8) 960 9) 200 10) 500500
11) 16th term 12)a=28

SECTION-C (SA II)

1) 11 2) 26 3) a=-1,d=4 AP will be -1,3,7….. 4) a=3,d=2 AP will be
3,5,7…
5) 8n-7 6)n=4,13 7)n2 8) 0 9) 38 10) 960
11) 4920 12)37674 13) 44550 14)a=10,d=5 Sum=1150
15) radius of first circle=3 cm
Radius second circle=3+4=7 cm
Radius of third circle=7+4=11 cm
Clearly 3,7,11…are in A.P
Let nth circle has radius 43 cm
Then 43=3+(n-1)4
On soving we get n=11
So 11th circle has radius 43 cm.

SECTION-D (LA)
1) a=10,d=10 hence a30=300 2) 126
3) 16th term will be -82.Also on solving n=98/5(not a positive integer)therefore -100 can not be the
term of given AP.
4) n=10,6 5) 2,6,10,14 or 14,10,6,2 6) Prove as done in solved examples.
7) a= -1/2,d=5/2 8)5,10,15,20 9) n=16,d=8/3
10) Prove using formula for nth term of an AP 11) 2p-1:2q-1

Page | 65
 SECTION-E (CASE BASED QUESTIONS)
1)(i) 70×3=210
(ii)3(10+20+…….120)=2340
(OR)
3(60+70+……120)=1890
(iii) 3(10+20+30+40+50)=450
2) (i) Since the production increases uniformly by a fixed number every year, the no.of Cars
manufactured in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, . . .,years will form an AP. So, a + 3d = 1800 & a + 7d = 2600
So a = 1200 & d = 200
(ii) Sn =n/2( 2a + (n-1)d
⇒S10 =10/2( 2×1200 + (10-1)200)=21000
(OR)

Sn =n/2( 2a + (n-1)d
⇒31200=n/2( 2×1200 + (n-1)200)
⇒31200=n/2( 2400 + 200n-200)
⇒31200=n/2( 2200 + 200n)
⇒312=n( 11 + n) ⇒n2+11n-312=0
⇒ n2+24n-13n-312=0⇒(n-13)(n+24)=0⇒n=13 or -24
n=-24(not possible) therefore n=13.

(iii) a12= a+11d=1200+11×200=1200+2200=3400

3) (i) Since each row is increasing by 10 seats, so it is an AP with first term a= 30, and d=10.
So number of seats in 10th row = 𝑎10 = a+ 9d
= 30 + 9×10 = 120

(ii) Sn =n/2( 2a + (n-1)d

⇒1500 = n/2( 2 × 30 + (n-1)10)
⇒3000 = 50n + 10n2
⇒n2 +5n -300 =0
⇒n2 + 20n -15n – 300 =0 ⇒ (n+20) (n-15) =0
⇒n=-20 or n=15
Rejecting the negative value, n= 15
OR

No. of seats already put up to the 10th row = S10 = 10/2 {2 × 30 + (10-1)10)}
= 5(60 + 90) = 750
So, the number of seats still required to be put are 1500 -750 = 750

(iii) If no. of rows =17

then the middle row is the 9th row
𝑎8 = a+ 8d
= 30 + 80= 110 seats

Page | 66
4. (i) HINT:Here a=8 and S=170 n=10 then d=?
Solve it using sum of first n terms formula and you will get d=2
Fixed distance=2 km

(ii) HINT: Here a=20,d=5.S=425 n=?

On solving you will get n2+7n-170=0
n=10,-17
n=-17(rejected) hence n=10

(iii) a3=a+2d=8+2×2=12 km.

5) (i)3900
(ii)44500 OR 4900
(iii) 73500

6. a=2.75d=0.25

(i) Tn=2.75+10x0.25=5.25
(ii) S4=4/2(2x2.75+3x0.25)=12.50
(iii) T30=2.75+29x0.25=10

OR, s30=30/2(2x2.75+29x0.25)=191.25

7. (I) (i)A.P is 3000,3005,3010,………3900

𝑛
(II) Sum of n terms= 2 (a+l)

181
= 2
(3000+3900)=624450

(III) A.P is 3000,3005,3010,………3900

Finding n=181

Minimum no.of days before his goal is accomplished=181-1=180

******

Page | 67
CHAPTER -6
TRIANGLES
Prepared by- JAYANTA KUMAR PATAR
TGT (MATHS)
KV MAITHON DAM

MIND MAP

Page | 68
CONCEPT:
 Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar
figures.

 Two figures are said to be congruent if they have the same shape and the same size

Note- All congruent figures are similar but the similar figures need not be congruent.

 Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (i) their corresponding angles
are equal and (ii) their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (i.e., proportion).
 SIMILAR TRIANGLES

Two triangles are said to be similar, if
(i) Their corresponding angles are equal
andPQ, C=R
(ii) Their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
(or proportion). AB/PQ =AC/PR = BC/QR

THEOREM:
Basic proportionality Theorem/ Thales Theorem: If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a
triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the
same ratio.

𝑨𝑫 𝑨𝑬
If DE// BC, Then =
𝑫𝑩 𝑬𝑪

Page | 69
Criteria for similarity of triangles

NOTE: AA similarity criterion can also be stated as AAA similarity criterion.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

***Q1. If DE || BC. Find EC

Ans- In ∆ABC, DE || BC
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
⸫ = ( By BPT)
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

1.5 1
=
3 𝐸𝐶

3
EC = = 2 cm
1.5

𝑸𝑹 𝑸𝑻
**Q2. In the given figure, = and ∠1 = ∠2. Show that ∆PQS ~ ∆TQR.
𝑸𝑺 𝑷 𝑹

Ans- From the figure 

 PQ = PR (Sides opposite to equal angles are equal)

In ∆ PQS and ∆ TQR

𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑇
r = 𝑃 𝑅( given)
𝑄𝑆
Page | 70
 𝑄𝑅 𝑄𝑇
Or = (PQ = PR)
𝑄𝑆 𝑃𝑄

PQSTQR

⸫∆ PQS ~ ∆ TQR ( By SAS )

*Q3. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where ∆ABC ~ ∆
PQR,
𝑨𝑩 𝑨𝑫
prove that =
𝑷𝑸 𝑷𝑴
Ans-

**Q4.
In Fig, if ΔABC ~ ΔDEF and their sides are of lengths (in cm) as marked along with them, then
find the lengths of the sides of each triangle

Ans- ΔABC ~ ΔDEF (Given)

Page | 71
MATHEMATICS / X / 2023-24/RO-RANCHI

⇒ 4x – 2 = 18
⇒x=5
∴ AB = 2 × 5 – 1 = 9,
BC = 2 × 5 + 2 = 12
CA = 3 × 5 = 15,
DE = 18,
EF = 3 × 5 + 9 = 24 and
FD = 6 × 5 = 30
Hence, AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm, CA = 15 cm DE = 18 cm, EF = 24 cm, FD = 30 cm

*Q5. In ∆ABC, if ∠ADE = ∠B, then prove that ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC. Also, if AD = 7.6 cm,
AE = 7.2 cm, BE = 4.2 cm and BC = 8.4 cm, then find DE.
Ans-

***Q6. State and prove Basic proportionality Theorem.

Page | 72
Ans-
statement- If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in
distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.

Given- A triangle ABC in which DE // BC

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
To prove- =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

Construction: Join BE and CD and draw DM ⊥ AC and

EN ⊥ AB.

Proof:

Since Δ BDE and ∆DEC are on the same base DE and between the same parallels BC and DE.

Therefore, ar (BDE) = ar (DEC)

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
Hence from (A), and (B), we have = Proved.
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

Page | 73
 PRACTICE QUESTION
SECTION A (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 MARK)

*Q1. Given that ΔABC~ΔDEF . If DE = 2AB and BC =3 cm then, EF is equal to ___________.

(a) 12 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 1.5 cm (d) 6 cm

**Q2. In the given figure, write the value of x.

(a) 9 cm (b) 10.5 cm (c) 13.5 cm (d) 12 cm

𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
*Q3. In the given figure, = and ADE =70º, BAC =50º, then BCA =
𝐷𝐵 𝐸𝐶

(a) 70º (b) 50º (c) 80º (d) 60º

*Q4.The shadow of a tower 5 m long is 2 m . At the same time the shadow of a tree 12.5 m high is:

(a) 3 m (b) 3.5 m (c) 5 m (d) 4.5 m

𝐾𝑃 4
**Q5.In the figure given below, , = , and KN = 20.4 cm, then the value of KQ is:
𝑃𝑀 13

(a) 2.8 cm (b) 3.8 cm (c) 4.8 cm (d) 5.8 cm

**Q6. If ΔPQR~ΔXYZ, Q = 50º and R = 70º then X +Yis equal to

(a) 70º (b) 50º (c) 120º (d) 110º

Page | 74
 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
**Q7.If in triangles ABC and DEF, = , then they will be similar, when
𝐷𝐸 𝐹𝐷

(a) ∠B = ∠E (b) ∠A = ∠D (c) ∠B = ∠D (d) ∠A = ∠F

**Q8. In ∆ABC, D is point on side AB and E is a point on side AC such that ∠ADE = ∠ABC,
AD = 2, BD = 3 and AE = 3, then what is the value of CE?

(a) 6 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4.5 cm (d) 5 cm

𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐶𝐴
*Q9. If in two triangles ABC and DEF = = then
𝐷𝐸 𝐸𝐹 𝐹𝐷

(a) ΔFDE ~ ΔCAB (b) ΔFDE ~ ΔABC

(c) ΔCBA ~ ΔFDE (d) ΔBCA ~ ΔFDE

**Q10.In figure DE || BC then the value of AD is

(a) 2 cm (b) 2.4 cm (c) 3 cm (d) none of the

above

***Q11. In the adjoining figure, XY // QR and PX : XQ =5:6. Then, XY :

QR equals

(a)5:11 (b) 6:5 (c) 11:5 (d)11:6

** Q12. In the following figure, ST//QR, Point S divides PQ in the ratio 4:.

If ST=1.6 cm, what is the length of QR?

(a) 0.71 cm (b) 2 cm (c) 3.6 cm (d) none of the above

13.In the figure below, DE//AC and DF//AE.

𝐵𝐹
Which of these is equal to ?
𝐹𝐸
(a) DF/AE
(b) BE/EC
(c) BA/AC

Page | 75
 (d) FE/EC
**Q14.In figure, if DE || BC, AD=3 cm, BD= 4 cm and BC= 14 cm,
then DE equals

(a) 7 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 3 cm

**Q15. D and E are the midpoints of side AB and AC of a triangle

ABC, respectively and BC= 6cm.

If DE || BC, then the length of DE is:

(a) 2.5 cm (b) 3cm (c)5cm (d) 6cm

SECTION B

(SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION 2 MARKS)

*Q16. In the given figure, AM: MC =3:4, BP:PM =3:2 and BN = 12 cm. Then find AN

**Q17.A street light bulb is fixed on a pole 12 m above the level of the street. If a woman of height

3 m casts a shadow of 6m, what is the length of the shadow of the pole?

**Q18. In the given Fig, CD || LA and DE || AC. Find the length

of CL, if BE = 4 cm and EC =2 cm.

*Q19. XY is drawn parallel to the base BC of a ∆ ABC cutting AB at X and AC at Y.

If AB = 4 BX and YC =2cm, then AY is

**Q20.In the given figure, MN // AB, BC = 7.5cm, AM = 4cm and MC = 2cm. find the length of
BN.

Page | 76
***Q21. In Fig., altitudes AD and CE of ΔABC intersect each other at the point P.

Show that: ΔAEP ~ ΔCDP

***Q22. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and its

diagonals intersect each other at the

point O. Show that

𝐴𝑀 𝐴𝑁
***Q23.In the given figure, if LM || CB and LN || CD, prove that =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷

*Q24.S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ∆ PQR such that ∠ P = ∠ RTS.
Show that ∆ RPQ ~ ∆ RTS.

**Q25. In the given Figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR.

Show that EF || QR.

SECTION C
(SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION 3 MARKS)

**Q26. In the given figure, CD // LA and DE // AC. Find the length of CL if BE = 4cm and

EC = 2cm.

Page | 77
 𝐴𝐷 3 𝐵𝐶
*Q27. In a ∆ABC, DE // BC with D on AB and E on AC. If = Find
𝐵𝐷 4 𝐷𝐸

**Q28.In the given figure, ∠ACB = ∠CDA, AC = 8cm, AD = 3cm, then find BD.

𝐴𝐷 3
**Q29. In the given figure DE // BC and = if AC = 4.8cm, find the length of AE.
𝐵𝐷 5

*Q30. Observe the Figure and then find P.

***Q31. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR, respectively where ∆ ABC ~ ∆
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐷
PQR, prove that =
𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑀

**Q32. In the given Figure, DE || OQ and DF || OR.

Show that EF || QR.

𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑇
**Q33. In the given Figure, 𝑆𝑄 = and ∠ PST = ∠ PRQ. Prove that PQR is an isosceles triangle
𝑇𝑅

Page | 78
*Q34. ABCD is a trapezium with AB || DC. E and F are points on non-parallel sides AD and BC
𝐴𝐸 𝐵𝐹
respectively such that EF is parallel to AB. Show that =
𝐸𝐷 𝐹𝐶

*Q35. In the given figure, RQ and TP are perpendicular to PQ, also TS perpendicular to PR .
Prove that ST.RQ = PS.PQ.

SECTION D

(LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 5 MARKS)

**Q36. In the given figure,∆ ODC ~ ∆ OBA, ∠BOC = 125°and ∠ CDO = 70°. Find ∠ DOC, ∠DCO
and∠ OAB.

***Q37.A vertical pole of length 3 m casts a shadow 2 m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 14 m long. Find the height of the tower.

Page | 79
***Q38.A girl of height 90 cm is walking away from the base
of a lamp-post at a speed of 1.2 m/s. If the lamp is 3.6
m above the ground, find the length of her shadow
after 4 seconds.

**Q39. Raj wanted to determine the height of a tree on the corner of his block. He knew that a
certain fence by the tree was 4 feet tall. At 3 PM, he measured the shadow of the fence to be
2.5 feet tall. Then he measured the tree’s shadow to be 11.3 feet. What is the height of the
tree?

*Q40. In the given figure, two line segment AC and BD intersect each other at the point P such that
PA = 6 cm, PB = 3 cm, PC = 2.5 cm, PD = 5 cm, ∠APB = 50º, and ∠CDP= 30º, Then Find
the ∠PBA.

***Q41.A 15m high tower casts a shadow 24m long at a certain time and at the same time, a
telephone pole casts a shadow 16m long. Find the height of the telephone pole.

***Q42. Let ABC be a triangle and D and E be two points on side AB such that AD = BE. If DP //
BC and EQ // AC, then prove that PQ // AB.

***Q43.State and prove Thales’ theorem.

**Q44. If a line intersects sides AB and AC of a ABC at D and E respectively and is parallel to
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸
BC, prove that =
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶

***Q45. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that

ADC = BAC. Show that CA2 = CB.CD.

Page | 80
 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER-6 TRIANGLES
SECTION A
QUESTION ANSWER QUESTION ANSWER QUESTION ANSWER
1 D 6 D 11 A
2 C 7 C 12 C
3 D 8 C 13 B
4 C 9 A 14 B
5 C 10 B 15 B

SECTION B SECTION C
QUESTION ANSWER QUESTION ANSWER
16 14 cm. 3cm.
26
17 24m 7
27 -
18 3 cm 3
28 55/3cm
19 6cm
29 1.8cm
20 5cm
30 P = 40°

SECTION D
QUESTION ANSWER
36 ∠DOC=55º,∠DCO =55º and ∠OAB = 55º

37 21m
38 1.6 m long

39 Height of the tree is 18.08 feet

40 100º
41 10m

CASE BASED QUESTIOS

46.(i) CO/DO 47.(i) 155º 48. (i) 3m

(ii) 6cm (ii) 105º (ii) 7cm
(iii) Prove (iii) 3cm (iii) 90m2
49. (i)- ∆ABM and ∆CDM, AA Criterion. 50. (i) 4.29 miles
(ii) 3cm (ii) 11.43 miles
(iii) 18cm (iii) 3.5miles

******

Page | 83
 CHAPTER -7
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
Prepared by- Mrs Preety
TGT (MATHS)
KV Bhurkunda (Ranchi)

Important Notes

❖ Two perpendicular number lines intersecting at origin are called co-ordinate axes. The
horizontal line is the X-axis and the vertical line is Y-axis.
❖ The point of intersection of X-axis and Y-axis is called origin and denoted by O.
❖ Cartesian plane is a plane obtained by putting the co-ordinate axes perpendicular to each other
in the plane. It is also called co-ordinate plane of XY -plane.

❖ The axes divide the cartesian plane

into four parts called quadrants as shown above.

DISTANCE FORMULA:
❖ The distance between two points P and Q is calculated by distance formula (using pythagoras
theorem in right angled triangle).

Problems based on distance formula

• To show that a given figure is a

Page | 84
 • Parallelogram – prove that the opposite sides are equal

• Rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.

• Parallelogram but not rectangle – prove that the opposite sides are equal and the
diagonals are not equal. • Rhombus – prove that the four sides are equal

• Square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.

• Rhombus but not square – prove that the four sides are equal and the diagonals are not
equal.

• Isosceles triangle – prove any two sides are equal.

• Equilateral triangle – prove that all three sides are equal. • Right triangle – prove that sides
of triangle satisfy Pythagoras theorem.

 DISTANCE OF A POINT P (X,Y) FROM ORIGIN.

Since coordinate of origin is (0,0), Then by applying distance formula, distance from
P(x,y ) is OP = √𝑿𝟐 + 𝒀𝟐

❖ Three points A , B and C are collinear if the distance

AB, BC and CA are such that the sum of two distances is equal to the third.

 Three points A,B and C are vertices of an

equilateral triangle if AB=BC=AC.

 Three points A,B and C are vertices of an

isosceles triangle if AB=BC or BC=AC or AC=AB.

❖ For the given four points A,B,C and D:

1. If AB=BC=CD=DA; AC=BD ,
then ABCD is a square.
2. If AB=BC=CD=DA; AC≠BD,
Then ABCD is a rhombus.
3. If AB=CD, BC=DA , then ABCD
Page | 85
 Is a rectangle.
4. If AB=CD,BC=DA ; AC≠BD,
Then ABCD is a parallelogram.

❖ Diagonals of rhombus, square, rectangle and parallelogram always bisect each other.
❖ Diagonals of rhombus and square bisect each other at right angles.

SECTION FORMULA:

 If the ratio in which P divides AB is k : 1, then the coordinates of the point P will be

 Special Case : The mid-point of a line segment divides the line segment in the ratio 1 : 1.
Therefore, the coordinates of the mid-point P of the join of the points
A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is

 CENTROID OF TRIANGLE: The centroid of a triangle is the center of the triangle. It is

referred to as the point of concurrency of medians of a triangle.

Page | 86
 The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3), then centroid
C (x, y) of given triangle ABC can be find out using,

Q. If (a/3, 4) is the mid-point of the segment joining the points P(-6, 5) and R(-2, 3), then the value
of ‘a’ is

(a) 12 (b) -6 (c) -12 (d) -4

Answer: c

Explanation:

Q..The points (1,1), (-2, 7) and (3, -3) are *

(a) vertices of an equilateral triangle (b) collinear

(c) vertices of an isosceles triangle (d) none of these

Answer: b

Explanation: Reason: Let A(1, 1), B(-2, 7) and C(3, 3) are the given points, Then, we have

Page | 87
 Lets practice some MCQ’s

1. The distance of the point P (2, 3) from the x-axis is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 5

2. The distance between the point P(1, 4) and Q(4, 0) is

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 3√3

3. The points (-5, 1), (1, p) and (4, -2) are collinear if the value of p is

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) -1

4. The distance of the point (α, β) from the origin is

(a) α + β (b) α² + β² (c) |α| + |β| (d) √(𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 )

5. The line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the line joining the points (1, 3) and (2, 7) internally in the ratio

(a) 3 : 4 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 4 : 3 **

6. The ratio of the distances of point P(3, 4) from origin to that from y-axis is

(a) 3:5 (b) 5:3 (c) 5:4 (d) 3:4

MCQ Answer key:

1.(b) 2. (b) 3.(d) 4.(d) 5.(a) 6.(c)

Q. Find distance between A (10 cos θ, 0) and B (0, 10 sin θ). *

Answer:

Q. Find the coordinates of reflection of Q (- 1, -3) in x-axis.

Answer:

Reflection of Q(- 1, – 3) is (- 1, 3)

Page | 88
Q. Find the fourth vertex of parallelogram ABCD

whose three vertices are A(- 2, 3), B(6, 7) and C(8, 3).

Answer:

Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each other,

mid-point of AC = mid-point of BD***

Lets practice

Very short answer type questions

1. If the point (0, 2) is equidistant from the points (3, k) and (k, 5), find the value of k.

2. Find the ratio in which y-axis divides the line segment joining the points A(5, -6) and

B (-1, -4). Also find the coordinates of the point of division.

3. Let P and Q be the points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(2, -2) and

B(-7, 4) such that P is nearer to A. Find the coordinates of P and Q.

4. Find the ratio in which P(4, m) divides the line segment joining the points A(2, 3) and B(6, -3).

Hence find m. *

5. Point A(- 1, y) and B(5, 7) lie on a circle with centre 0(2, -3y). Find the values of y. Hence find the

radius of the circle. **

6. The x-coordinate of a point P is twice its y-coordinate. If P is equidistant from Q(2, – 5) and

R(-3,6), find the coordinates of P.*

Short answer type questions

7. AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are A(0, 4), O(0, 0) and B(3, 0). Find the length of its

diagonal .
Page | 89
8.Prove that the points (3, 0), (6, 4) and (-1, 3) are the vertices of a right angled isosceles triangle.
***

9. If (1,p/3) is the mid point of the line segment joining the points (2, 0) and (0,2/9), then show that

the line 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 passes through the point (- 1, 3p). ***

10. The vertices of a triangle are (- 2, 0), (2, 3) and (1, – 3). Is the triangle equilateral, isosceles or

scalene? ***

11. If the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(a + b, b – a) and B(a – b, a + b).

Prove that bx = ay.

Long answer type questions

12. Show that ∆ABC, where A(-2, 0), B(2, 0), C(0, 2) and ∆ PQR where P(- 4, 0), Q(4, 0),

R (0, 4) are similar triangles. ***

13. if A(-2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, find the values

of a and b. Hence find the lengths of its sides.

Case study based questions

Q. Ayush starts walking from his house to office. Instead of going to the office directly, he goes
to a bank first, from there to his daughter’s school and then reaches the office. ( assume that all
distances covered are in straight lines and co-ordinates are in km).
Answer the following questions:

14.what is the distance between house and bank?

15.what is the distance between the bank and

daughter’s school?

16. What is the total distance travelled

by ayush to reach the office?

17.what is the distance between house

and office?

Page | 90
 CHAPTER- 7 Answer key

1. k = 1. 2 . -13/3 3. (-1,0) and (-4,2) 4. m=0

5. 5 units 6. (16,8) 7. 5 units 10. scalene triangle

13..a=1,b=1; length of each side √10 units

14. 5km 15. 10km 16. 27km 17. 24.6km

18.√58 units 19.(-½ ,11/2) 20. (0, 5.7) or 10 square units

21. √61m 22. Co-ordinate Geometry 23. (5, 45 2 ) 24. Team Spirit

25 . (i) (b) √53 units (ii) (a) 2√26 units (iii) (d) (3.5, 4) (iv) (b) (− 11/5 , 24/5 )

Page | 93
 CHAPTER - 8
INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY

TRIGONOMETRY: A branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the
angles and sides of triangles. It has numerous applications in various fields, including physics,
engineering, and architecture.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS: The ratios of the sides of a right triangle with respect to its
acute angles, called trigonometric ratios of the angle.

For acute angle C, side opposite to C is perpendicular, adjacent side BC is base and side opposite to
angle B is hypotenuse

so Trigonometric ratios of an acute angle C in a right angle triangle are as follows

FOR ANGLE C FOR ANGLE A

sin C=Perpendicular/Hypotenuse=AB/AC sin A=Perpendicular/Hypotenuse=BC/AC
cosec C= Hypotenuse/Perpendicular=AC/AB cosec A= Hypotenuse/Perpendicular=AC/BC
cos C=Base/Hypotenuse=BC/AC cos A=Base/Hypotenuse=AB/AC
sec C=Hypotenuse/Base=AC/BC sec A=Hypotenuse/Base=AC/AB
tan C=Perpendicular/Base=AB/BC tan A=Perpendicular/Base=BC/AB
cot C=Base/Perpendicular=BC/AB cot A=Base/Perpendicular=AB/BC

EXAMPLE 1: In ∆ ABC, right-angled at B, AB = 24 cm, BC = 7 cm. Determine:

(i) sin A, cos A
(ii) sin C, cos C
Solution:
In a given triangle ABC, right angled at B = ∠B = 90°

Given: AB = 24 cm and BC = 7 cm

Page | 94
 According to the Pythagoras Theorem,
In a right- angled triangle, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides.
By applying Pythagoras theorem, we get
AC2=AB2+BC2
AC2 = (24)2+72
AC2 = (576+49)
AC2 = 625cm2

AC = √625 = 25
Therefore, AC = 25 cm

(i) To find Sin A, Cos A

We know that sine (or) Sin function is the equal to the ratio of length of the opposite side to the
hypotenuse side. So it becomes

Sin A = Perpendicular /Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 7/25

Cosine or Cos function is equal to the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the hypotenuse
side and it becomes,

Cos A = Base /Hypotenuse = AB/AC = 24/25

Relation between Trigonometric Ratios:

 Cosec A=1/sinA

 secA = 1/cosA
 tan A = sinA/cosA
 cotA = cosA/sinA=1/tanA

EXAMPLE 2: Given sec θ = 13/12 Calculate all other trigonometric ratios

Solution:
We know that sec function is the reciprocal of the cos function which is equal to the ratio
of the length of the hypotenuse side to the adjacent side
Let us assume a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B
sec θ =13/12 = Hypotenuse/Adjacent side = AC/AB

Let AC be 13k and AB will be 12k

Page | 95
 Where, k is a positive real number.
According to the Pythagoras theorem, the squares of the hypotenuse side is equal to the
sum of the squares of the other two sides of a right angle triangle and we get,
AC2=AB2 + BC2
Substitute the value of AB and AC
(13k)2= (12k)2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2
169k2= 144k2 + BC2

BC2 = 169k2 – 144k2

BC2= 25k2

Therefore, BC = 5k

Now, substitute the corresponding values in all other trigonometric ratios

So,
Sin θ = Opposite Side/Hypotenuse = BC/AC = 5/13
Cos θ = Adjacent Side/Hypotenuse = AB/AC = 12/13
tan θ = Opposite Side/Adjacent Side = BC/AB = 5/12

Cosec θ = Hypotenuse/Opposite Side = AC/BC = 13/5

cot θ = Adjacent Side/Opposite Side = AB/BC = 12/5

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES:

𝜽 𝟎𝟎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟓𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝟗𝟎𝟎

sin𝜽 0 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 1
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
cos𝜽 1 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 0
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
tan𝜽 0 𝟏 1 √𝟑 Not
√𝟑 defined
cot𝜽 Not √𝟑 1 𝟏 0
defined √𝟑
sec𝜽 1 𝟐 √𝟐 2 Not
√𝟑 defined
cosec𝜽 Not 2 √𝟐 𝟐 1
defined √𝟑

Page | 96
Example 3:

Evaluate: sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°

Solution:
sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60°
First, find the values of the given trigonometric ratios
sin 30° = 1/2
cos 30° = √3/2
sin 60° = √3/2

cos 60°= 1/2

Now, substitute the values in the given problem
sin 60° cos 30° + sin 30° cos 60° = √3/2 ×√3/2 + (1/2) ×(1/2 ) = 3/4+1/4 = 4/4 =1

Example 4:
Evaluate:𝟐𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝟒𝟓𝟎 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟔𝟎𝟎
√𝟑 √𝟑
Solution: As tan450=1, cos300= 𝟐 , sin600= 𝟐

Therefore putting the values in given expression;

√3 2 √3
=2(1)2+( 2
) -( 2 )2

= 2+0=2

Trigonometric Identities: An equation involving trigonometric ratios of an angle is called a

trigonometric identity if it is true for all values of the angle:

 sin²A+cos²A=1 or sin²A=1- cos²A or cos²A=1- sin²A

 1+tan²A=sec²Aor sec²A- tan²A =1 or tan²A = sec²A -1
 1+cot²A=cosec²A or cosec²A- cot²A=1 or cot²A= cosec²A-1

EXAMPLE 5: EVALUATE: 9 sec2A – 9 tan2A

SOLUTION:Take 9 outside, and it becomes

9 sec2A – 9 tan2A
= 9 (sec2A – tan2A)

= 9×1 = 9 (∵ 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝐴 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 = 1)

Page | 97
 Therefore, 9 sec2A – 9 tan2A = 9

EXAMPLE 6:
Prove that: (cosec θ – cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)
Proof: To prove this, first take the Left-Hand side (L.H.S) of the given equation, to prove the
Right Hand Side (R.H.S)
L.H.S. = (cosec θ – cot θ)2
The above equation is in the form of (a-b)2, and expand it
Since (a-b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab

Here a = cosec θ and b = cot θ

= (cosec2θ + cot2θ – 2cosec θ cot θ)

Now, apply the corresponding inverse functions and equivalent ratios to simplify
= (1/sin2θ + cos2θ/sin2θ – 2cos θ/sin2θ)
= (1 + cos2θ – 2cos θ)/(1 – cos2θ)
= (1-cos θ)2/(1 – cosθ)(1+cos θ)
= (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ) = R.H.S.
Therefore, (cosec θ – cot θ)2 = (1-cos θ)/(1+cos θ)

Hence proved.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS SECTION-A

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. sin 2B = 2 sin B is true when B is equal to

(a) 90° (b) 60° (c) 30° (d) 0°

*2.The value of cos 0°. cos 1°. cos 2°. cos 3°… cos 89° cos 90° is
1
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d)
√2

3.What is the minimum value of sin A, 0 ≤ A ≤ 90°

(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 1/2

4. If 𝜃 is an acute angle of a right angled triangle ,then which of the following equation is not true?

(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = cos 𝜃 (b) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

(c)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 = 1 (d) 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = 1

*5. If sin θ + sin² θ = 1, then cos² θ + cos4 θ =

(a) -1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

Page | 98
**6. 5 tan² A – 5 sec² A + 1 is equal to
(a) 6 (b) -5 (c) 1 (d) -4

7. If sin A = 1/2 and cos B = 1/2, then A + B = ?

(a) 900 (b) 300 (c) 600 (d) 00

4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
**8. If 4tanA=3, then
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

(a) 2/3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) ¾

9.(sin30° + cos30°) – (sin 60° + cos60°)

(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

10. Value of tan30°/cot60° is:

(a) 1/√2 (b) 1/√3 (c) 1 (d) √3

**11. If x tan 45° sin 30° = cos 30° tan 30°, then x is equal to
1 1
(a) √3 (b) 2 (c) (d) 1
√2

***12. If sec A + tan A = x, then tan A =

𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 −1 𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 2𝑥

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
13. is equal to
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

(a) (b) (c) 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 (d) 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

**14. If sin A – cos A = 0, then the value of sin4 A + cos4 A is

3 1
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 4 (d) 2

15. If in ΔABC, ∠C = 90°, then sin (A + B) =

1 1
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) (d) 1
√2

**16. 9 sec2A – 9 tan2A =

(a) 1 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 0
17. (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ – cosec θ)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) – 1
18. (sec A + tan A) (1 – sin A) =
(a) sec A (b) sin A (c) cosec A (d) cos A

*19. 1+tan2A/1+cot2A =

(a) sec2 A (b) -1 (c) cot2A (d) tan2A

Page | 99
**20.2tan 30°/1+tan230° =
(a) sin 60° (b) cos 60° (c) tan 60° (d) sin 30°

SECTION-B

**21.Evaluate: 5𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 450 − 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 900 + 5𝑐𝑜𝑠00

3
22.If tan𝜃 = , then find the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃.
4

𝑐𝑜𝑠300 +𝑠𝑖𝑛600
23.Find the value of .
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠600 +𝑠𝑖𝑛300

24.Given 15cotA=8,findsinA and secA.

*25.Evaluate: 𝑠𝑖𝑛600 𝑐𝑜𝑠300 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛300 𝑐𝑜𝑠600

7 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)
**26.If cot𝜃 = 8 ,Evaluate: (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃).

*27. If sinx+cosy =1,and x=300 and y is an acute angle, find the value of y.

28. If sin𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = 𝑦 , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃.

29. Express cosA in terms of cotA.

**30. If sinA=cosA, find 2𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴 − 1 .

*31. If √3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝜃 < 90, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜃.

***32. If 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑝 then find the value of cosec𝜃.

33.In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐶 = √3BC, then prove that: ⦞𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 600 .

*34. If (1+cosA)(1-cosA)=3/4,find secA.

*35. If cosecA=5/3,Find cosA+tanA

Page | 100
 SECTION-C

***36 .Prove that:√𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 = tan𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝐴
**37. Prove that =
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴)2

38. Prove that (sec𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴
*39. Prove that 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
= 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴

**40. If cos𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

1+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝐴−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
41. Prove that =2
1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝐴+𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

*42. Prove that 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
− 1−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

12 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 1
43. If sin𝜃 = 13 ,Find × 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃
***44. Prove that = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
**45. Prove that √1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃

SECTION-D

1
*46. If 7sin2A+3cos2A=4,then show that tanA=
√3

4𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 600 +𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 300 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 450

*47. Evaluate: 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 600 +𝑐𝑜𝑠2 450

**48. If sin θ + cos θ = √3, then prove that tan θ + cot θ = 1.

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
**49. Prove that:1+𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1 + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+1
**50. Prove that:√𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃+1 + √𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃−1 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃

**51. Prove that:(sin θ + sec θ)2 + (cos θ + cosec θ)2 = (1 + sec θ cosec θ)2

*52. Prove that: 3 (sin θ – cos θ)4 + 6 (sin θ + cos θ)2 + 4 (sin6 θ + cos6 θ) = 13.

Page | 101
(i) The measure of ∠A is :
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d) none of these
(ii) The measure of ∠C is :
(a) 300 (b) 450 (c) 600 (d)none of these

(iii) The length of AC is:

(a) √3 m (b) 2√3 𝑚 (c) 4 √3 m (d) 6√3 m
(iv) cos2A=
1 1 √3
(a)0 (b) (c) (d)
2 √2 2
𝐶
(v) sin2 =
1 1 √3
(a)0 (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
√2

Answer key CHAPTER-8 SOLUTIONS:

1.d , 2.c , 3.b , 4.d , 5.d , 6.d ,7.a ,8.c ,9.b ,10.c ,11.d ,12.b , 13.b , 14.d ,15.d ,16.b ,17.c 18.d

√𝟑
,19.d ,20.a , 21.12 , 22.7/25 ,23. 𝟐 ,24. sinA=15/17,secA=17/8 ,25.1 ,26. 49/64 ,27.y = 600

𝒄𝒐𝒕𝑨 𝒑𝟐 +𝟏
,28. 1/xy ,29.𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨= ,30.3/2 ,31.300 ,32.𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒄𝜽 = 𝒑𝟐 −𝟏 ,34. 2 ,35.31/20 ,43.
√𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝑨

595/3456 , 47. 4/3 ,55.(i) a (ii)c (iii)b (iv) c ,56.(i)a (ii)c (iii)d (iv)b (v)d

Page | 103
 CHAPTER -9
SOME APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY

BASIC CONCEPT :

ANGLE OF ELEVATION : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal through
the eyes of observer when the object is above the horizontal level.

ANGLE OF DEPRESSION : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when
the object is below the horizontal level.

Page | 104
 SECTION - A MCQ

Q.1. If the height of a vertical pole is equal to the length of its shadow on the ground ,the angle of
elevation of the sun is
a) 0° b) 30° c) 45° d) 60°
Ans - ( c )
Q.2. If the length of the shadow of a tower is √3 times its height then the angle of elevation of the
sun is
a) 45° b) 30° c) 60° d) 90°
Ans - ( b )
Q.3. A ladder makes an angle of 60° with the ground when placed against a wall. If the foot of the
ladder is 2 m away from the wall , the length of the ladder is
a) 4/√3 b) 4√3 c) 2√2 d) 4 m
Ans – ( d)
Q.4. The angle of depression of a car parked on the road from the top of a 150 m high tower is 30°.
The distance of the car from the tower is
a) 50√3 b) 150√3 c) 150√2 d) 75
Ans - ( b)
Q.5. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground 30 m away from the foot
of the tower is 30° .The height of the tower is
a) 30 m b) 10√3 m c) 20 m d) 10√2 m
Ans - (b)

SECTION - B SHORT ANSWER (Type – II)

Q.1. A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground . The string attached to the kite is
temporarily tied to a point on the ground . The inclination of the string with the ground is 60°.
Find the length of the string.

Solution - The height of the kite is 60 m.

In ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 , AB/AC = sin60°

AC = 40√3 m.

Q.2. If at some time of a day the ratio of the height of a

vertically standing pole to the length of its shadow on the
ground is √3:1 then find the angle of elevation of the at
the time.

Solution : In right triangle BAC,

Page | 105
 Tan Ѳ = AB/AC =√3x/x

So, Ѳ = 60°.

Q.3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from two points at a distance of 4 m and 9 m
from the base of the tower and in the same straight line with it are complementary. Show that
the height of the tower is 6 m.

Q.4. From the top of a building AB, 60 m high , the angle of depression of the top and bottom
of a vertical lamp post CD are observed to be 30° and 60° respectively.

Find

i) the horizontal distance between AB and CD ,

ii) the height of the lamp post,

iii) the difference between the heights of the building and the lamp post.

Ans - i) 34.64 ii) 40 m iii) 20 m

Q.5. An aeroplane is flying at a height of 300m above the ground . Flying at this height , the angle of

depression from the aeroplane of two points on both banks of a river in opposite direction are 45°

and 60° respectively. Find the width of the river.

Ans – 473.2 m.

Page | 106
 CHAPTER -10
CIRCLES

Introduction to Circles

As we know that a circle is a closed two-dimensional geometrical figure, such that all points on the
surface of a circle are equidistant from the point called the “centre”. The distance from the centre to
any point on the surface of a circle is called “Radius”.

Circle and Line in a Plane

For a circle and a line on a plane, there can be three possibilities.

i) they can be non-intersecting

ii) they can have a single common point: in this case, the line touches the circle.

ii) they can have two common points: in this case, the line cuts the circle.

(i) Non-intersecting (ii) Touching (iii) Intersecting

Page | 113
 Important Concepts

Tangent to a circle

*A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.

* There is only one tangent at a point on a circle.

* There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point lying outside the circle.
* The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.
* The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Secant

A secant to a circle is a line that has two points in common with the circle. It cuts the circle at two
points, forming a chord of the circle.

Secant
Two Parallel Tangents at most for a Given Secant

For every given secant of a circle, there are exactly two tangents which are parallel to it and
touches the circle at two diametrically opposite points.

Page | 114
 Parallel tangents
From the given diagram, we can observe the following points:

 PQ is the secant of a circle.

 P’Q’ & P”Q” are two tangents which are parallel to PQ.

SOLVED MCQs ( 1 MARK )

1. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at a point Q
so that OQ = 12 cm. Length PQ is:
(A) 12 cm (B) 13 cm (C) 8.5 cm (D) √119 cm
Answer:

In the above figure, the line that is drawn from the centre of the given circle to the tangent PQ
is perpendicular to PQ.
And so, OP ⊥ PQ
Using Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle ΔOPQ, we get,
OQ2 = OP2+PQ2
(12)2 = 52+PQ2
PQ2 = 144-25
PQ2 = 119
PQ = √119 cm
So, option D, i.e., √119 cm, is the length of PQ.

Page | 115
2. If TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with centre O so that ∠POQ = 110°, then ∠PTQ is
equal to
(A) 60° (B) 70° (C) 80° (D) 90°

Answer:
From the question, it is clear that OP is the radius of the circle to the tangent PT, and OQ is
the radius to the tangent TQ.

So, OP ⊥ PT and TQ ⊥ OQ
∴ ∠OPT = ∠OQT = 90°
Now, in the quadrilateral POQT, we know that the sum
of the interior angles is 360°.
So, ∠PTQ+∠POQ+∠OPT+∠OQT = 360°
Now, by putting the respective values, we get
∠PTQ +90°+110°+90° = 360°
∠PTQ = 70°
So, ∠PTQ is 70° which is option B.

PRACTICE MCQ BASED QUESTIONS ( 1 MARK )

Q.1 The common point of a tangent to a circle with the circle is called ….***

(a) Centre (b) point of contact (c) end point (d) none of these.

Q.2 If radii of two concentric circles are 4 cm and 5 cm, then the length of each chord of one circle
which is tangent to the other circle is ____***

(a) 3cm (b) 1cm (c) 6cm (d) 9cm

Q.3 If angle between two radii of a circle is 130º, the angle between the tangents at the ends of the
radii is : ***

(a) 90º (b) 50º (c) 70º (d) 40

Q.4. A circle can have _____parallel tangents at a single time. ***

(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four

Q.5. A line intersecting a circle in two points is called a _______. *

(a) Secant (b) Chord (c) Diameter (d) Tangent

Page | 116
6. The distance between two parallel tangents to a circle of radius 5cm is: **

(a). 10cm (b) 11cm (c) 12cm (d) 14cm

7. If the circumference of a circle increases from 4π to 8π, then its area will become **

(a) half (b) 2 times (c) 4 times (d) does not change

8. Number of tangents drawn at a point of the, circle is/are***

(a) one (b) two (c) none (d) infinite

9. In the fig. if the semi perimeter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 23cm, then AF + BD + CE is: ***

a) 46cm b)11.5cm c)23cm d)34.5cm

10. APB is a tangent to a circle with centre O, at point P. If < 𝑄𝑃𝐵 = 500, then the measure of
<𝑃𝑂𝑄 is: **
a) 1200 b) 1000 c) 1400 d) 95°

11. In fig. the length of PR is: ***

a) 20cm b)26cm c) 24cm d) 28cm

Page | 117
12. In fig. PT is a tangent to a circle with centre O and < 𝑇𝑃𝑂 = 250, then the measure
of x is: **
a) 1200 1250 c) 1100 d) 1150

13. Maximum number of common tangents that can be drawn to two circles
intersecting at two distinct points is: *

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
14. In given figure, CP and CQ are tangents to a circle with centre O. ARB is another
tangent touching the circle at R. If CP = 11 cm and BC = 6 cm then the length of
BR is***

(a) 6 cm (b) 5 cm
(c) 4 cm (d) 3 cm

15. In Fig., if ∠AOB = 125°, then ∠COD is equal to?**

(a) 62.5° (b) 35° (b) 45° (d) 55°

16. In Fig., if PA and PB are tangents to the circle with centre O such
that ∠APB = 50°, then ∠OAB is equal to? **

(a) 25° (b) 30° (c) 40° (d) 50

Page | 118
Q-20 Assertion (A): The length of the tangent drawn from a point 8cm away from the centre of
circle of radius 6cm is 2√7 cm. **

Reason (R): If the angle between two radii of a circle is 130° , then the angle between the tangents at
the end points of radii at their point of intersection is 50° .

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A). (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

Q.21. Assertion (A): If a chord AB subtends an angle of 60°. at the centre of a circle, then the
angle between the tangents at A and B is also 60° .

Reason (R): The length of the tangent from an external points P on a circle with centre O is always
less than OP.

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A). (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

ONE MARK QUESTIONS (OTHER THAN MCQs)

22. Tangent to a circle intersects the circle at----------- point(s)? **

23.The tangent at any point of circle is perpendicular to the---------- through the point of contact.

24. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are not equal. (true/false) **

25. If diagonal of a cyclic quadrilateral are the diameters of a circle through the vertices of a
quadrilateral, then quadrilateral is a ----------.

26. Given three non collinear points, then the number of circles which can be drawn through these
three points are? **

Page | 120
27. PQ is a tangent drawn from an external point P to a circle with centre O and QOR is thediameter
of the circle. If ∠𝑃𝑂𝑅 = 1200, what is the measure of ∠𝑂𝑃𝑄?

SECTION B
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS EACH)

EXAMPLE-1. Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle are parallel.

Solution:

Proof: ∠1 = 90° …(i)

∠2 = 90° …(ii)
∠1 = ∠2 … [From (i) & (ii)
But these are alternate interior angles
∴PQ || RS Hence proved.

EXAMPLE-2. From an external point P, tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle

with centre O. If ∠PAB = 50°, then find ∠AOB.
Answer:
∵ PA and PB are tangents to the given circle.
∴ ∠PAO = 90° (Radius is perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact O.)
Now, ∠PAB = 50° (Given)
∴ ∠OAB = ∠PAO – ∠PAB
= 90° – 50° = 40°
In ∆ OAB OB = OA (Radii of the circle)

∴ ∠OAB = ∠OBA = 40°

(Angles opposite to equal sides are equal)
Now, ∠AOB + ∠OAB + ∠OBA = 180° (Angle sum property)
⇒ ∠AOB = 180° – (40° + 40°) = 100°

Page | 121
EXAMLPE-3. In fig., PT1 and PT2 are tangents to the circle drawn from an external point P. CD is a
third tangent touching circle at Q. If PT2 = 12 cm and CQ = 2 cm. What is the length of PC?
Answer:-

Length of tangents drawn from external point are equal.

Therefore, PT1 = PT2 = 12 cm

CQ = CT1 = 2 cm
Now, PC = PT1 – CT1 = (12 – 2) cm = 10 cm

ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -1 (2 MARKS EACH)

1. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle (see Fig.).

Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC**

2. Prove that the lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal. ***
3. In fig., PQ and PR are tangents drawn from P. If ∠QPR = 40°, then find ∠QSR. *

4. In the figure, AB and CD are common tangents to two circles of unequal radii.
Prove that AB = CD. ***

Page | 122
 5. Prove that the line segments joining the points of contact of two parallel tangents is a
diameter of the circle. *
6. PQ is a tangent at a point C to a circle with centre O. if AB is a diameter and ∠CAB=30∘,
find ∠PCA. *

7. In figure, AP and BP are tangent with centre O, such that AP=5cm and ∠APB = 60°.Find the length
of chord AB .

8. In Fig., common tangents AB and CD to two circles intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD*.

Page | 123
9. In the given figure, AB and AC are tangents to the circle with centre o such that ∠BAC =
40°. Then calculate ∠BOC. **

10. In the given figure, AP, AQ and BC are tangents to the circle. If AB = 5 cm, AC = 6 cm and
BC = 4 cm, then calculate the length of AP (in cm).

11. In the given figure, O is the centre of circle. Find ∠AQB, given that PA and PB are
tangents to the circle and ∠APB= 75°**.

12. Find the perimeter (in cm) of a square circumscribing a circle of radius a cm.
13. Two concentric circles are of radii 7 cm and r cm
respectively, where r > 7. A chord of the larger circle,
of length 48 cm, touches the smaller circle. Find the
value of r. **

Page | 124
 14. Prove that the perpendicular at the point of contact to the tangent to a circle passes through
the centre. **
15. The length of a tangent from point A at a distance 5 cm from the centre of the circle is 4 cm.
Find the radius of the circle. ***
16. A chord of a circle of radius 10 cm subtends a right angle at its centre. Calculate the length of
the chord (in cm) **

Section C
SHORT ANSWER TYPE-2 (3 MARKS)

EXAMPLE 1. Two tangents segments PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O such
that ∠APB = 120°. Prove that OP = 2 AP.
Solution:

Given: From a point P. Outside the circle with centre O, PA and PB are tangents drawn and ∠APB =
120°
And, OP is joined.
To prove: OP = 2 AP
Construction: Take mid-point M of OP and join AM, and also join OA and OB.
Proof:
In the right ∆OAP,
∠OPA = 1/2∠APB = 1/2 (120°) = 60°
∠AOP = 90° – 60° = 30° [Angle sum property]
M is the mid-point of hypotenuse OP of ∆OAP [from construction]
So, MO = MA = MP
∠OAM = ∠AOM = 30° and ∠PAM = 90° – 30° = 60°

Thus, ∆AMP is an equilateral triangle

MA = MP = AP
But, M is the mid-point of OP
So,
OP = 2 MP = 2 AP
– Hence proved.

Page | 125
EXAMPLE -2. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord
of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle.

Answer:

Draw two concentric circles with the centre O. Now, draw a

chord AB in the larger circle, which touches the smaller
circle at a point P, as shown in the figure below.

From the above diagram, AB is tangent to the smaller circle

to point P.
∴ OP ⊥ AB
Using Pythagoras’ theorem in triangle OPA,
OA2= AP2+OP2
52 = AP2+32
AP2 = 25-9
AP = 4
Now, as OP ⊥ AB,
Since the perpendicular from the centre of the circle bisects the chord, AP will be equal to PB.
So, AB = 2AP = 2×4 = 8 cm
So, the length of the chord of the larger circle is 8 cm.

ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER TYPE-2 (3MARKS)

Q.1 Prove that a parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus. ***

Q.2 In the figure, PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of a circle of radius 5 cm. The tangents at P and Q
intersect at a point T. Find the length TP. ***

Page | 126
Q.3 If AB, AC, PQ are tangents in the figure and AB = 5 cm. Find the perimeter of △ APQ. **

Q.4 Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
∠ PTQ = 2 ∠ OPQ. *

Q.5. Prove that tangent drawn at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point
of contact. ***

Q.6. From a point T outside a circle of centre O, tangents TP and TQ are drawn to the circle. Prove
that OT is the right bisector of line segment PQ.

Q.7. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre O. Prove
that QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral. *

Q.8. In fig, two circles with centres A and B touch each other externally at K. find the length
ofsegment PQ. (Given PA=13 cm , BQ=5 cm , PS=12 cm AND QT=3 cm) ***

Q.9. In the given figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle with centre O such that ∠APB =
50°. Write the measure of ∠OAB. **

Page | 127
Q.10. In figure, O is the centre of a circle. PT and PQ are tangents to the circle from an external point
P. If ∠TPQ = 70°, find ∠TRQ. *

Q.11. In the given figure, BOA is a diameter of a circle and the tangent at a point P meets BA
whenproduced at T. If ∠PBO = 30°, what is the measure of ∠PTA?

Q. 12. In the given figure, PQ is a chord of a circle with centre O and PT is a tangent. If ∠QPT = 60°,
find ∠PRQ. **

Q. 13. In the given figure, a circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD touching its sides AB, BC,
CD and AD at P, Q, R and S respectively. If the radius DA of the circle is 10 cm, BC = 38 cm, PB =
27 cm and AD ⊥ CD, then calculate the length of CD. ***

Page | 128
Q.14 In the figure, a ∆ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 3 cm, such that the segments
BD and DC are respectively of lengths 6 cm and 9 cm. If the area of ∆ABC is 54 cm2, then find the
lengths of sides AB and AC. ***

Q. 15 If a, b, c are the sides of a right triangle where c is the hypotenuse, prove that the radius r of
the circle which touches the sides of the triangle is given by r = (a + b - c)/2. ***

Q. 16. Prove that the tangents drawn at the end points of a chord of a circle make equal angles with
the chord. *
Q. 17 If a circle touches the side BC of a triangle ABC at P and extended sides AB and AC at Q and
R, respectively, prove that AQ = 1/2 (BC + CA + AB) **

Section D
Long Answer (LA) type questions (5 marks each.)

EXAMPLE 1.
1. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend
supplementary angles at the centre of the circle.

Page | 129
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle with centre O.
Now join AO, BO, CO, DO.
From the figure, ∠DAO=∠BAO [Since, AB and AD are tangents]
Let ∠DAO=∠BAO=1
Also ∠ABO=∠CBO [Since, BA and BC are tangents]
Let ∠ABO=∠CBO=2
Similarly we take the same way for vertices C and D
Sum of the angles at the centre is 360°
Recall that sum of the angles in quadrilateral, ABCD = 360°
=2(∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4)=360°
Or, ∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4=180°
In ΔAOB, ∠BOA=180°−(∠1+∠2)
In ΔCOD,∠COD=180°−(∠3+∠4)
∠BOA+∠COD=360°−(∠1+∠2+∠3+∠4)
=360°–180°
=180°
Since AB and CD subtend supplementary angles at O.
Thus, opposite sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at the centre of
the circle.

EXAMPLE 2. Two circles of radii 10 cm and 8 cm intersect and the length of the common
chord is 12 cm. Find the distance between their centres.
Answer:-
Two circles having centre O and O’ and OA = 10 cm; O’A = 8 cm respectively.

Also, AB = 12 cm be the length of common chord.

∴ AM = 12 = 12 (12) = 6 cm
In right angled ∆OMA,
OA2 = OM2 + AM2
(10)2 = OM2 + (6)2
or OM2 = 100 – 36
or OM2 = 64 = (8)2
or OM = 8 cm
Now, in right ∆ O’MA,
Page | 130
 O’A2 = O’M2 + AM2
(8)2 = O’M2 + (6)2
or O’M2 = 64 – 36 = 28
or O’M = √28 = 5.29 cm.
∴ Required, distance between the centres
= OO’ = OM + MO’
= (8 + 5.29) cm
= 13.29 cm.

More Long Answer (LA) type questions

1. In the figure XY and X'Y' are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another
tangent AB with point of contact C interesting XY at A and X'Y' at B, what is the measure of
∠AOB. ***

2. In figure, a circle is inscribed in a ∆ ABC, such that it touches the sides AB, BC and CA at
points D, E and F respectively. If the lengths of sides AB, BC and CA are 12 cm, 8 cm and
10 cm respectively, find the lengths of AD, BE and CF. ***

3. ABC is a right triangle, right angled at B. A circle is inscribed in it. The lengths of the two
sides containing the right angle are 6 cm and 8 cm. Find the radius of the incircle. *

Page | 131
 4. In fig AB is diameter of a circle with centre O and
QC is a tangent to the circle at C. If

∠CAB=30°, find ∠CQA and ∠CBA.

5. In fig, O is the centre of a circle of radius 5 cm. T is a point such that OT = 13cm and OT
intersect circle at E. If AB is a tangent to the circle at E, find the length of AB, where TP
and TQ are two tangents to the circle. **

6. The figure below represents a circle with centre O and diameter 12cm
In triangle DBA, ∠DBC = ∠BCD and ∠A = 50°.
a. What is the measure of ∠DCA?

b. Sahil said that, “The quadrilateral DBAC is a

cyclic quadrilateral.” Is Sahil correct? Give a
reason to support your answer.
c. In triangle BAC, the length of side CA = 2.5
times OB. What is the length of side BA?
7. In following Fig. from an external point P, a tangent PT and a line segment PAB is drawn to
a circle with centre O. ON is perpendicular on the chord AB. Prove that***
(i) PA . PB = PN² - AN²
(ii) PN² - AN² = OP² - OT²
(iii) PA.PB = PT²

8. Prove that the tangent drawn at the mid-point of an arc of a circle is parallel to the chord
joining the end points of the arc. **

Page | 132
 9. In fig, tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point P to a circle with centre O, such

that ∠RPQ= 30°. A chord RS is drawn parallel to the tangent PQ. Find ∠RQS
10. Two circles with centres O and O' of radii 3 cm and 4 cm, respectively intersect at two points P
and Q such that OP and O'P are tangents to the two circles. Find the length of the common
chord PQ. **

11. A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the segments BD
and DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of lengths 8 cm and 6 cm
respectively . Find the sides AB and AC. **

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

CASE STUDY-1(PLAYGROUND)**
A playground is in the shape of a triangle with right angle at B, AB = 3 m and BC = 4 m. A
pit was dig inside it such that it touches the walls AC, BC and AB at P, Q and R,
respectively such that AP = 𝑥 m.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The value of AR =

(a) 2x m (b) x / 2 m (c) x m (d) 3x m

Page | 133
 ANSWER KEY: MCQ BASED QUESTIONS ( 1 MARK )

Q. NO. ANSWER Q. NO. ANSWER

1 B 16 A
2 C 17 A
3 B 18 B
4 B 19 D
5 A 20 B
6 A 21 D
7 C 22 ONE
8 A 23 RADIUS
9 C 24 FALSE
10 B 25 RECTANGLE
11 B 26 ONE
12 D 27 30°
13 B
14 B
15 D

ANSWER KEY: ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -1 (2 MARKS )

Q. NO. ANSWER Q. NO. ANSWER

1 SELF 9 140°
2 SELF 10 7.5 CM
3 70 ° 11 52.5°

4 SELF 12 8a cm
5 SELF 13 r=25 CM
6 60° 14 SELF
7 5 CM 15 RADIUS=3 CM
8 SELF 16 AB = 10√𝟐 cm

Page | 140
ANSWER KEY: ADDITIONAL SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS -2 (3 MARKS )

Q. NO. ANSWER Q. NO. ANSWER

1 SELF 9 25°
2 20/3 10 ∠TRQ=55o
3 10CM 11 ∠PTA=30°

4 SELF 12 ∠PRQ. =120°

5 SELF 13 21CM
6 SELF 14 AB=9CM,AC=12CM
7 SELF 15 SELF
8 27CM 16 SELF
17. SELF
ANSWER KEY:MORE LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS )

Q. ANSWER Q. ANSWER
NO. NO.
1 90° 9 30°
2 AD=7CM,BE=5CM,CF=3CM 10 4.8 cm

3 2cm 11 AB=15CM, AC=13CM

4 30° AND 60° 12 8√𝟐cm

5 6.6CM 13 70°
6 a)85° , b)NO, c)1.5 14 1/3
TIMES,OB=18 CM
7 SELF 15 SELF
8 SELF 16 4√10CM
17. SELF

ANSWER KEY: CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

CASE STUDY-1 (PLAYGROUND)

QUESTIONS I II III IV V

Page | 141
ANSWER (C) x m (b)(3 − x) m (d) Both b (b) (a) 1 m
and c Quadrilateral
BROQ is a
square
CASE STUDY-2 (a) 10 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 16 cm (c) 1 cm (c) 3
(CIRCLE
DRAWING)
CASE STUDY-3 (d) 10 cm (c) 15 cm (b) 9 cm (d) 100° (c) 11 cm
CASE STUDY-4 (C) 150° (A) 75° (B) 75° (A) 90° (A) 50m
(FERRIS
WHEEL)
CASE STUDY-5 (C) 5 m (A) 18 m (B) 11 m (D) 90° (A) 22 m
(PLAYGROUND)
CASE STUDY-6 a) 7 b) 5 d) 3 c) 24 b) 60
(SPORTS DAY
T-SHIRT)
CASE STUDY-7 a) 15m c) both a and b a) 0 c) 4 a) Parallel

CASE STUDY-8 c) 10m c) 10m a) 5m b) 90° c) 9.6m

******

Page | 142
 CHAPTER -12
AREAS RELATED TO CIRCLE

MAIN CONCEPTS
A closed, round geometric figure in which the set of all the points in the plane is equidistant from
a given point called ‘centre’.

Parts of a circle:-

Perimeter of a Circle:- The distance covered by travelling once around a circle is its perimeter,
usually called its circumference. It is 2πr.

Area of a Circle:- The area enclosed by a circle of radius r is πr².

𝟐𝟐
 π is equal to 𝟕
or 3.14 depending on the given question.

Area of the circular path formed by two concentric circles of radii r1 and r2 (r1 > r2 )

= 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟏 - 𝝅𝒓𝟐𝟐 = 𝝅(𝒓𝟐𝟏 - 𝒓𝟐𝟐 )

Sector and Segment of a Circle:-

Page | 143
 𝜃
 Area of the minor sector of angle θ = × πr²
360
 Area of major sector of angle θ = πr2 – Area of the minor sector
𝜃
 Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ = × 2πr
360

where r is the radius of the circle and θ the angle of the sector in degrees.

 θ is called the central angle.

Areas of Segment of a Circle:-

 Area of the segment APB = Area of the sector OAPB – Area of Δ OAB
𝜃
= × πr² – area of OAB
360

 Area of major segment AQB = πr2 – Area of the minor segment APB

SOLVED QUESTIONS
***1. If the perimeter of the circle and square are equal, then the ratio of their areas will be
equal to:

(a) 14:11 (b) 22:7 (c) 7:22 (c) 11:14

Ans:- (a) 14:11

Explanation: Given,

The perimeter of circle = perimeter of the square

2πr = 4a

a=πr/2

Area of square = a2 = (πr/2)2

Acircle/Asquare = πr2/(πr/2)2

= 14/11

Page | 144
*2. The area of a sector of a circle with radius 6 cm if the angle of the sector is 60° will be.

(a) 142/7cm2 (b) 152/7 cm2 (c) 132/7 cm2 (d) 122/7 cm2

Ans:- (c) 132/7 cm2

Explanation: Angle of the sector is 60°

Area of sector = (θ/360°) × π r2

∴ Area of the sector with angle 60° = (60°/360°) × π r2 cm2

= (36/6) π cm2

= 6 × (22/7) cm2

= 132/7 cm2

*3. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. The length of the
arc is;

(a) 20cm (b) 21cm (c) 22cm (d) 25cm

Ans”- (c) 22cm

Explanation: Length of an arc = (θ/360°) × (2πr)

∴ Length of an arc AB = (60°/360°) × 2 × 22/7 × 21

= (1/6) × 2 × (22/7) × 21

Or, Arc AB Length = 22cm

*4. If the radius of a circle is 4.2 cm, compute its area and circumference.

Ans:- Area of a circle = πr2

So, area = π(4.2)2 = 55.44 cm2

Circumference of a circle = 2πr

So, circumference = 2π(4.2) = 26.4 cm

**5. Find the area of the sector of a circle with a radius of 4cm and of angle 30°. Also, find the
area of the corresponding major sector.

Ans :- Radius = r = 4 cm, θ=30°

Area of sector = [𝜃/360]×𝜋𝑟2
= 30/360×3.14×(4)2
= 1/12×3.14×4×4
= 1/3×3.14×4
= 12.56/3 cm2
= 4.19 cm2
Area of major sector = ((360 − θ)/360)×𝜋𝑟2
Page | 145
 = ((360 − 30))/360×3.14×(4)2
= 330/360×3.14×4×4
= 11/12×3.14×4×4
= 46.05 cm2

***6. A wheel has diameter 84 cm. Find how many complete revolutions must it take to cover
792 meters.

Ans:- Let r be the radius of the wheel. Then,

Diameter = 84 cm

2r=84

r=42 cm

Circumference of the wheel = 2πr=264cm=2.64m

So, the wheel covers 2.64 meters in one complete revolution.

Total number of revolutions in covering 792 meters = 792/2.64=300.

Hence, the wheel takes 300 revolutions in covering 792 meters.

**7. A chord AB of a circle of radius 10 cm makes a right angle at the centre of the circle. Find
the area of the minor and major segments.

Ans:- Area of segment APBA = area of sector OAPB−area of ΔOAB

=θ/(360°)×πr2−1/2×OB×OA

=(90°)/(360°)×22/7×10×10−1/2×10×10

=550/7-50 = (550-530)/7 = 200/7

=28.5cm2

Area of major segment = πr2−28.5=22/7×10×10−28.5

= 2200/7−28.5=(2200−199.5)/7=200.5/7

= 285.5 cm2

***8. If a square is inscribed in a circle, find the ratio of the areas of the circle and the
square.

Ans:- Let ABCD be a square inscribed in a circle of radius 'r'. Now, the diameter of circle is the diagonal of
square.

Therefore, BD=2r. In △BDC, using Pythagoras theorem

BC2+CD2=BD2⇒a2+a2=(2r) 2⇒2a2=4r2⇒a2=2r2
Page | 146
∴Area of square=2r2
Area of circle=πr2
Required ration = πr2 : 2r2 = π: : 2

***9. In figure, ABCD is a square of side 14 cm. Semi-circles are drawn with each side of square as
diameter. Find the area of the shaded region.

Ans:- Area of the square ABCD = 14 x 14 = 196 cm²

Area of semicircle AOB=1/2 x πr²

=1/2×22/7x7x7

Similarly, area of semicircle DOC = 77 cm²

Hence, the area of shaded region (Part W and Part Y) = Area of square -Area of two semicircles
AOB and COD

= 196 – 154 = 42 cm²

Therefore, area of four shaded parts (i.e. X, Y, W, Z) = (2 x 42) cm² = 84 cm²

**10. A chord subtends an angle of 90°at the centre of a circle whose radius is 20 cm. Compute
the area of the corresponding major segment of the circle.

Ans :- Point to note:

Area of the sector = θ/360 × π × r2

Base and height of the triangle formed will be = radius of the circle

Area of the minor segment = area of the sector – area of the triangle formed

Area of the major segment = area of the circle – area of the minor segment

Now,

Radius of circle = r = 20 cm and

Angle subtended = θ = 90°

Page | 147
 Area of the sector = θ/360 × π × r2 = 90/360 × 22/7 × 202

Or, area of the sector = 314.2 cm2

Area of the triangle = ½ × base × height = ½ × 20 × 20 = 200 cm2

Area of the minor segment = 314.2 – 200 = 114.2 cm2

Area of the circle = π × r2 = (22/7) × 202 = 1257.14

Area of the major segment = 1257.14 – 114.2 = 1142 .94 cm2

So, the area of the corresponding major segment of the circle = 1142 .94 cm2

***11. Calculate the perimeter of an equilateral triangle if it inscribes a circle whose area is
154 cm2

Ans: - Here, as the equilateral triangle is inscribed in a circle, the circle is an incircle.

Now, the radius of the incircle is given by,

r = Area of triangle/semi-perimeter

In the question, it is given that area of the incircle = 154 cm2

So, π × r2 = 154

Or, r = 7 cm

Now, assume the length of each arm of the equilateral triangle to be “x” cm

So, the semi-perimeter of the equilateral triangle = (3x/2) cm

And, the area of the equilateral triangle = (√3/4) × x2

We know, r = Area of triangle/semi-perimeter

So, r = [x2(√3/4)/ (3x/2)]

=> 7 = √3x/6

Or, x = 42/√3

Multiply both numerator and denominator by √3

So, x = 42√3/3 = 14√3 cm

Now, the perimeter of an equilateral triangle will be = 3x = 3 × 14√3 = 72.7 cm.

Page | 148
***12. The wheels of a car are of diameter 80 cm each. How many complete revolutions does
each wheel make in 10 minutes when the car is travelling at a speed of 66 km per hour?

Ans :- The radius of car’s wheel = 80/2 = 40 cm (as D = 80 cm)

So, the circumference of wheels = 2πr = 80 π cm

Now, in one revolution, the distance covered = circumference of the wheel = 80 π cm

It is given that the distance covered by the car in 1 hr = 66km

Converting km into cm we get,

Distance covered by the car in 1hr = (66 × 105) cm

In 10 minutes, the distance covered will be = (66 × 105 × 10)/60 = 1100000 cm/s

∴ Distance covered by car = 11 × 105 cm

Now, the no. of revolutions of the wheels = (Distance covered by the car/Circumference of the
wheels) = 11 × 105 /80 π = 4375.

***13. Mr Ramanand purchased a plot QRUT to build his house. Following is scaled down figure
of his plot. He leave space of two congruent semicircles for gardening and a rectangular area of
breadth 3 cm for car parking.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions. Use 𝜋 = 3.14

(i) Area of square PQRS is

(a) 700 cm2 (b) 729 cm2 (c) 732 cm2 (d) 735 cm2

Ans:- (b) 729 cm2. Area of square = 27 x 27 = 729cm2

(ii) Area of rectangle left for car parking is

(a) 64 cm2 (b) 76 cm2 (c) 81 cm2 (d) 100 cm2

Page | 149
Ans:- (c) 81 cm2. Area of Rectangle = 3x27= 81cm2

(iii) Radius of semi-circle is

(a) 6.75 cm (b) 7 cm (c) 7.75 cm (d) 8.75 cm

Ans:- (a) 6.75 cm. Diameter of semi-circle = 27/2 = 13.5cm. Radius of circle = 13.5/2 = 6.75cm

(iv) Find the area of the shaded region

(a) 660.82 cm2 (b) 666.72 cm2 (c) 669.89 cm2 (d) 700 cm2

Ans:- (b) 666.72 cm2. Area of shaded part= area of plot – area of two semi- circles.

= 27x30 – 3.14 x (6.75)2 = 666.72cm2

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

SECTION A
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

**1. If the perimeter and the area of a circle are numerically equal, then the radius of the circle is

(a) 2 units (b) π units (c) 4 units (d) 7 units

*2. Area of a sector of angle p (in degrees) of a circle with radius R is

(a) p/180 × 2πR (b) p/180 × π R2

(c) p/360 × 2πR (d) p/720 × 2πR2

***3. If the sum of the areas of two circles with radii R1 and R2 is equal to the area of a circle of
radius R, then

(a) R1 + R2 = R (b) R12 + R22 = R2

(c) R1 + R2 < R (d) R12 + R22 < R2

***4. It is proposed to build a single circular park equal in area to the sum of areas of two circular
parks of diameters 16 m and 12 m in a locality. The radius of the new park would be

(a) 10 m (b) 15 m (c) 20 m (d) 24 m

*5. The area of a quadrant of a circle with circumference of 22 cm is

(a) 77 cm2 (b) 77/8 cm2 (b) 35.5 cm2 (c) 77/2 cm2

**6. In a circle of radius 14 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 30° at the centre, the length of the arc is
Page | 150
(a) 44 cm (b) 28 cm (c) 11 cm (d) 22/3 cm

***7. The length of the minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. The area swept by the minute hand in 5
minutes is
(a) 153.9 cm² (b) 102.6 cm² (c) 51.3 cm² (d) 205.2 cm²

***8. The radius of a circle whose circumference is equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two
circles of diameters 36 cm and 20 cm is

(a) 56 cm (b) 42 cm (c) 28 cm (d) 16 cm

***9. The diameter of a circle whose area is equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles of radii 24
cm and 7 cm respectively, is

(a) 31 cm (b) 25 cm (c) 62 cm (d) 50 cm

***10. The wheel of a motor cycle is of radius 35 cm. How many revolutions per minute must the
wheel make so as to keep a speed of 66 km/h?

(a) 300 (b) 400 (c) 450 (d) 500

***11. A cow is tied with a rope of length 14 m at the corner of a rectangular field of dimensions 20m
× 16m, then the area of the field in which the cow can graze is:

(a) 154 m2 (b) 156 m2 (c) 158 m2 (d) 160 m2

**12. A pendulum swings through on angle of 30∘ and describes an arc 8.8 cm in length. Find the
length of pendulum in cm.

(a) 16.8 (b) 17.3 (c) 15.1 (d) 14.5

*13. Radius of the outer circle is 18 cm and the radius of the inner circle is 7 cm. What is the area of
the region between the outer and the inner circles?

(a) 361 π cm2 (b) 133 cm2 (v) 192.5 cm2 (d) 275 π cm2

**14. A wire is bent to form a circle of radius 7 cm. From the resulting shape, a chunk of the wire is
cut off, and the wire cut off measures 4 cm in length. The length of the remaining wire is

(a) 45cm (b) 50cm (c) 40cm (d) 42cm

*15. In the figure, the area of the outer ring iS

(a) Area of outer circle + Area of inner circle

(b) Area of outer circle – Area of inner circle

(c) Area of inner circle – Area of outer circle

(d) Area of outer circle

Page | 151
 SECTION B

2 MARKS QUESTIONS:-

**1. The radii of two circles are 8 cm and 6 cm respectively. Find the radius of the circle having area
equal to the sum of the areas of the two circles.

***2. If the area of a circle is equal to sum of the areas of two circles of diameters 10 cm and 24 cm,
calculate the diameter of the larger circle (in cm).

***3. If the difference between the circumference and the radius of a circle is 37 cm, then using π =
22/7, calculate the circumference (in cm) of the circle.

**4. Observe the following figure

Two circular pieces of equal radii and maximum area, touching each other are cut out from a
rectangular card board of dimensions 14 cm × 7 cm. Find the area of the remaining card board. [Use π
= 22/7]

**5. In a circle of radius 21 cm, an arc subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Find:

(i) the length of the arc

(ii) area of the sector formed by the arc. [Use π = 22/7]

***6. In figure, two concentric circles with centre O, have radii 21 cm and 42 cm. If ∠AOB = 60°,
find the area of the shaded region

Page | 152
**7. In the given figure, the area of the shaded region between two concentric circles is 286 cm2.If the
difference of the radii of the two circles is 7 cm, find the sum of their radii.

**8. In the given figure, the shape of the top of a table is that a sector of a circle with centre O and
∠AOB = 90°. If AO = OB = 42 cm, then find the perimeter of the top of the table

*9. In figure, PQ and AB are respectively the arcs of two concentric circles of radii 7 cm and 3.5 cm
and centre O. If ∠POQ = 30°, then find the area of the shaded region.

***10. In given figure, a semicircle is drawn with O as centre and AB as diameter. Semicircles are
drawn with AO and OB as diameters.If AB = 28 m, find the perimeter of the shaded region.

Page | 153
 SECTION C

THREE MARKS QUESTIONS:

**1. A chord of length 10 cm divides a circle of radius 5√2 cm in two segments. Find the area of the
minor segment.

**2. Find the area of the major segment APB in a circle of radius 35 cm and ∠AOB = 90°.

***3. The circumference of a circle exceeds its diameter by 180 cm. Then find its radius.

***4. A boy is cycling such that the wheels of the cycle are making 140 revolutions per minute. If the
diameter of the wheel is 60cm, calculate the speed in km/h.

***5. The circumference of a circular park is 314m. a 20m wide track runs around it. Calculate the
cost of laying turf in the park at Rs. 1.25 per sq.m. and the cost of the concrete track at Rs1.25sp.m.

**6. A cow is tied with a rope of length 14 m at the corner of a rectangular field of dimensions 20m ×
16m. Find the area of the field in which the cow cannot graze.

**7. A circular park is surrounded by a road 21m wide. If the radius of the park is 105m, find the area
of the road.

**8. A circular pond is of diameter 17.5m is surrounded by a 2 m wide path. Find the cost of
constructing the path at a rate of Rs 25 per m2.

*9. Find the area of the sector of a radius 5cm, if the corresponding arc length is 3.5cm.

**10. In figure, ABCD is a trapezium with AB|| DC, AB=18cm, DC=32cm and the distance between
AB and DC is t14cm. if arcs of eqal radii 7cm have been drawn, with centres A,B,C, and D, then find
the shaded portion.

SECTION D
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS:

***1. A round table cover has six equal designs like segments between two radii. If the radius of the
cover is 28 cm, find the cost of making the designs at the rate of Rs. 0.35 per cm2. (Use√3 = 1.7)

Page | 154
***2. Find the area of the segment AYB shown in Figure, if radius of the circle is 21 cm and ∠ AOB
= 120°. (Use π = 22/ 7)

**3. In Fig. there are three semicircles, A, B and C having diameter 3 cm each, and another semicircle
E having a circle D with diameter 4.5 cm are shown. Calculate the cost of painting the shaded region
at the rate of ₹25 per cm2

***4. With the vertices A, B and C of a triangle ABC as centres, arcs are drawn with radii 5 cm each
as shown in Fig. 11.15. If AB = 14 cm, BC = 48 cm and CA = 50 cm, then find the area of the
shaded region. (Use π = 3.14).

**5. A calf is tied with a rope of length 6 m at the corner of a square grassy lawn of side 20 m. If the
length of the rope is increased by 5.5m, find the increase in area of the grassy lawn in which the calf
can graze.

**6. In a circular table cover of radius 32 cm, a design is formed leaving an equilateral triangle ABC

in the middle as shown in figure. Find the area of the design.

Page | 155
***7. Sides of a triangular field are 15 m, 16 m and 17 m. With the three corners of the field a cow, a
buffalo and a horse are tied separately with ropes of length 7m each to graze in the field. Find the area
of the field which cannot be grazed by the three animals.

***8. The diameters of front and rear wheels of a tractor are 80 cm and 2m respectively. Find the
number of revolutions that rear wheel will make in covering a distance in which the front wheel makes
1400 revolutions.

***9. An archery target has three regions formed by three concentric circles as shown in figure. If the
diameters of the concentric circles are in the ratio 1:2:3, then find the ratio of the areas of three regions.

*10. Find the difference of the areas of the two segments of a circle formed by a chord of length 5cm
subtending an angle of 90° at the centre.

CASE BASED QUESTIONS:

***1. There is a race competition between all students of a sports academy, so that the sports
committee can chose better students for a marathon. The race track in the academy is in the
form of a ring whose inner most circumference is 264 m and the outer most circumference is
308m.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:-

(i) Find the radius of the outermost circle.

(ii) Find the area of the race track.

(iii) If the cost of painting on the race track is Rs. 6 per m2, then find the total cost for the painting
of the whole race track.

Page | 156
 ANSWWR KEY CHAPTER 12 AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE

SECTION A MCQ ANSWERS:-

1. (a) 2 units 2. (d) p/720 × 2πR2 3. (b) R12 + R22 = R2 4. (a) 10 m

5. (b) 77/8 cm2 6. (d) 22/3 cm 7. (c) 51.3 cm² 8. (c) 28 cm

9 (d) 50 cm 10. (d) 500 11. (a) 154 m2 12. (a) 16.8 13. (d) 275 π cm2

14. (c) 40cm 15. (b) Area of outer circle – Area of inner circle

SECTION B 2 MKS ANSWERS:-

1. 10cm 2. 26 cm 3. 44cm 4. 21cm2 5. (i) 22cm (ii) 231cm2

6. 3465cm2 7. 13cm 8. 282cm 9. 9.625 cm2 10. 88m

SECTION C 3 MKS ANSWERS:-

1. 14.25cm2 2. 3500cm2 3. 42cm 4. 15.84km/h 5. Rs.9812.5, Rs9420

6. 166 m2 7. 15246 m2 8. Rs 3061.50 9. 8.75cm2 10. 196 m2

SECTION D ANSWERS:-
21
1. Rs. 162.66 2. (88 − 21√3) 3. Rs. 309 4. 296.75 cm2 5. 75.625 m2
4

22528
6. ( 7
− 768√3) cm2 7. (24√21−77)m2 8. 560 9. 1:3:5

10. 32.1429 cm2

CASE STUDY BASED ANSWERS:-

1. (i) 49m (ii) 2002m2 (iii) Rs. 12012

2. (i) 11.17cm2 (ii) 8.38cm2 (iii) 12.57 cm2

3. (i) 50.28cm2 (ii) 603.45cm2 (iii) 12.57cm2

4. (i) 154cm2 (ii) Rs. 276 (iii) 22cm

5. (i) 50 (ii) 8 (iii) 5.142 m2

******

Page | 159
 CHAPTER -13
SURFACE AREAS AND VOLUMES

lxbxh
2(lb + bh + hl) lbh

Page | 160
Surface areas and volumes of combinations of any two of the following: cubes, cuboids, spheres,
hemispheres and right circular cylinders/cones

Some solved examples

1. (*) From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity of the
same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining
solid to the nearest cm2.
Solution:

Page | 161
2.(***) A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a
hemisphere of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such
that it touches the bottom. Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the
cylinder is 60 cm and its height is 180 cm.

Page | 162
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)

Q1. In a right angled triangle the sides including the right angles are 3 cm and 4 cm. If the triangle
is rotated about 4cm, then the volume of the solid thus generated is

a) 48 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 b) 12 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 c) 36 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 d) 16 𝜋𝑐𝑚3

Q2. The ratio of the total surface area of a solid hemisphere to the square of its radius is

a) 2 : 1 b) 3 𝜋: 1 c) 4 𝜋 : 1 d) 1: 4 𝜋
Q3. The radius of a wheel is 0.25 m. The number of revolutions it will make to travel a distance of
11 km is
a) 6500 b) 600 c) 7000 d) 7500
Q4. If the volume of a cube is 1331 cm3, then the length of its edge is
a) 11 cm b) 14 cm c)13 cm d) 12 cm
Q5. If the volume and the surface area of a sphere are numerically equal, then the radius of the
sphere is
a) 2 units b) 1 unit c) 3 units d) 4 units
Q6. A cylinder and a cone are of same base radius and of same height. The ratio of the volumes of
cylinder to that of the cone is
a) 1:3 b) 2:1 c) 3:1 d) 1:2
Q7. A cylinder, a cone and a hemisphere are of same base and have the same height. The ratio of
their volumes is
a) 3:1:2 b) 1:2:3 c) 2:3:1 d) 1:1:3
2𝑑
Q8. If radius of a sphere is 3
then its volume is
32 23 32 34
a) 𝜋𝑑3 b) 𝜋𝑑 3 c) 𝜋𝑑 3 d) 𝜋𝑑 3
81 4 3 3

Q9. A surahi is the combination of

a) a sphere and a cylinder
b) a hemisphere and a cylinder
c) two hemispheres
d) a cylinder and a cone
Q10. If the diameter of the sphere is doubled, the surface area of the resultant becomes x times that
of the original one. Then the value of x is
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
Q11. From a solid circular cylinder with height 10 cm and radius of the base 6 cm, a right circular
cone of the same base and same height is removed, then the volume of the remaining solid is
a) 280 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 b) 330 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 c) 240 𝜋𝑐𝑚3 d) 440 𝜋𝑐𝑚3

Page | 163
Q12. The edge of a cube whose volume is equal to that of a cuboid of dimensions 8 cm x 4 cm x 2
cm is
a) 6 cm b) 4 cm c) 2 cm d) 6 cm
Q13. The sum of the length , breadth and height of a cuboid is 6√3 cm and the length of its diagonal
is 2√3 cm . The total surface area of the cuboid is

a) 48 cm2 b) 72 cm2 c) 96 cm2 d) 108 cm2

Q14. The radius of a sphere is r cm. The sphere is divided into two equal parts. The whole surface
areaof two parts will be:
a) 8𝜋𝑟2 b) 6𝜋𝑟2 c) 4𝜋𝑟2 d) 3𝜋𝑟2

Q15.The radius of a wire is decreased to one third. If the volume remains the same, the length will
become
a) 3 times b) 6 times c) 9 times d) 27 times

Q16. The ratio of the volumes of two spheres is 8 : 27 . If r and R are the radii of spheres
respectively, then (R – r) : r is :
a) 1 : 2 b) 1 : 3 c) 2 : 3 d) 4 : 9

Q17. The surface area of the two spheres are in the ratio 1 : 2. The ratio of their volumes is :
a) √2: 1 b) 1 : 2√2 c) 1 : 8 d) 1 : 4

Q18. If the areas of three adjacent faces of a cuboid are X, Y and Z respectively, then the
volume of cuboid is :
a) XYZ b) 2XYZ c) √𝑋𝑌𝑍 d) √2𝑋𝑌𝑍

Q19. Assertion: A cylinder and right circular cone are having the same base and same height the
volume of cylinder is three times the volume of cone
Reason: If the radius of cylinder is doubled and height is halved the volume will be doubled

a) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for Assertion
b) Both Assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for Assertion
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false
d) Both Assertions and reason are false

Page | 164
Q20. Assertion: Volume of cuboid is defined as the amount of space occupied by the walls of cuboid
in three dimensional space
Reason: Volume of cuboid is the product of length ,width ,height

a) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for Assertion
b) Both Assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for Assertion
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false
d) Both Assertions and reason are false

Q21.Assertion: The lateral surface area of a right cone is 62.82 cm2, if the radius is 4 cm and the
slant height is 5 cm.
Reason: Lateral surface area of cone = πrl

a) Both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for Assertion
b) Both Assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for Assertion
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false
d) Both Assertions and reason are false

Q22. Assertion: Savitri had to make a model of a cylindrical kaleidoscope for her science
project. She wanted to use chart paper to make the curved surface of the
kaleidoscope. 550cm2 would be the area of chart paper required by her, if she
wanted to make a kaleidoscope of length 25 cm with a 3.5 cm radius.

Reason: Area of chart paper required = curved surface area of the kaleidoscope= 2πrh

a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for Assertion.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are false but reason is not correct explanation for Assertion.
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and reason are false.

SHORT ANSWER-I (SA-I)

Q23. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out from a cube of edge

4.2 cm.*

Q24. The radii of two cylinders are in the ratio 3:5 and their heights are in the ratio 2:3 .

What is the ratio of their curved surface areas?**

Q25. Two cubes each of volume27cm3 are joined end to end to form a solid. Find the surface area of

the solid. ***

Page | 165
Q26.Two cubes each of side 4cm are joined end to end. Find the volume of the resulting solid.*

Q27. Volume and surface area of a solid hemisphere are numerically equal. What is the diameter of
hemisphere? *

Q28. If the total surface area of a solid hemisphere is 462 cm2, find its radius. *

Q29. How many shots each having diameter 3 cm can be made from a cuboidal lead solid of
dimensions 9 cm x 11 cm x 12 cm ? **

Q30. The surface area of a sphere is 616cm2. Find its radius *

Q31.The base radii of 2 right circular cones of the same height are in the ratio 3:5. Find the ratio of
their volumes.**

Q32. From a solid cube of side 7 cm , a conical cavity of height 7 cm and radius 3 cm is hollowed
out . Find the volume of the remaining solid.***

Q33. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose edge is
9cm.*

Q34. A toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemi-sphere of same radius. The diameter of the
base of the conical part is 7cm and the total height of the toy is 14.5cm. Find the volume of the
toy. ***

Q35. The rain water from a roof 22m x 20 m drain into a conical vessel having diameter of base as
2m and height 3.5 m. If the vessel is just full, then find the rainfall.*

Q36. The length of a hall is 20m and width is 16m. The sum of the areas of the floor and the flat roof
is equal to the sum of the areas of the four walls. Find the height of the hall. **

SHORT ANSWER-II (SA-II)

Q37. A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres stuck to each of its ends. The
l length of the entire capsule is 14 mm and the diameter of the capsule is 5 mm. Find its surface
area.**

Page | 166
Q38. A circus tent is cylindrical up to a height of 3m and conical above it. If the diameter of the base
is 105m and the slant height of the conical part is 53m. Find the total canvas required in making
the tent. **

Q39. A bird-bath in a garden is in the shape of a cylinder with a hemi-spherical depression at one
end. The height of the hollow cylinder is 1.45m and its radius is 30cm. Find the TSA of the
bird-bath.**

Q40. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder of diameter 20m and height 2.5cm, surmounted by a cone of
equal base and height 7.5m. Find the capacity of the tent.(take π = 3.14) ***

Q41. A vessel in the shape of a hollow hemi-sphere mounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of
the hemi-sphere is 14cm and the total height of the vessel is 13cm. find the inner surface area of
the vessel.**

Q42. A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere from each end of a solid cylinder, as
shown in the figure. If the height of the cylinder is 10 cm and its base is of radius 3.5 cm. Find
the total surface of the article. ***

Q43. A waterhouse is used as a granary. It is in the shape of a cuboid surmounted by a half- cylinder.
The base of the waterhouse is 6m x 14m and its height is 8m. Find the surface area of non-
cuboidal part of the waterhouse.**

Q44. A building is in the form of a cylinder surmounted by a hemispherical vaulted dome and
19
contains 41 21 m3of air. If the internal diameter of dome is equal to its height above the floor.

Find the height of the building. **

(LONG ANSWER)

Q45.(*) Due to heavy floods in a state, thousands were rendered homeless. 50 schools collectively
decided to provide place and the canvas for 1500 tents and share the whole expenditure equally.
The lower part of each tent is cylindrical with base radius 2.8 m and height 3.5 m and upper part
is conical with the same base radius, but of height 2.1 m . If the canvas used to make the tent
costs Rs.120 per m2, find the amount shared by each school to set up the tents.
Page | 167
Q46. (**)From a cuboidal solid metallic block of dimensions 15cm x 10cm x 5cm a cylindrical hole
of diameter 0.07m is drilled out. Find the surface area of the remaining block. (π= 22/7)

Q47.(**) Rachel, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder with two
cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminium sheet. The diameter of the model is 3 cm
and its length is 12 cm. If each cone has a height of 2 cm, find the volume of air contained in the
model that Rachel made. (Assume the outer and inner dimensions of the model to be nearly the
same).

Q48.(**) A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume. Find approximately
how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns, each shaped like a cylinder with two
hemispherical ends with length 5 cm and diameter 2.8 cm .

Page | 168
Q49.( *) If a hollow cube of internal edge 22cm is filled with spherical marbles of diameter 0.5 cm
1
and is assumed that 8 space of the cube remains unfilled. Then find the number of marbles that the

cube can accommodate.

Q50.(**) From a solid cylinder whose height is 12 cm and diameter is 10 cm, a conical cavity of
same diameter is hollowed out. Find the volume and total surface area of the remaining solid.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Q51. Amar is a Class X student. His class teacher Mrs Somya arranged a historical trip to
great Stupa of Sanchi. She explained that Stupa of Sanchi is great example of architecture
in India. Its base part is cylindrical in shape. The dome of this stupa is hemispherical in
shape, known as Anda. It also contains a cubical shape part called Hermika at the top.
Path around Anda is known as Pradakshina Path.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) Find the lateral surface area of the Hermika, if the side of cubical part is 8 m. (1)
(ii) The diameter and height of the cylindrical base part are respectively 42 m and 12 m. If the
volume of each brick used is 0.01 m3, then find the number of bricks used to make the
cylindrical base. (2)
(iii) Find the Curverd surface area of Anda if its radius is 21m. (1)

Q52. A carpenter used to make and sell different kinds of wooden pen stands like rectangular,
cuboidal, cylindrical, conical. Aanav went to his shop and asked him to make a pen stand
as explained below. Pen stand must be of the cuboidal shape with three conical
depressions, which can hold 3 pens. The dimensions of the cuboidal part must be 20 cm x
15 cm x 5 cm and the radius and depth of each conical depression must be 0.6 cm and
2.1cm respectively

Page | 169
 CHAPTER – 13 ANSWER KEY

Q.NO. ANSWER Q.NO. ANSWER

1 b) 12𝜋 cm3 31 2:5

2 b)3 𝜋:1 32 277 cm3
3 c) 7000 33 462 cm3
4 a) 11 cm 34 190.93 cm3
5 d) 4 units 35 0.83 cm
6 c) 3:1 36 3.5 cm, 7 cm
7 a)3:1:2 37 220 mm2
8 32 38 28 cm
a) 𝜋d3
81
9 a) A sphere and a 39 9735 m2
cylinder
10 C) 4 40 3.3 m2
11 c)240 𝜋 cm3 41 1570 m2
12 C)2 cm 42 374 cm2
13 C)96 cm2 43 1122 2
m
7
14 b) 6 𝜋r2 44 4m
15 c) 9 times 45 Rs. 3,32,640
16 a) 1:2 46 583 cm2
17 b)1:2√2 47 66 cm3
18 c)√𝑥𝑦𝑧 48 338 cm3
19 b 49 142296
20 b 50 628.57 cm3/ 660
cm2
2
21 a 51 i)256 m
ii) 16,63,200 bricks
iii)882𝜋 cm2
22 a 52 i)1500 cm3
ii)2.376 cm3
iii)Rs. 748.80
23 19.4043 53 i)4818 m2
ii)11
iii)21
24 2:5 54 i)196.25 cm3
ii)163.54 cm3
iii)32.71 cm3
25 90 cm2 55 1
i)lbh+2 𝜋r2h
ii) 660 cm2
iii)5
26 128 cm3
27 9 units
28 7 cm
29 84
30 7cm

******

Page | 172
 CHAPTER -14
STATISTICS

 Statistics is one of the parts of mathematics in which we study about the collecting,
organizing, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data
 Ungrouped data - Ungrouped data is data in its original or raw form. The observations are
not classified into groups.
 Grouped data - In grouped data, observations are organized in groups.

For example, a class of students got different marks in periodic test. The data is tabulated as below

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40

interval
No. of 4 8 12 16
students

 Frequency (f) -Frequency is the number of times a particular observation occurs in data.
 Class Interval - Data can be grouped into class intervals such that all observations in that range
belong to that class.
 Class width/Class Size (h) = upper class limit – lower class limit

Three measures of central tendency

̅)
A) Mean (𝒙 B) Median C) Mode

A) METHODS OF FINDING MEAN

i) Direct Method:
xi = Class mark

f i = frequency

Page | 173
Example: Find Mean by Direct method:

Solution:

This method of finding the mean is known as the Direct Method.

ii) Assumed Mean Method

∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝐟𝐢𝐝𝐢
̅) = a +
Mean (𝒙
∑𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝐟𝐢

where a = assumed mean

di = xi - a

Example: Find Mean by Assumed Mean method:

Page | 174
Page | 175
B) Mode

Mode of grouped data can be found as

Example:
A survey conducted on 20 households in a locality by a group of students resulted in the
following frequency table for the number of family members in a household:

Find the mode of this data.

Solution :
The maximum class frequency is 8, and the class corresponding to this frequency is
3 – 5. So, the modal class is 3 – 5.
Now modal class = 3 – 5,
lower limit (l) of modal class = 3,
class size (h) = 2
frequency ( f 1 ) of the modal class = 8,
frequency ( f 0 ) of class preceding the modal class = 7,
frequency ( f 2 ) of class succeeding the modal class = 2.

Page | 176
C) Median

The median for grouped data can be found by using the formula
𝑛
−𝑐.𝑓.
2
Median = l + xh
𝑓
Where l = lower limit of the median class
n = number of observations
c.f. = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
h = class width

Example:
The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps :

Find the median life time of a lamp

Page | 177
 There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency:

Practice Questions
I. Multiple Choice Questions (1marks each)

*i) If the mode of a distribution is 8 and its mean is also 8, then its median is

a) 10 b) 8 c) 7 d) 6

ii)Consider the following distribution:

Marks 0 or more 10 or more 20 or more 30 or more 40 or more 50 or more

obtained
No. of 63 58 55 51 48 42
students
The frequency of the class 30-40 is

a) 3 b) 4 c) 48 d) 5

Page | 178
 **iii) Consider the following frequency distribution of the heights of 60 students of a class

Height in 150-155 155-160 160-165 165-170 170-175 175-180

cm
No. of 15 13 10 8 9 5
students
The sum of the lower limit of the modal class and upper limit of the median class is.

(a) 310 (b) 315 (c) 320 (d) 330

iv)The modal class of the following distribution is.

class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

3 9 15 30 18 5
frequency

a) 40-50 b)20-30 c) 30-40 d) 50-60

v) The median class of the following frequency distribution is

class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

frequency 8 10 12 22 30 18
a) 20-30 b)30-40 c) 40-50 d) none of these

*vi) For the following distribution

Class 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35

frequency 25 30 27 35 21
The sum of the lower limit of the median class and the lower limit of the modal class is

a) 45 b) 50 c) 55 d) 62

*vii)The times, in seconds, taken by 50 athletes to run a 110 m hurdle race are tabulated below.

Time in 13.8-14 14-14.2 14.2-14.4 14.4-14.6

seconds
No. of 2 14 16 18
athletes
The number of athletes who completed the race in less than 14.4 seconds is :

a) 2 b)32 c) 16 d)50
Page | 179
***viii) Relationship between mean median and mode is

a)3 Median = 2 Mode + Mean b) 3Mode = 3 Mean + Median

c) 3Median = 2Mean +Mode d) 3Mean = 2Mode + Median

ix) Consider the following frequency distribution

Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30

Frequency 12 10 15 8 11

The median class is

a) 6-12 b) 12-18 c)18-24 d) 24-30

**x) If the mean of the following distribution is 2.6, then the value of y is

Variable (x) 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency(f) 4 5 Y 1 2

a) 3 b) 13 c) 24 d) 8

II.VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

1. Calculate the median from the following data

Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

No. of 5 15 30 8 2
students

2.Find the mode of the following frequency distribution

Class interval 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30

Frequency 7 5 10 12 6

Page | 180
**3. Find the value of p, if the arithmetic mean of the following distribution is 25:

Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Frequency 5 8 15 p 6

4. Find median class of the following distribution

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

frequency 4 4 8 10 12 8 4

***5. Find x and y from the following frequency distribution

Class frequency Cumulative frequency

0-8 15 15
8-16 X 28
16-24 15 43
24-32 18 Y
32-40 9 70

6. Find mean of the following distribution

class 3-5 5-7 7-9 9-11 11-13

frequency 5 10 10 7 8

*7. For the following distribution find the modal class

Marks Below Below Below Below Below Below

10 20 30 40 50 60
No of 3 12 27 57 75 80
students

**8. Find the sum of lower limit of median class and upper limit of modal class

class 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

frequency 1 3 5 9 7 3

Page | 181
 III. SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 marks each)

**1. The length of 40 leaves of a plant are measured correct to nearest millimetre, and the data

obtained is represented in the following table.

Length (in 118- 127- 136-144 145-153 154-162 163-171 172-180

mm) 126 135
No of leaves 3 5 9 12 5 4 9

Find the average length of the leaves

2. Find mean of the following distribution

class 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

frequency 25 40 42 43 10

3.The following table gives the number of participants in a yoga camp

Age (in years) 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No of participants 8 40 58 90 83
Find modal age of the participants.

*4.The marks obtained by 110 students in an examination are given below

Class 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55 55-60 60-65

frequency 14 16 28 23 18 8 3
Find the mean marks of the students.

**5.If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 18. Find the missing frequency

Class 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25

frequency 3 6 9 13 ------- 5 4

**6.If the mean of the following data is 14.7, find the values of p and q

Class 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30 30-36 36-42 Total

frequency 10 P 4 7 Q 4 1 40

Page | 182
 IV. Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

***1. 250 apples of a box were weighed and distribution of the masses of the apples is given below
in the following table.

Mass (in grams) 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160 160-180

Number of apples 20 60 70 X 60

a) find the value of x and the mean mass of the apples

b) find the modal mass of apples

**2. The mode of the following frequency distribution is 55.Find the missing frequencies ‘a’ and ‘b’

Class 0-15 15-30 30-45 45-60 60-75 75-90 Total

interval
frequency 6 7 a 15 10 b 51
***3.The median of the following data is 50. Find the values of ‘p’ and ‘q’, if the sum of all
frequencies is 90. Also find the mode of the data

Marks 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

obtained
No of P 15 25 20 q 8 10
students

***4.The following table gives the distribution of the life time of 400 neon lamps:

Lifetime (in 1500-2000 2000- 2500- 3000- 3500- 4000- 4500-

hours) 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
No of lamps 14 56 60 86 74 62 48
Find the average lifetime of a lamp

*5.The following distribution shows the daily pocket allowance of children of a locality. The mean
pocket allowance is 18. Find the missing frequency.

Daily pocket 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25

allowance (in Rs)
No of children 7 6 9 13 f 5 4

Page | 183
***6. The median of the following data is 525. Find the values of x and y, if the total frequency is
100.
Class 0-100 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900-
interval 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

frequency 2 5 x 12 17 20 y 9 7 4

**7. A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100 policyholders.
Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18years onwards but less
than 60 years.

Age (in years) Below 20-25 25- 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50- 55-60
20 30 55
No of policy 2 5 x 12 17 20 y 9 7
holders

***8. The mean of the following distribution is 18. Find frequency of the class 19-21.

Class 11-13 13-15 15-17 17-19 19-21 21-23 23-25

interval
Frequency 3 6 9 13 f 5 4

**9. The distribution given below shows the number of wickets taken by bowlers in one day cricket
matches. Find the mean and median of the number of wickets taken.

No. of 20-60 60-100 100-140 140-180 180-220 220-260

wickets
No. of 7 5 16 12 2 3
bowlers

Page | 184
 CHAPTER 14 ANSWER KEY I MCQ

i).b ii).a iii)b iv) c v) b vi) a vii) b viii) c ix) b x) d

II SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 marks each)

1) Median= 23.3 2) Mode =19.5 3) p=6

4. 30-40 5. x = 13 , y =61 6. Mean 8.15 7. 30-40 8. 90

III SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION (3 marks each)

1) 146.75 2) Approx. 42.5 3)58.205 4)44.81 5)8

6) p=11, q=3

IV LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 marks each)

1) x=40, Mean=134.8, Median132.85 2) a= 5, b=8 3) p =5, q=7, Mode= 46.67

4) 34105) f=20 6) x=9, y=15

7) 35.76 8) f=8 9) Median= 126.25; Mean= 125.33

V.CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

1.

i)a ii)b iii)a iv)c

2.

i) b ii)b iii)a iv)c

3.

i) d ii) b iii) d iv) c

4.

i) c ii) d iii) a iv) b

Page | 189
Sure event:

An event that has a 100% probability of occurrence is called a sure event.

E.g., What is the probability that a number obtained after throwing a die is less than 7?
So, P(E) = P(Getting a number less than 7) = 6/6= 1

Range of Probability of an event:

Probability can range between 0 and 1, where 0 probability means the event to be an
impossible one and probability of 1 indicates a certain event

i.e. 0 ≤P (E) ≤ 1.

Important POINTS

 Coin: A coin has two faces termed a Head and Tail.If we toss a coin, it would be HEAD or
TAIL,only two outcomes.
 Dice: A dice is a small cube that has between one to six spots or numbers on its sides, which is
used in games.A DICE has six outcomes numbering 1 to 6.
 Cards: A pack of playing cards(52CARDS) consists of four suits called Hearts, Spades,
Diamonds, and Clubs. Each suite consists of 13 cards.

Page | 191
 II) EXAMPLES RELATED TO PROBABILITY

Example 1: A bag contains only lemon-flavoured candies. Arjun takes out one candy without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that he takes out an orange-flavoured candy?

Solution:Let us take the number of candies in the bag to be 100.

Number of orange-flavoured candies = 0 [since the bag contains only lemon-flavoured

candies]

Hence, the probability that he takes out an orange-flavoured candy is:

P (Taking orange-flavoured candy) = Number of orange-flavoured candies / Total number of

candies.= 0/100 = 0

Hence, the probability that Arjun takes out an orange-flavoured candy is 0.

This proves that the probability of an impossible event is 0.

Example 2: A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow that comes to rest, pointing at any
one of the numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, and these are equally likely outcomes. What
is the probability that it will point at? (i) 8 (ii) Number greater than 2 (iii) Odd numbers

Solution:Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Total Numbers = 8

(i) Probability that the arrow will point at 8:

Number of times we can get 8 = 1

P (Getting 8) = 1/8.

(ii) Probability that the arrow will point at a number greater than 2:

Number greater than 2 = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

No. of numbers greater than 2 = 6

P (Getting numbers greater than 2) = 6/8 = 3/4.

Page | 192
(iii) Probability that the arrow will point at the odd numbers:

Odd number of outcomes = 1, 3, 5, 7

Number of odd numbers = 4.

P (Getting odd numbers) = 4/8 = ½.

EXAMPLE 3: One card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards, well-shuffled. Calculate the probability
that the card will(i) be an ace, (ii) not be an ace.

Solution: Well-shuffling ensures equally likely outcomes.

(i) There are 4 aces in a deck.Let E be the event the card drawn is ace.

The number of favourable outcomes to the event E = 4

The number of possible outcomes = 52

Therefore, P(E) = 4/52 = 1/13

(ii) Let F is the event of ‘card is not an ace’

The number of favourable outcomes to F = 52 – 4 = 48

The number of possible outcomes = 52

Therefore, P(F) = 48/52 = 12/13

III) SOLVED PRACTICE SET

SECTION A - MCQ QUESTIONS:1 MARKS

*1. The probability of event equal to zero is called;

(a) Unsure event (b) Sure Event (c) Impossible event (d) Independent event

Answer: (c) Impossible event

**2. The probability that cannot exist among the following:

(a) ⅔ (b) -1.5 (c) 15% (d) 0.7

Answer: (b) -1.5

***3. If P(E) = 0.07, then what is the probability of ‘not E’?

(a) 0.93 (b) 0.95 (c) 0.89 (d) 0.90

Page | 193
Answer: (a) 0.93

**4. A bag has 3 red balls and 5 green balls. If we take a ball from the bag, then what is the
probability of getting red balls only?

(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 3/8 (d) 8/3

Answer: (c) 3/8

5. A bag has 5 white marbles, 8 red marbles and 4 purple marbles. If we take a marble randomly,
then what is the probability of not getting purple marble?

(a) 0.5 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.08 (d) 0.77

Answer: (d) 0.77

***6. A dice is thrown in the air. The probability of getting odd numbers is

(a) ½ (b) 3/2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Answer: (a) ½

*7. If we throw two coins in the air, then the probability of getting both tails will be:

(a) ½ (b) ¼ (c) 2 (d) 4

Answer: (b) ¼

8. If two dice are thrown in the air, the probability of getting sum as 3 will be

(a) 2/18 (b) 3/18 (c) 1/18 (d) 1/36

Answer: (c) 1/18

***9. A card is drawn from the set of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting a queen card.

(a) 1/26 (b) 1/13 (c) 4/53 (d) 4/13

Answer: (b) 1/13

10. A fish tank has 5 male fish and 8 female fish. The probability of fish taken out is a male fish:

(a) 5/8 (b) 5/13 (c) 13/5 (d) 5

Answer: (b) 5/13

Page | 194
 SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER I (SA I): 2 MARK QUESTIONS

*Q. 1: Two dice are thrown at the same time. Find the probability of getting

(i) the same number on both dice.

(ii) different numbers on both dice.

Solution: Given that, Two dice are thrown at the same time.

So, the total number of possible outcomes n(S) = 62 = 36

(i) Getting the same number on both dice:

Let A be the event of getting the same number on both dice.

Possible outcomes are (1,1), (2,2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and (6, 6).

Number of possible outcomes = n(A) = 6

Hence, the required probability =P(A) = n(A)/n(S)

= 6/36= 1/6

(ii) Getting a different number on both dice.

Let B be the event of getting a different number on both dice.

Number of possible outcomes n(B) = 36 – Number of possible outcomes for the same number
on both dice

= 36 – 6 = 30

Hence, the required probability = P(B) = n(B)/n(S)

= 30/36

= 5/6

Page | 195
**Q. 2: A bag contains a red ball, a blue ball and a yellow ball, all the balls being of the same
size. Kritika takes out a ball from the bag without looking into it. What is the probability that
she takes out the(i) yellow ball?(ii) red ball?

Solution: Kritika takes out a ball from the bag without looking into it. So, it is equally likely
that she takes out any one of them from the bag.

Let Y be the event ‘the ball taken out is yellow’, B be the event ‘the ball taken out is blue’, and
R be the event ‘the ball taken out is red’.

The number of possible outcomes = Number of balls in the bag = n(S) = 3.

(i) The number of outcomes favourable to the event Y = n(Y) = 1.

So, P(Y) = n(Y)/n(S) =1/3

Similarly, (ii) P(R) = 1/3

**Q.3: One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Calculate the probability that
the card will(i) be an ace,(ii) not be an ace.

Solution:Well-shuffling ensures equally likely outcomes.

(i) Card drawn is an ace

There are 4 aces in a deck.

Let E be the event ‘the card is an ace’.

The number of outcomes favourable to E = n(E) = 4

The number of possible outcomes = Total number of cards = n(S) = 52

Therefore, P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 4/52 = 1/13

(ii) Card drawn is not an ace

Let F be the event ‘card drawn is not an ace’.

The number of outcomes favourable to the event F = n(F) = 52 – 4 = 48

Therefore, P(F) = n(F)/n(S) = 48/52 = 12/13

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 *Q.4: Two dice are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, respectively. They are thrown,
and the sum of the numbers on them is noted. Find the probability of getting each sum 2 and
9 separately.

Solution:Number of total outcome = n(S) = 36

(i) Let E1 be the event ‘getting sum 2’

Favourable outcomes for the event E1 = {(1,1),(1,1)}

n(E1) = 2

P(E1) = n(E1)/n(S) = 2/36 = 1/18

(ii) Let E8 be the event ‘getting sum 9’

Favourable outcomes for the event E8 = {(6,3),(6,3)}, n(E8) = 2

P(E8) = n(E8)/n(S) = 2/36 = 1/18

***Q. 5: i) If P(E) = 0.05, what is the probability of ‘not E’?

ii) Write the probability of an impossible event.

Solution:i) We know that,P(E) + P(not E) = 1

It is given that, P(E) = 0.05So, P(not E) = 1 – P(E)

P(not E) = 1 – 0.05 =>P(not E) = 0.95

ii) P( E) = 0 , FOR an impossible event

SECTION C : SHORT ANSWER II( SA II): 3 MARKS QUESTIONS

**1. A game of chance consists of spinning an arrow which comes to rest pointing at one of the
numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (see figure) and these are equally likely outcomes. What is the
probability that it will point at: ( any 3)
(i) 8?
(ii) an odd number?
(iii) a number greater than 2?
(iv) a number less than 9?

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 Ans. Out of 8 numbers, an arrow can point any of the numbers in 8 ways.
Total number of favourable outcomes = 8
(i) Favourable number of outcomes = 1

Hence, P (arrow points at 8) =

(ii) Favourable number of outcomes = 4

Hence, P (arrow points at an odd number) =

(iii) Favourable number of outcomes = 6

Hence, P (arrow points at a number > 2) =

(iv) Favourable number of outcomes = 8

Hence, P (arrow points at a number < 9) = =1

***2. A dice is thrown once. Find the probability of getting:

(i) a prime number.
(ii) a number lying between 2 and 6.
(iii) an odd number.

Ans. Total number of favourable outcomes of throwing a dice = 6

(i) On a dice, the prime numbers are 2, 3 and 5.
Therefore, favourable outcomes = 3

Hence P (getting a prime number) =

(ii) On a dice, the number lying between 2 and 6 are 3, 4, 5.

Therefore, favourable outcomes = 3

Hence P (getting a number lying between 2 and 6) =

(iii) On a dice, the odd numbers are 1, 3 and 5.
Therefore, favourable outcomes = 3

Hence P (getting an odd number) =

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*3. A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each time. Hanif
wins if all the tosses give the same result, i.e., three heads or three tails and loses otherwise.
Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.

Ans. The outcomes associated with the experiment in which a coin is tossed thrice:
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, HTT, THT, TTT
Therefore, Total number of favourable outcomes = 8
Number of favourable outcomes = 6

Hence required probability =

**4. 18 cards numbered 1, 2, 3, …18 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at
random from the box. Find the probabilities that the card bears
(i) an even number
(ii) a number divisible by 2 or 3
Ans. Total no. of possible outcomes = 18
(i) Favorable cases are 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18 i.e., 9 in number

Required probability =
(ii) Favorable cares are 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18 i.e., 12 in number

Required probability =

***5. A bag contains 5 red balls, 4 green balls and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random
from the box. Find the probability that the ball drown is
(a) white
(b) neither red nor white
Ans . Total number of balls in the bag = 5+4+7=16

Total number of possible outcomes = 16

(a) Favourable outcomes for a white ball = 7

Required probability =
(b) Favourable outcomes for neither red nor white ball=Number of green balls =4

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 Required probability =

**6. A box contains 20 balls bearing numbers 1,2,3,4,…20. A ball is drawn at random from the
box, what is the probability that the number on the ball is
(i) an odd number
(ii) divisible by 2 or 3
(iii) prime number
Ans. Total number of outcomes = 20
(i) Favorable outcomes are 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 i.e., 10 in number.

Required probability =
(ii) Number “divisible by 2” are 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 i.e., 10 in number
Numbers “divisible by 3 are 3,6,9,12,15,18. i.e., 6 in number
Numbers “divisible by 2 or 3 are 6,12,18 i.e., 3 in number.
Numbers divisible by “2 or 3”=10+6 – 3=13
Favourable outcomes = 13

Required probability =
(iii) Prime numbers are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19 i.e., 8 in number
Favourable outcomes = 8

Required probability =

**7. A box contains 3 blue marbles, 2 white marbles. If a marble is taken out at random from
the box, what is the probability that it will be a white one? Blue one? Red one?
Ans. Total no. of possible outcomes = 3+2+4 = 9
No. of favourable outcomes for white marbles = 2

Required probability =
No. of favourable outcomes for blue marbles = 3

Required probability =
No. of favourable outcomes for red marbles =4

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 Required probability =

***8. The integers from 1 to 30 inclusive are written on cards ( one number on one card).
These card one put in a box and well mixed. Joseph picked up one card. What is the
probability that his card has
(i) number 7 (ii) an even number (iii) a prime number
Ans. Total no. of possible outcomes = 30

(i) P (the no.7) =

(ii) Even no. are 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,28,30
Favourable outcomes = 15

Required probability =
(iii) Prime numbers from

1 to 30 are 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29}
No. of favourable outcomes = 10

Required probability =

SECTION D : LONG ANSWER : 5 MARKS

***1. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of getting:

(i) a king of red colour

(ii) a face card
(iii) a red face card
(iv) the jack of hearts
(v) a spade

Ans. Total number of favourable outcomes = 52

(i) There are two suits of red cards, i.e., diamond and heart. Each suit contains one king.
Favourable outcomes = 1

Hence, P (a king of red colour) =

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(ii) There are 12 face cards in a pack.
Favourable outcomes = 12

Hence, P (a face card) =

(iii) There are two suits of red cards, i.e., diamond and heart. Each suit contains 3 face cards.
Favourable outcomes = 2 x 3 = 6

Hence, P (a red face card) =

(iv) There are only one jack of heart.
Favourable outcome = 1

Hence, P (the jack of hearts) =

(v) There are 13 cards of spade.
Favourable outcomes = 13

Hence, P (a spade) =

CASE STUDY BAESD QUESTION

Q. On a weekend Rani was playing cards with her family. The deck has 52 cards. If her
brother drew one card.

1. Find the probability of getting a king of red colour.

Answer: 1/26
2. Find the probability of getting a face card.
Answer: 3/13
3. Find the probability of getting a queen of diamond?
Answer:1/52

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 V) UNSOLVED PRACTICE QUESTION PAPER

SECTIONS A: MCQ: 1MARKS

**1. The sum of the probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is

(a) 0.5 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 1.5

**2. A card is selected at random from a well shuffled deck of 52 playing cards. The
probability of its being a face card is

(a) 3/13 (b) 4/13 (c) 6/13 (d) 9/13

***3. If an event cannot occur, then its probability is

(a) 1 (b) 3/4 (c) ½ (d) 0.

*4. An event is very unlikely to happen. Its probability is closest to

(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1

***5. If P(A) denotes the probability of an event A, then

(a) P(A) < 0 (b) P(A) > 1 (c) 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 (d) –1 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1

*6. The probability that a non leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is

(a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 3/7 (d) 5/7

*7. If the probability of an event is p, the probability of its complementary event will be

(a) p – 1 (b) p (c) 1 – p (d) 1 – 1/p

**8. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. The event E is that card is not an ace of hearts.
The number of outcomes favourable to E is

(a) 4 (b) 13 (c) 48 (d) 51

**9. The probability of getting a bad egg in a lot of 400 is 0.035. The number of bad eggs in the
lot is

(a) 7 (b) 14 (c) 21 (d) 28

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***10. Two dice are rolled simultaneously. What is the probability that 6 will come up at least
once?

(a) 1/6 (b) 7/36 (c) 11/36 (d) 13/36

MCQ ANSWERS: 1.b 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.a 7.c 8.d 9.b 10.c

SECTION B: SA I : 2 MARKS

**Q.1: : 12 defective pens are accidentally mixed with 132 good ones. It is not possible to just look
at a pen and tell whether or not it is defective. One pen is taken out at random from this lot.
Determine the probability that the pen is taken out is a good one.

*Q.2: The probability of selecting a blue marble at random from a jar that contains only blue, black
and green marbles is 1/5. The probability of selecting a black marble at random from the same jar is
1/4. If the jar contains 11 green marbles, find the total number of marbles in the jar?

**Q.3: The probability of selecting a rotten apple randomly from a heap of 900 apples is 0.18. What
is the number of rotten apples in the heap?

*Q.4: A bag contains 15 white and some black balls. If the probability of drawing a black ball from
the bag is thrice that of drawing a white ball, find the number of black balls in the bag?

ANSWERS: Q1. 0.916 Q2. 20 Q3. 162 Q4. 45

SECTION C: SA II: 3 MARKS

**Q1.A box contains 5 red marbles, 8 white marbles and 4 green marbles. One marble is taken out of
the box at random. What is the probability that the marble taken out will be:
(i) red? (ii) white? (iii) not green?

**Q2. Five cards – then ten, jack, queen, king and ace of diamonds, are well-shuffled with their face
downwards. One card is then picked up at random.
(i) What is the probability that the card is the queen?
(ii) If the queen is drawn and put aside, what is the probability that the second card

picked up is (a) an ace? (b) a queen?

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*Q3. . A box contains 90 discs which are numbered from 1 to 90. If one disc is drawn at random
from the box, find the probability that it bears

(i) a two-digit number

(ii) a perfect square number
(iii) a number divisible by 5.

*Q4. Which of the following experiments have equally likely outcomes? Explain.
(i) A driver attempts to start a car. The car starts or does not start.
(ii) A player attempts to shoot a basket ball, she/he shoots or misses the shot.
(iii) A baby is born. It is a boy or a girl.

**Q5. Find the probability that a number selected at random from the numbers 1,2,3,…35 is a
(i) prime number,

(ii) multiple of 7,

(iii) multiple of 3 or 5.

***Q6. Two coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting

i) at least one head? Ii) at most one tail? Iii) a head and a tail?

***Q7. 15 Cards, numbered1,2,3,…..,15 are put in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn at
random, find the probability that the card is

i) an even number?

ii) a number divisible by 2 or 3?

ANSWERS:

Q1.i)5/17, ii)8/17,iii) 13/17 Q2.i)1/5 ii)1/4, 0 Q3. i)81/90 ii)9/90 iii)18/90

Q4.only (iii) Q5.i)11/35, ii)5/35 , iii)16/35 Q6. i)3/4 ii)3/4 iii)1/2 Q7. i)7/15 ii)2/3

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 SECTION D : LONG ANSWER :5 MARKS

***Q1. A card is drawn at random from a well shuffled deck of playing cards. Find the probability
that the card drawn is
(i) a red king
(ii) neither a king nor a queen
(iii) either a king or a queen
(iv) a face card
(v) cards which is neither king nor a red card.
Ans.
(i) 1/26 (ii) 11/13 (iii) 2/13 (iv) 3/13 (v) 6/13

CASE STUDY QUESTION

Q. Rahul and Ravi planned to play Business ( board game) in which they were supposed to use two
dice.

Q1. Ravi got first chance to roll the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two
numbers appearing on the top face of the dice is 8?
Q2. Rahul got next chance. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two numbers appearing
on the top face of the dice is 13?

Q3. Now it was Ravi’s turn. He rolled the dice. What is the probability that he got the sum of the two
numbers appearing on the top face of the dice is less than or equal to 12?

Answer: Q1. 5/36 Q2.0 Q 3.1

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