6:30 $82 M8 inl val GSD WUIKIY alu LUN WUUH UF eau part ula computer system. What is Block Diagram of a Computer? The block diagram represents how data and instructions flow between the CPU, memory, and I/0 devices, managed by the Control Unit. In simple terms, a Block Diagram of a Computer helps us understand how a computer works, from collecting input data, processing & formatting the data, and generating the output results in the way user commands. The computer system consists of three main parts: Input Units, CPU, and Output Units. Data = Input Units (Keyboard/Mouse etc.) — Central Processing Unit (CPU) = Output Unit (Monitor, Speaker, Printer) Explanation for Block6:30 3292 te8 ahd wal Explanation for Block Diagram of Computer Every student while learning the Block Diagram of a Computer must be aware of how the data flows inside the computer. Below we have discussed step-by-step working of how data is received and displayed on the computer. Step 1: Input devices allow the users to provide data and commands to the computer. The data inserted manually is collected by input devices like keyboard, mouse, scanners, and others. These devices generate electrical signals or data packets representing the input. Step 2: The data generated by input devices is sent to the computer's input interface/Memory Unit which processes and formats the data for further use by the computer. Step 3: The processed input data is then sent to the computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) which temporarily stores this nha in manne in AARNE6:30 222 WR Stal wal CSD) data in memory (RAM) for immediate processing. The CPU executes instructions related to the input data. For example, if you're typing a document, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) processes the keystrokes and stores them in memory. The control unit schedules all the activities for the smooth working of the computer. Step 4: After processing, the CPU sends the results or instructions to the computer's output interface where the data is formatted for transmission to the output devices. Step 5: Then the output unit receives the final processed output. Output devices such as monitors, printers, speakers, and others receive the formatted data. Monitors display visual information, printers produce hard copies, and speakers play audio, based on the data they receive. Central Processing Unit (CPU) ‘Arithmetic & Loaic Unit oO j6:30 S29 tee Fil atl GD Central Processing Unit (CPU) ‘Arithmetic & Logic Unit +t 20 Keyboard Mouse Y t ‘ea MoritecPinter ‘Memory Unit The components included in the Block Diagram of a Computer have been discussed in detail below. 1. Input Unit The input unit takes all the data received by the computer. The input unit comprises different devices such as a mouse, keyboard, scanner, etc. All of these devices act as intermediaries between the users and the computer. The input unit takes the data that has to be processed. The raw data is accepted by the computer in binary form. This data is then processed and the desired output is produced The major functions of the Input Unit are- 1. The Input Unit takes the data to be6:31 422 We Ail val @ = ( Search tutorials, courses and ebooks, /‘ Characteristics of Computer Speed A computer works with much higher speed and accuracy compared to humans while performing mathematical calculations. Computers can process millions (1,000,000) of instructions per second. The time taken by computers for their operations is microseconds and nanoseconds. Accuracy Computers perform calculations with 100% accuracy. Errors may occur due to data inconsistency or inaccuracy. LE MENT J Ul OoTao 8 Mil wil GD 0 = (Search tutorials, courses and ebooksO, ) tutorials, courses and ebooks Diligence A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same consistency and accuracy. It doesn't feel any fatigue or lack of concentration. Its memory also makes it superior to that of human beings. Versatility Versatility refers to the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency. Reliability A computer is reliable as it gives consistent result for similar set of data i.e., if we give same set of input any number of times, we will get the same result. Automation Computer performs all the tasks automatically i.e. it performs tasks without manual intervention.6:32 188 HR Al atl GD @ = ( Search tutorials, courses and ebooksOQ, In today's world, we use computers for all our tasks. Our day-to-day activities: paying bills, buying groceries, using social media, seeking entertainment, working from home, communicating with a friend, etc., can all be done using a computer. So it is important not only to know how to use a computer, but also to understand the components of a computer and what they do. This topic explains all concepts related to computer in detail, from origin to end. The idea of computer literacy is also discussed, which includes the definition and functions of a computer. You learn about the components of a computer, the concept of hardware and software, representation of data/information, the concept of data processing and applications of IECT. What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage. Data is a collection of unorganized facts &6:32 Sao tee 48 @ = ( Search tutorials, courses and ebooksOQ, Functions of Computers 1 GD A computer performs the following functions - Receiving Input Data is fed into computer through various input devices like keyboard, mouse, digital pens, etc. Input can also be fed through devices like CD- ROM, pen drive, scanner, etc. Processing the information Operations on the input data are carried out based on the instructions provided in the programs. Storing the information After processing, the information gets stored in the primary or secondary storage area. Producing output The processed information and other details are communicated to the outside world through output devices like monitor, printer, ete.6:33 Types of Computer There are two bases on which we can define the types of computers. We will discuss the type of computers on the basis of size and data handling capabilities. We will discuss each type of computer in detail. Let's see first what are the types of computers. * Super Computer ¢ Mainframe computer ¢ Mini Computer * Workstation Computer * Personal Computer (PC) Server Computer « Analog Computer ¢ Digital Computer « Hybrid Computer ¢ Tablets and Smartphone Now, we are going to discuss each of them in detail. Supercomputer = Oo qd6:33 262 8 ial wall Supercomputer When we talk about speed, then the first name that comes to mind when thinking of computers is supercomputers. They are the biggest and fastest computers (in terms of speed of processing data). Supercomputers are designed such that they can process a huge amount of data, like processing trillions of instructions or data just in a second. This is because of the thousands of interconnected processors in supercomputers. It is basically used in scientific and engineering applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations, and nuclear energy research. It was first developed by Roger Cray in 1976. Open In App6:33 S888 Aid wall Mainframe computer Mainframe computers are designed in such a way that they can support hundreds or thousands of users at the same time. It also supports multiple programs simultaneously. So, they can execute different processes simultaneously. All these features make the mainframe computer ideal for big organizations like banking, telecom sectors, etc., which process a high volume of data in general. Characteristics of Mainframe Computers « It is also an expensive or costly computer. elt has high storage capacity and great performance. * It can process a huge amount of data (like data involved in the banking sector) very quickly. ¢ It runs smoothly for a long time and has a long life. Minicomputer Open In App Il O J6:33 ge 8 AD wall Minicomputer Minicomputer is a medium _ size multiprocessing computer. In this type of computer, there are two or more processors, and it supports 4 to 200 users at one time. Minicomputer is similar to Microcontroller. Minicomputers are used in places like institutes or departments for different work like billing, accounting, inventory management, etc. It is smaller than a mainframe computer but larger in comparison to the microcomputer. Characteristics of Minicomputer « Its weight is low. * Because of its low weight, it is easy to carry anywhere. « less expensive than a mainframe computer. « Itis fast. Workstation Computer A workstation computer is designed for Open In App = O JBasic Terms Vacuum tube - an elec- tonic device that controls ‘i the flow of electrons in a va- cuum. It used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, com- puters, etc. Transistor ~ an electronic & component that can be used Y | as an amplifier or as a J switch, It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televi- sions, computers, etc. Integrated circuit (IC) - a small elec- tronic circuit printed on a chip (usu- ally made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.). tronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits. CPU (central processing unit) @often referred to as the brain or en- gine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor). Magnetic drum - a cylin- der coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored. Magnetic core - uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information. Machine language —a low-level pro- gramming language comprised of a col- lection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand. Assembly language is like the ma- chine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly lan- guage uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV...) in place of numbers (Os and 1s). Memory - a phys- ical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer. °eArtificial intelligence (AD - an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelli- gent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans). First Generation of Computers Classification of generations of computers The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. Five Generations of Computers Generations | Generations Evolving Computers | timeline hardware First Vacuum tube generation | 19405-19505 jyased Second Transistor generation | 19505-19605 jsased Third Integrated generation | 19608-19708 | Girewtit based Fourth 1970s- Microprocessor generation | present based Fifth The present | Artificial and the intelligence generation | future based The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s- 1950s) » Main electronic component -— va- cuum tube + Main memory ~ magnetic t drums and magnetic tapes * Programming language — 1 chine language~~ — tapes =m + Programming language - ma- chine language + Power — consume a lot of electri- city and generate a lot of hee + Speed and size very slow and very large in size (often tak- ing up entire room), + Input/output devices — punched cards and paper tape. * Examples ~ ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc. » Quantity — there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between 1942 and1963. Second Generation of Computers The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s- 1960s) * Main electronic component- @ transistor + Memory ~ magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk + Programming lan- guage - assembly language * Power and size - low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in compar- ison with the first generation, computers).