Chapter 4 : HydroKinematics
Hydraulics
Prepared By: Melese Chanie
Presentation Outlines
π Introduction
π Dimension of flow
π Describing the pattern of flow
π Types of flow
π Continuity equation
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4.1 Introduction
• Kinematics of fluid deals with the geometry of motion, i.e. space
– time relationships of fluids only without regards to the forces
causing the motion.
• They are generally deals with velocity & acceleration of fluid.
4.2. DIMENSION OF FLOW
ONE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables (example, velocity, pressure
density etc.) are a function of one space coordinate say x-
coordinate it is known as one-dimensional flow.
V = f(x) one dimensional flow
Examples: flow through pipes & channels
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4.2 Dimension of flow
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables vary with two space coordinates, the
flow is known as two – Dimensional flow.
V = f(x, y) two dimensional flow
Examples: Flow around a circular cylinder of infinite length
THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW:
• When the dependent variables vary with all the three-space
coordinates, the flow is known as three – Dimensional flow.
V = f(x, y, z) three dimensional flow
Example: The flow of air past an airplane wing
• Generally a fluid is a rather complex three- dimensional, time
dependent phenomenon, i.e., V = V(x, y, z, t).
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4.3 Describing the pattern of flow
• Stream lines: - it is an imaginary curve drawn through a
flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent to it at any point
gives the direction of the velocity of flow at that point.
• There is no flow across the streamlines.
• Therefore, streamlines don’t cross or intersect each other.
Stream lines
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4.3 Describing the pattern of flow
Stream tube: - is a tube imaginated to be formed by a group of
streamlines passing through a small closed curve.
• Path line: - a path line is a line traced out by a given single fluid
particle as it moves from one point to another over a period of time.
• In steady flow path lines &streamlines are identical.
• Streak lines: - A Streak line consists of all particles in flows that
have previously passed through a common point.
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4.4 Types of flow
(A) Classification according to type of fluid
• Ideal fluid flow – the fluid is assumed to have no viscosity.
• Real fluid flow: viscosity is taken in to consideration, which
leads to the development of shear stress b/n moving layers.
• Compressible fluid flow: - if variation of pressure results in
considerable changes in volume & density. Ex. Gases
• Incompatible fluid flow - if extremely large variation in
pressure is required to affect very small changes in volume.
Ex. Liquids
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4.4 Types of flow
(B) Classification according to variation of Fluid properties
• Steady flow: - A flow is said to be steady if at any point in the
flowing fluid characteristic such as velocity, pressure, density
V p
etc don’t change with time. 0, 0 , ets
t t
• Unsteady flow: - if at any point in the flowing fluid any one of
all of the characteristics, which describes the behavior of fluids
in motion changes with time.
V
0, p 0 , etc
t t
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4.4 Types of flow
• Uniform flow: - this occurs when the velocity both in
magnitude & direction remains constant with respect to
distance, i. e it doesn’t change from point to point
v o
s
• Non- uniform flow: - if there is a change in velocity either
in magnitude or direction with respect to distance , then
V
0
s
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4.4 Types of flow
• Laminar flow: - in laminar flow the particles of fluid move in
orderly manners & the steam lines retain the same relative
position in successive cross section.
• Laminar flow is associated with low velocity of flow and
viscous fluids.
• Turbulent flow: - Here the fluid particles flow in a disorder
manner occupying different relative positions in successive
cross section.
• Turbulent flow is associated with high velocity flows.
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4.5 Continuity Equation
• The continuity equation is a mathematical statement of the
principle of conservation of mass.
• A1 V1 = A2 V2 = Q
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•The End!!!
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