Power Electronics
Course Duration
05 Days
Location
PTC / In House
Theoretical / Practical
60 % / 40%
Course Objectives:
The first part of the course treats basic circuit operation, including steady-state
converter modeling and analysis, switch realization, discontinuous conduction
mode, and transformer-isolated converters. Next, converter control systems are
covered, including ac modeling of converters using averaged methods, small-
signal transfer functions, and classical feedback loop design. Finally, magnetics
design for switched-mode applications is discussed, including: basic magnetics,
the skin and proximity effects, inductor design, transformer design.
1. Introduction
• Introduction to Power Processing
• Several Applications of Power Electronics
• Elements of Power Electronics
Page 1
I. Converters in Equilibrium
2. Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis
• Inductor Volt-Second Balance, Capacitor Charge Balance, and the Small-Ripple
Approximation
• Boost Converter Example
• Converter Example
• Estimating the Output Voltage Ripple in Converters Containing Two-Pole Low-
Pass Filters
3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
• The DC Transformer Model
• Inclusion of Inductor Copper Loss
• Construction of Equivalent Circuit Model
• Example: Inclusion of Semiconductor Conduction Losses in the Boost Converter
Model
4. Switch Realization
• Switch Applications
o Single-Quadrant Switches
o Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
o Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches
o Four-Quadrant Switches
o Synchronous Rectifiers
• A Brief Survey of Power Semiconductor Devices
o Power Diodes
Page 2
o Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
o Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
o Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
o Wide bandgap devices
• Switching Loss
o Transistor Switching with Clamped Inductive Load
o Diode Recovered Charge
o Device Capacitances, and Leakage, Package, and Stray Inductances
o Efficiency vs. Switching Frequency
5. The Discontinuous Conduction Mode
• Origin of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode, and Mode Boundary
• Analysis of the Conversion Ratio M(D,K)
• Boost Converter Example
6. Converter Circuits
• Circuit Manipulations
o Inversion of Source and Load
o Cascade Connection of Converters
o Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell
o Differential Connection of the Load
• A Short List of Converters
• Transformer Isolation
o Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge Isolated Buck Converters
o Forward Converter
o Push-Pull Isolated Buck Converter
Page 3
o Flyback Converter
o Boost-Derived Isolated Converters
o Isolated Versions of the SEPIC and the Cuk Converter
• Converter Evaluation and Design
o Switch Stress and Utilization
o Design Using Computer Spreadsheet
II. Converter Dynamics and Control
7. AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling
• Introduction
• The Basic AC Modeling Approach
• Results for Several Basic Converters
• Example: A Nonideal Flyback Converter
• State-Space Averaging
• The Canonical Circuit Model
• Modeling the Pulse-Width Modulator
8. Converter Transfer Functions
• Review of Bode Plots
o Single pole/zero/RHP zero Responses
o Frequency Inversion
o Combinations
o Quadratic Pole Response: Resonance
o The Low-Q Approximation
o Approximate Roots of an Arbitrary-Degree Polynomial
Page 4
• Analysis of Converter Transfer Functions
o Example: Transfer Functions of the Buck-Boost Converter
o Transfer Functions of Some Basic CCM Converters
o Physical Origins of the RHP Zero in Converters
• Graphical Construction of Impedances and Transfer Functions
o Series Impedances: Addition of Asymptotes
o Series Resonant Circuit Example
o Parallel Impedances: Inverse Addition of Asymptotes
o Parallel Resonant Circuit Example
o Voltage Divider Transfer Functions: Division of Asymptotes
o Graphical Construction of Converter Transfer Functions
• Measurement of AC Transfer Functions and Impedances
9. Controller Design
• Introduction
• Effect of Negative Feedback on the Network Transfer Functions
o Feedback Reduces the Transfer Functions from Disturbances to the
Output
o Feedback Causes the Transfer Function from the Reference Input to the
Output to be Insensitive to Variations in the Gains in the Forward Path of
the Loop
o Construction of the Important Quantities 1/(1 + T ) and T/(1 + T ) and the
Closed-Loop Transfer Functions
• Stability
o The Phase Margin Test
Page 5
o The Relationship Between Phase Margin and Closed-Loop Damping
Factor
o Transient Response vs. Damping Factor
• Regulator Design
o Lead (PD) Compensator
o Lag (PI ) Compensator
o Combined (PID) Compensator
o Design Example
• Measurement of Loop Gains
o Voltage Injection
o Current Injection
o Measurement of Unstable Systems
III. Magnetics
13. Basic Magnetics Theory
• Review of Basic Magnetics
• Transformer Modeling
• Loss Mechanisms in Magnetic Devices
o Core Loss
o Low-Frequency Copper Loss
o Eddy Currents in Winding Conductors
• Introduction to the Skin and Proximity Effects
o Leakage Flux in Windings
o Foil Windings and Layers
o Power Loss in a Layer
Page 6
o Example: Power Loss in a Transformer Winding
o Interleaving the Windings
o PWM Waveform Harmonics
• Several Types of Magnetic Devices, Their B-H Loops, and Core vs. Copper Loss
14. Inductor Design
• Filter Inductor Design Constraints
• The Core Geometrical Constant Kg
• A Step-by-Step Procedure
• Multiple-Winding Magnetics Design via the Kg Method
o Window Area Allocation
o Coupled Inductor Design Constraints
o Design Procedure
o Example: Coupled Inductor for a Two-Output Forward Converter
o Example: CCM Flyback Transformer
15. Transformer Design
• Transformer Design: Basic Constraints
• Optimum Flux Density
• A Step-by-Step Transformer Design Procedure
• Example 1: Single-Output Isolated Cuk Converter
• Example 2: Multiple-Output Full-Bridge Buck Converter
• AC Inductor Design
Page 7
