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Chapter 5 Life Processes

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Chapter 5 Life Processes

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Mukesh Kumar
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a, ti Be ace aia. ee Wi DO ea eae aoe TOUCHES EVERY CORNER OF NCERT INCLUDES NCERT ACTIVITIES (AKQ), BOXES(BKQ) & EXEMPLAR (EKQ) EACH LINE, FLOWCHART & DIAGRAM IS MOTIVATED FROM PYQs medina res CBSE TOPPERS ae a nS UPIID: akshaypadhle@axl The basic functions performed by living organism to maintain their life on this earth are called Life process The basic life pracess common to all living organism are Nutrition, Respiration, Transportation, Control and Coordination, Growth; movement and Reproduction. Release eni es ee Be Gein are Koons) Gu coy 7 [ peat oe anotabre c Removal Y tonic warte Nutrition is a process of intake of nutrients (like carbohydrate, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins and water by an organism as well as the utilisation of these nutrients by the organism. + Nutrient: A nutrient can be defined as a substance which an organism obtain from its surroundings and uses it as a source of energy or for the biosynthesis of its body constituents (like tissues and organs) intake Stmpte -food tn te form q tee ard elicnis op © i mp lex—> Simple Sadar eewe. wee ou nie Autotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism make (or synthesises) its own food from the simple inorganic material like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings (with the help of sunlight energy.) Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism cannot make (or synthesise) its own food from simple inorganic material (like Carbon dioxide and water) and depend on the other organism for its food. © Holozoic nutrition: The complex food material taken in by the organism is broken down into simpler and soluble molecules. For example, Human, Amoeba. + Saprotrophic nutrition: The organisms feed on the dead and decaying matter. For example, Fungi. © Parasitic nutrition: The organisms live either on or inside the organism to obtain its nutrition. For example, Lice, Cuscuta (amarbel). > Biocatalyst: Biocatalysts are the substance that speed up or activate any biochemical reaction. Example: Digestive enzyme like trypsin and pepsin. The process by which green plants make their own food (like glucose) from carbon dioxide and water by using sunlight energy in the presence of chlorophyll is called photosynthesis. > 6CO,+ 12H,0 Baap SA 64+ 6H,0 Raw Materials for Photosynthesis:( stalk of leaf. Lamina->Flat, broad and expanded portion of leaf. Midrib —> Midline which divides leaf into two equal halves. Veins —> supply water throughout surface of leaf. Internal structure of leaf comprises of: Epidermis: 't has two parts (j) upper epidermis: Upper epidermis is usually covered by a waxy layer called cuticle which prevents water [oss through transpiration. (i) lower epidermis: Lower epidermis has stomata which help in gaseous exchange. Stomata: Tiny pores which are generally found in the lower epidermis and help in gaseous exchange and transpiration. Guard cells: Bean-shaped cells which guard the opening of stomata. They have chloroplasts and have uneven thickening in their cell wail. opening and closing of stomatal pore is done by guard cells. Movement of water into guard cells cause their swelling and open the stomatal pore. The shrinking of, the guard cells when water moves out causes closing of stomatal pore Photosyntheats fn terreatviel plant. —> Water used in photosynthesis is taken up from the soil by the roots in terrestrial plants. Other material like nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and magnesium are taken up from the soil. Nitrogen is an essential element used in the synthesis of proteins and compounds. This is taken up in the form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites. Or it is taken up as organic compound which have been prepared by bacteria from atmospheric nitrogen. AY —_brocess of taking food into the body down into small, water soluble molecules (which can be absorbed by the body) PH the process in which the food containing large, insoluble molecules is broken blood stream AP The process in which the digested food passes through the intestinal wall into —P the process in which absorbed food is taken in by body cells and uted for energy, growth and repair 4 — The process in which the undigested food is removed from the body In Unicellular animals, all the process of nutrition are performed by the single cell only. Amoeba and Paramecium are two very simple animals Nutri Amoeba Temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface called pseudopodia are used by Amoeba to engulf food. Pseudopodia fuse over the food particle forming a food vacuole in which complex substances are broken down into simpler ones and diffuse into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested material moves to the surface of the cell and gets thrown out Nutri Paramoecium In Paramecium, food is moved to a specific spot by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell In the complex multi cellular animals like man, grasshopper, fish and frogs etc., all the process involved in nutrition are performed by a combination of digestive organs. This Combination of digestive organ is called digestive system. Nutri Human Beings Human digestive system consists of alimentary canal and the associated glands. The alimentary canal is a long tube running from mouth to anus of a human being (or other animals) in which digestion and absorption of food take place is called elementary canal D> Louth ~—> Conga px, taste , Soalleteg oad salt cua hose Sal? vany (4 land 5 stank Srople Suge = dlp Pa dyeation of Protefa GED = Crate mete meniotn syne tat fone fanet Aetna of ED 7 PE ctowoes~ Gera $e I 8 as unt fot Fiereaate jury > H + aga > ts ew Combohydaate > sae a ~ pee jee Lg aon 7 aos woke, ‘Mouth - Helps in intake of whole food Teeth - Helps in chewing and grinding of food Tooth decay, or dental caries, is the result of bacterial action, particularly Streptococcus mutans, leading to plaque formation and acid production that erodes enamel and causes cavities. Diets rich in sugars and carbohydrates contribute to this process. Prevention involves maintaining oral hygiene, controlling dietary habits, and using fluoride. Regular dental check-ups aid in early detection. Treatment options include fillings, dental sealants, and, in severe cases, root canal procedures. Tongue - Helps in tasting food + rolling food + swallowing food. Salivary glands - secrete saliva and mucus. The enzyme called salivary amylase is present in saliva which breaks down the complex starch into sugar. Oesophagus (food pipe) - Food moves towards stomach through esophagus by rhythmic contraction of its muscles called peristaltic movements or peristalsis, Tongue Mouth Ocsphague eae Pane-eas Liver stomach Bile duct Small Intestine Lange Inteatine Anus Appendix Stomach: = Muscular walls mix food with gastric juice. ~ Gastric glands secrete pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and mucus. ~ Pepsin aids protein digestion. = Hydrochloric acid creates an acidic environment, facilitating pepsin and killing germs. = Mucus protects the stomach lining from hydrachloric acid. Small intestine: = sphincter muscle regulates food exit to the small intestine. ~ Herbivores have a longer small intestine for cellulose digestion. = Digestive juices in smal intestine: ~ Bile juice (from the liver) creates an alkaline environment, aiding pancreatic enzymes. Bile salts emulsify fats. = Pancreatic juice (from the pancreas) contains trypsin for proteins and lipase for emulsified fats. = Intestinal juice (from small intestine glands) converts proteins to amino acids, carbohydrates to glucose, and fats to fatty acids and glycerol. - The rectum, at the end of the small intestine, stores feces before elimination. Role of Villi- The digested food is absorbed by the inner lining or wall of the intestine with the help of villi Villi are finger-like projections richly supplied with blood vessels and help to increase the surface area for absorption. Absorbed nutrients reach the cells through blood and are utilised for obtaining energy, building up new tissues and the repair of old tissues Large Intestine- The unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine where more villi absorb water from this material and remove the wastes through the anus by egestion. The exit of this waste material is regulated by the anal sphincter Read the Notes find Answer He uation Question: Write any two event that occurring during Photosynthesis? Question: Give reason for the following (A) Herbivores have longer Small intestine than carnivores (B) Rings of Cartilage are present in trachea (C) Mucus is secreated along with HCl in the Stomach (a) Discuss the role of HCI, pepsin, bile and trypsin in the digestion of food in human beings. (b) Where are gastric glands located in alimentary canal of human? Question: How is the small intestine designed to absorb the digested food? Question: What happens to the colour of the leaf? What is the colour of the solution? Answer: The leaf becomes colourless, Chlorophyll is dissolved in alcohol and the alcohol turns green. Quest Question: Observe the colour of the leaf and compare this with the tracing of the leaf done in the beginning. Answer: The green areas of leaf turn dark blue. It indicates the presence of starch. Colourless part of leaf shows no formation of starch. Question: What can you conclude about the presence of starch in various areas of Secone the leaf? ter sachs Answer: The blue colour in green areas indicates the presence of starch Colourless part of leaf shows no formation of starch. Question: What can you conclude from this activity? Answer: The amount of CO, affects the process and outcome of a photosynthesis. “ (with KOH) oithout KOH Ques in the expriment of pr ata, we use two liquids other than water. Name these two liquids and state when and why these liquids are used. Answer: Two liquids used (A) Saffranin stain : in order to stain the peel (B) Glycerin - so that the peel doesn’t dry out. Question: List four precautions in proper sequence which we observe while preparing a temporary mount off a leaf peel. Answer: (i) Cut the peel to a proper size to avoid its folding. (ii) Do not over strain or under strain the peel. (iii) Handle peel with a brush, as needle can damage it: (iv) Keep peel away from drying by using glycerin. Question: In which test tube do you observe a colour change? Answer: Test tube B Question: What does this indicate about the presence or absence of starch in the two test tubes? Answer: Test tube A does not contain starch whereas test tube B contains starch. Question: What does this tell us about the action of saliva on starch? Answer: On the addition of saliva in starch solution, the starch gets converted into other products such as maltose sugar. The breakdown of simple food material to release energy is called as respiration. "a S carbon dioxide —7 carbohydrates ‘oxygen Absence Onygen Ethanol -+ Carbon Dloxtde + Enegy Chyeast) (Carbon motecute,) In Cyboplaam Lottie acd + Energ: Glucose 1» Pyruvate x (&Cosbon (aicostben a tomer ae) Moleeule), Molecule Ea Codthon ptonfde + baker + Energy tntooehondia} Aerobic Anaerobic 1. Aerobic respiration takes place in the 1. Anaerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. absence of oxygen 2. Complete breakdown of food occurs in 2. Partial breakdown of food occurs in aerobic respiration. anaerobic respiration. 3. The end products in aerobic respiration 3. The end products in anaerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water may be ethanol and carbon dioxide (as in yeast plants), or lactic acid (as in animal muscles). 4, Aerobic respiration produces a 4, Much less energy is produced in anaerobic considerable amount of energy, respiration. in plants: Respiration in plants is simpler than the respiration in animals. Gaseous exchange occurs through: * Stomata in leaves © Lenticels in stems + General surface of the roots Respiration in terrestrial animals: They use atmospheric oxygen for respiration, Respiration in aquatic animals: Aquatic animals use the oxygen dissolved in water. They breathe at a faster rate since the amount of dissolved oxygen is fairly low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air. Fishes take water from mouth and send it to the gills where the dissolved oxygen is taken up by blood. ir enters the body after getting filtered by fine hairs and mucus in the nostrils. The air then passes through. trachea (present in throat) into the lungs. Rings of cartilage present on trachea prevent it from collapsing during the passage of air. The trachea divide into bronchi which enter the lungs and divide further into bronchioles which finally terminate in balloon-like structures called alveoli which have a rich supply of blood vessels and help in exchange of gases. “Wechanigu, 0€ breathing During inhalation (breathing in), the volume of the chest cavity becomes larger as the ribs get lifted and diaphragm gets flattened. Air gets sucked into the lungs and fills the expanded alveoli. The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body to the alveoli and exchanges it for oxygen to be transported to all the cells in the body. During exhalation (breathing out), the volume of the chest cavity becomes smaller as the ribs get relaxed and diaphragm moves upward (relaxes). Air rich in carbon dioxide gets pushed out of the lungs to come out through the nostrils Residual volume: It is the volume of air left behind in the lungs even after forceful breathing out of air. This helps to provide sufficient time for orygen to be absorbed and for the carbon dioxide to be released. Respiratory pigment: The respiratory pigment called hemoglobin in human beings is present in the red blood corpuscles. Hemoglobin has 4 very high affinity for oxygen. bs = Qu ‘ake some freshly prepared lime water in 4 test tube. Blow air through this lime water. Note how long it takes for the lime water to turn milky. Pekan Answer: It immediately turns lime water milky Rubber tube —> nude Question: What does this tell us about the amount of carbon dioxide in the air that we breathe out? Answer: it shows that the breath-out air contains more CO, as compared to atmospheric air Question: Use a syringe or pichkari to pass air through tome freth lime water taken in another _[a)Alrbeing passed Test tube. Note how long it takes for this lime water otmensterwith to turn milky. wlan Answer: it takes much time to turn the lime water milky, (b) air being exhaled into lime water a) Question: What change is observed in the lime water and how long does it take for this change to occur? lAnswer: Air taken out through the tube makes lime water milky Question: What does this tell us about the products of fermentation? lAnswer: Products of fermentation are COzand alcohol. Question: Are the timings of the opening and cl manner? Answer: Yes. During breathing, fishes open and close their mouth & gill slits in a coordinated manner and timing. ng of the mouth and gill-slits coordinated in some Question: Count the number of times the fish opens and closes its mouth in a minute. Answer: It is varied based on the type and size of fish. For example, goldfish can breathe up to 100 or more times per minute. Question: Compare this to the number of times you breathe in and out in a minute. Answer: The amount of dissolved 0,is lower than that in the air. So, the rate of breathing in fishes is faster than that in terrestrial organisms. The normal respiratory vate of an adult human is 12-16 times/minute Question: In the experimental set up to show that "CO, is given out during respiration”, name the substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask. State its function and the consequence of its use. Answer: The substance taken in the small test tube kept in the conical flask is KOH (potassium hydroxide solution. The CO, produced by germinating seeds is absorbed by KOH solution due to which the air from the bent tube moves into the conical flask, which eventually pulls the water up in the bent glass tube. Question: A student has set up "CO, is released during respiration’ After about 1 hour he observes no change in the water level in the delivery tube. Write two possible resons for the failure of the experiment. Answer: (i) The setup was not air tight (ii) Germinating seeds were not moist (iii) One end of U-shaped delivery tube is placed in conical flask and the other end was not immersed in the water of the beaker. Read He Notes ond Anawor te Quertion Question: When a sportsman runs, he gets muscle cramps. Why? Question: Differentiate between fermentation in yeast and aerobic respiration on the basis of end products formed. Question: How are lungs designed in human beings to maximise the area for exchange of gases? Question: What advantages over an aquatic organism does a terrestrial organism have with regard to obtaining oxygen for respiration? Question: Diffusion is insufficient to meet the meet the Oxygen requirements Of Multicellular organisms like human. State reason. Circulatory system helps to transport blood to various parts of the body to ensure the supply of nutrients and oxygen to these parts and remove carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes. The circulatory system in human beings consists of: * A pumping organ-a muscular heart + Blood vessels--Arteries and veins * Circulating medium-Blood and lymph in circulation of blood: The relaxed thin-walled upper chamber of the heart on the left, the left atrium, receives oxygen-rich bblood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein. The left atrium contracts and transfers blood to the left ventricle The left ventricle contracts and sends the oxygen-rich blood through aorta to the various parts of the body, De-oxygenated blood from the various parts of the body is transported by vena cava to the relaxed right upper chamber of the heart called the right atrium, The right atrium contracts and transfers blood to the right ventricle The right ventricle pumps de-oxygenated blood for oxygenation to the lungs through pulmonary vein Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atrium as they have to pump blood into various organs. Role of valves: Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles contract. Significance of separation of right and left side of the heart: It is useful to prevent mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. It also allows a highly efficient supply of oxygen to the body, It is useful for animals that have high energy needs, such as birds and mammals, which constantly use energy to maintain their body temperature. + Fishes have a two chambered heart. Blood pumped by heart gets orygenated by gills and passes directly to the rest of the body, This is called single circulation, + Amphibians and reptiles have three-chambered hearts and tolerate some mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. + Birds and mammals have four chambered heart, Blood goes through the heart twice during each cycle in them. This is known as double circulation. vena eae = ‘vein from = a ‘ote eso co) mer 3 ox can hen "eon sera (anacing wait) — Scat tena iw fhe haan ha Serumat paseratn arp a fsthoge ange nd cton se Capillaries: The smallest vessels have walls which are one-cell thick and are called capillaries. Their thin wall helps in exchange of material between the blood and surrounding cells. Veins are formed when the capillaries join together. Role of blood platelets: Platelet cells circulate around the body in the blood and help in the clotting of blood when blood flows out during injury or cut. Lymph or Tissue fluid: It is formed by the plasma, proteins and blood cells which eseape inte the intercellular spaces in the tissues through the pores present in the walls of the capillaries. Lymph is similar to the plasma of blood but colourless and contains less protein. it also carries digested and absorbed fat from intestine and drains excess fluid from extra cellular space back into the blood. Lymph enters the lymphatic capillaries which join to form large lymph vessels that finally open into larger veins. Blood Ctrolation Pn Human Roi Pulmovasy Votre ® Congenital blood) @ y Main ox: (Aorta) longest biocd (BRR Ferd tre plots ork Amwor te Guation (i) fish (i) amphibians ist the three kinds of blood vessels of human circulatory system and write their functions? Describe double circulation In numan beings. Why is it necessary? Question: (a) How many chambers are present in the heart of (b) Why is it necessary to separate orygenated and deosygenated blood in mammals and birds? @ j : Difference between arteries and Veins. Answer: Arteries Veins They are thick walled 2.Arteries have no valves 3.Carry Oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery ‘they are thin walled 2.They have Valves. 3.Carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein. Question: Difference between blood and lymph. Answer: Blood 1.The constituents of blood are RBC, WBC, platelets and plasma 2itt is red in colour due to the presence of RBC. Lymph 1. The constituent of lymph’s are plasma and lymphocytes. 2.tt is colourless. Question: Visit a health centre in your locality and find out what is the normal range of haemoglobin content in human beings. Answer: * tm men: 14 to 17 9/ 100 ml. + In women: 12 to 15 9/100 ml. + In children: 11 to 16 g/ 100 ml Question: Is it the same for children and adults? Answer: No. in adults, it ranges from 12 to 17 g/ 100 ml. In children: 11 to 16 4/100 ml Question: Is there any difference in the haemoglobin levels for men and women? Answer: Yes. In men: 14 to 17 g/ 100 ml. In women: 12 to 15 g/ 100 ml Question: Visit a veterinary clinic in your locality. Find out what is the normal range of haemoglobin Jeontent in an animal like the buffalo or cow. Is this content different in calves, male and female animals? Answer: The normal level of haemoglobin in animals like buffalo or cow is 10.4 to 16.4 g/ 100 ml. Haemoglobin content in calves is higher than male and female animals. Question: Compare the difference seen in male and female human beings and animals. Answer: Haemoglobin level in human is comparatively more than that of animals Question: How would the difference, if any, be explained? Answer: Human body needs more oxygen to do various biological works. _Trangportation in Plants, Two main conducting pathways in plants are: (i) Xylem and (ii) Phloem i) Xylem: it carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plants v a P Pl ii) Phloem: It carries products of photosynthesis from leaves to the other parts of the plant. Transport of Water and Minerals i) By root pressure: The cells of root in contact with soil actively take up ions which creates a difference in ion concentration between the root and the soil. Water moves into the root from the soil to eliminate this difference, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards. ii) By transpiration pull: Loss of water from stomata by transpiration gets replaced by the xylem vessels in the leaf which creates a suction to pull water from the xylem cells of the roots. This strategy is used during day time and helps to transport water to the highest points of the plant body, Transpiration and its roles: The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration, Ut helps in (i) absorption and upward movement of water and minerals, (ii) temperature regulation by cooling the leaf surface. Transport of food and other substances: Trans|ocation is the transport of soluble products of photosynthesis through phloem. Sucrose is transferred into sieve tubes of phloem via the companion cells using energy from ATP. This increases tthe osmotic pressure inside the sieve tubes which causes movement of water into the sieve tubes from the adjacent xylem. This pressure helps in translocation of material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. 0 you observe any difference in the two cases? lanswer: Yes. In the pot with plant, water droplets are found in the plastic sheet. It is due to the condensation of water vapour released by transpiration. in other pot, water droplets are not formed Removal of metabolic wastes from the body is called as excretion. Excretion in Unicellular organisms: Many unicellular organisms remove metabolic wastes from the body surface into the surrounding water by simple diffusion. Excretion in Human Beings: Excretory system of human beings includes: (A pair of kidneys (i!) A Urinary Bladder (ii) A pair of Ureters (iv) A Urethra The purpose of making urine is to filter out waste product from the blood i.e, urea which is produced in the liver. Each kidney has large numbers of filtration units called nephrons. The urine formation involves three steps. (i) Glomerular filtration: Nitrogenous wastes, glucose water, amino acid filter from the blood in blood capillaries into Bowman Capsule of the nephrons i) Selective reabsorption: Some substances in the initial filtrate, such as glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water are selectively reabsorbed back by capillaries surrounding the nephrons. (iii) Tubular secretion: Some ions like K+, H*, ete. are secreted into the tubule which opens up into the collecting duct. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through collecting duct into the ureters. Ureters takes urine into the urinary bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra. Release of urine is under nervous control. Excess oxygen and carbon dioside removed through stomata, Excess water removed by transpiration through stomata Plant waste products are also removed by * Storage in cellular vacuoles + Storage in leaves that fall of f + Storing as resins and gums in old xylem * By excreting into the soil around them. Excreatton tn Human Belng Ard funuze Bowman's capsule and glomerulus Filter the blood passing through them abular part of nephron Reabsorb some substances like glucose, amino acids, salts and a major amount of water Collecting duct Collect urine from nephrons and joins the ureter Collect urine from kidney s pass it on to urinary bladder Grinary bladder Store urine until the pressure of expanded bladder leads to the urge to pass it out v Geetha Excrete out urine from the body Vena Cave Renal Vein feral Fey Bouma, Glmeroivt Ureter Kedney Prbery ‘teep of Bladder eh collecting duct Vrethen What is Dialysis or Haemodialysis owe Dialysis is an artificial process used to remove water and waste substances from the blood when the kidneys fail to function properly, The word "HAEMO" refers to blood. Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste products such as potassium and urea, as well as free water from the blood when the kidneys are in renal failure The blood travels outside the body through tubing and passes through a filter of the dialysis machine. The filter cleans the blood and the clean blood is returned to your body ‘Sood Ting Fons Working Principle of Dialysis usa Dialysis works on the principles of the diffusion of ae solutes and ultrafiltration of fluid across a sae semipermeable membrane. Sh Diffusion describes a property of substances in water. Substances in water tend to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Airdaecapsemscnne Fre, Compre Why !s Dialysis (Haemodialysis) Necessary? Approximately 15 liters of blood are filtered by a healthy person's kidneys each day. We could not live if waste products were not removed from our kidneys. Without dialysis the amount of waste products in the blood would increase and eventually reach levels that would cause coma and death Functions of Dialysis (Haemodialysis) Cleanses the blood of accumulated waste products. Removes the by-products of protein metabolism such as urea, creatinine, and uric acid. Removes excessive fluids. Maintains or restores the buffer system of the body. Maintains or restores electrolyte levels. Frequently aghed queglions on Blood Presgure What is Blood Pressure? Answer - Blood Pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, especially the arteries as it flows through the body. How is Blood Pressure measured? Answer -Blood Pressure is measured using 4 device called a Sphygmomanometer. It consists of an inflatable cuff, 4 pressure gauge and a stethoscope or electronic sensor. What are the two types of Blood Pressure? Answer ~The two types of Blood Pressure are Systolic pressure and Diastolic pressure What is systolic pressure? Answer ~Systolic Blood Pressure measures the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the arteries when the heart beats and pumps blood out. it is the first number you hear when someone tells you their Blood Pressure What is Diastolic pressure? Answer ~Diastolic Blood Pressure is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed. It is the second number in a Blood Pressure reading What is 4 normal Blood Pressure reading? Answer -A normal Blood Pressure reading is generally considered to be less than 120/80 mmHg. What is Hypertension? Answer -Hypertension is 4 condition in which the force of the bloed pushing against the walls of the arteries is consistently too high It is also known as high Blood Pressure. What are the risk factors for high Blood Pressure? Answer -Some risk factors for high Blood Pressure include age, sex, weight, genetics, physical activity level and overall health. How does high Blood Pressure affect the body? Answer -High Blood Pressure can increase the risk of various health conditions like heart disease, stroke and kidney damage. How is high Blood Pressure treated? Answer -High Blood Pressure can be treated with lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise, as well as medication prescribed by 4 healthcare provider. Read te Notes and Answer tHe Quattor Question: Compare the functioning of alveoli in the lungs and nephrons in the kidneys with respect to their structure and functioning. Question: Describe the structure and functioning of nephrons. Question: How is the amount of urine produced requlated? Question: In which of the following groups of organisms, food material is broken down outside the body and absorbed? (a) Mushroom, green plants, Amoeba (b) Yeast, mushroom, bread mould (c) Paramecium, Amoeba, Cuscuta (d) Cuscuta, lice, tapeworm Question: Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true about respiration? (i) During inhalation, ribs move inward and diaphragm is raised (ii) In the alveoli, exchange of gases takes place i.e., oxygen from alveolar air diffuses into blood and carbon dioxide from blood into alveolar air Haemoglobin has greater affinity for carbon dioxide than oxygen (iv) Alveoli increase surface area for exchange of gases (a) (i) and (iv) (b) (ii) and (iit) (ec) (1) and (iii) (A) (ii) and (iv) Question: Which of the following statement (s) is (ave) true about heart? (i) Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from different parts of body while right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from lungs (ii) Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different body parts while right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs (iii) Left atrium transfers oxygenated blood to right ventricle which sends it to different body parts (iv) Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body while left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to different parts of the body (a) (i) (b) (ii) (c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iii) Question: Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with vaseline. Will this plant remain healthy for long? Give reasons for your answer. Question: Why do fishes die when taken out of water? Question: How do the guard cells requlate opening and closing of stomatal pores? Question:Lack of oxygen in muscles often leads to cramps among cricketers. This results due to (a) conversion of pyruvate to ethanol (b) conversion of pyruvate to glucose (c) non conversion of glucose to pyruvate (d) conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid

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