DIPLOMA ECE DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION
INTERNSHIP PROJECT
VIGNAN FOUNDATION FOR SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH
(DEEMED TO BE UNVERSITY, NAAC “A+”)
VADLAMUDI – 522213 , GUNTUR
ANDHRA PRADESH
PROJECT MANUAL
NAME :- Mr/Ms.
Reg No :-
DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION
DIPLOMA ECE
2022 – 2025
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DIPLOMA ECE DEPARTMENT OF POLYTECHNIC EDUCATION
CERTIFICATE
This is certify to that Mr/Ms.
Bearing that Reg No : is a student
of 2nd Year Diploma has completed his/her project in
INTERNSHIP during the academic year 2023 – 2024.
SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
DIRECTOR FAULTY
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HIGH PASS LC FILTER
Definition : A high-pass LC filter is an electronic circuit designed
to pass high-frequency signals while attenuating or blocking low-
frequency signals.
The General circuit diagram for the Low Pass LC Filter
The General given Formulas for LC Filter :
Given Formulas :-
1
L= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 C
1
C= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 L
1
fc = 2 π √ LC
Where ,
L is the Inductance,
C is the Capacitance,
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fc is the cut-off frequency.
The calculations of the low pass LC Circuit :
Given Formulas :-
1
L= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 C
1
C= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 L
1
fc = 2 π √ LC
Capacitor :-
1
C= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 L
1 -9
= 4∗3.14∗3.14∗5.3∗5.3∗1.506 *10
1 -9
= 1668.3 *10
= 0.00059nF
Inductor :-
1
L= 4 π 2 ( fc ) 2 C
1 -9
= 4∗3.14∗3.14∗5.3∗5.3∗0.0006 *10
1 -9
= 0.664 *10
= 1.506nH.
Frequency :-
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1
fc = 2 π √ LC
1
= 2∗3.14∗√ 1.506∗0.0006 *109
1 9
= 0.184 *10
= 5.43GHz.
The Worked circuit diagram is given below:
TermG TermG
TermG1 C TermG2
Num=1 C1 Num=2
L
Z=50 Ohm C=0.0003 nF {t} Z=50 Ohm
L1
L=1.8 nH {t}
R=
S-PARAMETERS
S_Param
SP1
Start=0.1 GHz
Stop=10 GHz
Step=0.01 GHz
The Resultant is shown below :
m1
freq= 5.350GHz
dB(S(1,2))=-3.023
0 m1
-10
-20
dB(S(1,2))
dB(S(1,1))
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
freq, GHz
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Both high and low pass filters are widely used within LC
circuits.
These LC Filters provide must better performance than RC
circuits.
In many respects high pass filters are the inverse of each other.
The low pass filter passes signals below the cut-off frequency, and
not appreciably attenuating the signal within the pass-band as
shown.
Basic Components of LC Filter :
The basic components of an LC filter include:
1. Inductor (L): An inductor is a passive electronic component that
stores energy in a magnetic field when electric current flows
through it. Inductors resist changes in current and are
represented by the symbol 'L' in circuit diagrams.
2. Capacitor (C): A capacitor is another passive electronic
component that stores and releases electrical energy. It consists
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of two conductive plates separated by an insulating material.
Capacitors resist changes in voltage and are represented by the
symbol 'C' in circuit diagrams.
3. Resistor (R) : Though LC filters are primarily made up of
inductors and capacitors, resistors are sometimes added to the
circuit for damping or impedance matching purposes. Resistors
are represented by the symbol 'R' in circuit diagrams.
4. Input: The input of the LC filter is the signal that needs to be
filtered.
5. Output: The output is the filtered signal that is obtained after
passing through the LC filter.
There are different types of LC filters, such as low-pass, high-pass,
band-pass, and band-stop (notch) filters, each designed to allow
specific frequencies to pass through while attenuating others. The
arrangement and combination of inductors and capacitors determine
the type of filter and its filtering characteristics.
Working Principle of High Pass LC Filter :
A high-pass LC filter allows high-frequency signals to pass
through while attenuating low-frequency signals. It consists of a
capacitor (C) in series with the input signal and an inductor (L) in
parallel with the load or the output. Here's how a high-pass LC filter
works and its operating principle:
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1. Low-Frequency Signals:
Low-frequency signals have a longer wavelength and change
relatively slowly over time.
When a low-frequency signal is applied to the high-pass LC filter, the
capacitor has a low impedance (acts like a short circuit) at low
frequencies. Therefore, the low-frequency signals encounter low
resistance in the capacitor and pass through it to the output.
2. High-Frequency Signals:
High-frequency signals have a shorter wavelength and change rapidly
over time.
At high frequencies, the capacitor exhibits high impedance (acts like
an open circuit). High-frequency signals encounter high resistance in
the capacitor and are blocked from passing through it to the output.
Simultaneously, the inductor has low impedance at high frequencies.
High-frequency signals encounter low resistance in the inductor,
allowing them to flow through the inductor to the output.
By appropriately selecting the values of the inductance (L) and
capacitance (C), designers can control the cutoff frequency of the
high-pass LC filter. The cutoff frequency (fc) is the frequency at which
the filter begins to attenuate the signals significantly. It is determined
by the formula:
fc=1/2πLC
fc is the cutoff frequency in Hertz (Hz).
L is the inductance in Henrys (H).
C is the capacitance in Farads (F).
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At frequencies significantly above the cutoff frequency, the
impedance of the capacitor becomes very high, and the capacitor
effectively blocks the low-frequency components, allowing only high-
frequency signals to pass through to the output.
In summary, the high-pass LC filter selectively allows high-frequency
signals to pass through while attenuating low-frequency signals,
making it useful in applications where removing or reducing low-
frequency noise or interference is necessary.
Advantages of LC High Pass Filter :
High-pass LC filters offer several advantages in various
electronic applications due to their frequency-selective properties.
Here are some of the advantages of using high-pass LC filters:
1. Frequency Selectivity: High-pass LC filters provide precise
frequency selectivity, allowing specific high-frequency signals to
pass through while attenuating lower-frequency signals. This
selective filtering capability is crucial in applications where
specific frequency ranges need to be isolated or amplified.
2. Simplicity: High-pass LC filters consist of just two passive
components—an inductor and a capacitor. This simplicity
makes them easy to design, cost-effective, and reliable
compared to active filters, which require additional
components like operational amplifiers.
3. Low Insertion Loss: High-pass LC filters typically have low
insertion loss, meaning they do not significantly attenuate the
signals they are designed to pass. This characteristic is
important in applications where signal strength needs to be
maintained.
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4. High-Quality Factor (Q): LC filters can achieve high-quality
factors, indicating a narrow bandwidth and steep roll-off
characteristics. A high-Q filter means that the filter response is
concentrated around the cutoff frequency, providing excellent
selectivity.
5. No External Power Supply: High-pass LC filters do not require
an external power supply since they are passive components.
This can be an advantage in applications where power
consumption needs to be minimized, or where a power source
is not readily available.
6. Low Noise: LC filters do not contribute to the noise in the signal
because they are passive components and do not introduce
additional thermal noise, making them suitable for applications
where low noise is crucial.
7. High Power Handling Capacity: LC filters can handle high power
levels without distortion, making them suitable for applications
where high-power signals need to be filtered.
8. Stability and Reliability: LC filters are stable over a wide range
of operating conditions and are not prone to issues such as
thermal drift, making them reliable in various environments.
9. Versatility: High-pass LC filters can be easily combined with
other passive and active components to create more complex
filter configurations, allowing engineers to tailor the filter
response to specific application requirements.
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Due to these advantages, high-pass LC filters find applications in
various fields, including audio systems, radio frequency
communication, instrumentation, and signal processing, where
selective filtering of high-frequency components is necessary.
Disadvantages of LC High Pass Filter :
While high-pass LC filters offer several advantages, they also
have some limitations and disadvantages:
1. Limited Frequency Range: High-pass LC filters are effective in
filtering high-frequency signals but are not suitable for very
high frequencies, such as those in the microwave range. At
extremely high frequencies, parasitic elements and non-ideal
behaviors become significant, limiting the filter's performance.
2. Size and Weight: Inductors and capacitors used in LC filters can
be bulky and heavy, especially when dealing with high power or
high-frequency applications. This can be a limitation in compact
or weight-sensitive electronic devices.
3. Tolerance and Sensitivity: LC filters are sensitive to component
tolerances. Small variations in inductance or capacitance values
can lead to significant changes in the filter's performance.
Achieving precise component values can be challenging and
may require careful manufacturing techniques.
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4. Limited Slope: LC filters typically have a gradual roll-off slope,
especially in comparison to active filters. This gradual transition
between the passband and stopband can be a limitation in
applications where a steep roll-off is required to sharply
attenuate unwanted frequencies.
5. Nonlinear Behavior: Inductors and capacitors exhibit nonlinear
behavior at high frequencies or high power levels. Nonlinear
effects can distort the filtered signal, affecting the overall
performance of the filter.
6. Temperature Sensitivity: Inductance and capacitance values
can change with temperature variations, affecting the filter's
cutoff frequency. This temperature sensitivity can be a concern
in applications where the filter's performance needs to remain
stable over a wide temperature range.
7. Parasitic Elements: Real-world inductors and capacitors have
parasitic elements such as resistance, stray capacitance, and
mutual inductance, which can affect the filter's behavior and
limit its performance. Designers need to carefully consider
these parasitic elements to achieve the desired filter response.
8. Passive Losses: Passive components inherently introduce losses
due to their resistance. In high-pass LC filters, these losses can
reduce the overall filter efficiency, especially in high-frequency
applications where low loss is crucial.
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9. Limited Tunability: Once constructed, LC filters are generally
not easily tunable without physically changing the components.
This lack of tunability can be a disadvantage in applications
where the filter requirements might change frequently.
Despite these limitations, high-pass LC filters remain valuable in
many applications, especially when their advantages align with the
specific filtering needs of a particular electronic system. Designers
often weigh these disadvantages against the advantages and choose
the appropriate filter type based on the specific requirements of
their applications.
Applications of LC High Pass Filter :
LC low-pass filters are widely used in various electronic
applications to allow low-frequency signals to pass through while
attenuating high-frequency signals. Their ability to filter out high-
frequency noise and interference makes them invaluable in different
areas of electronics. Here are some common applications of LC low-
pass filters:
1. Audio Systems: LC low-pass filters are used in audio systems to
filter out high-frequency noise and interference from audio
signals, ensuring clear sound quality. They are often employed
in speaker crossovers to direct low-frequency signals to woofers
and high-frequency signals to tweeters.
2. Power Supplies: LC low-pass filters are used in power supplies
to reduce ripple voltage or noise in the output. They smooth
out the rectified AC voltage, providing a more stable DC voltage
for electronic devices.
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3. Radio Frequency (RF) Applications: LC low-pass filters are used
in RF circuits to filter out harmonics and spurious signals. They
help ensure that only the desired frequency range is
transmitted or received, improving the signal quality in
communication systems.
4. Analog Signal Conditioning: In analog signal processing, LC low-
pass filters are used to remove high-frequency noise from
sensor signals. This is crucial in applications where accurate
measurement of analog signals is necessary, such as in sensors
for temperature, pressure, or strain.
5. Instrumentation: LC low-pass filters are utilized in various
instrumentation applications where unwanted high-frequency
noise needs to be eliminated or attenuated. This is common in
oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers, and other measurement
devices.
6. Video Signal Processing: LC low-pass filters are used in video
signal processing to remove high-frequency noise and artifacts
from video signals, ensuring a clear and stable image on
displays.
7. DC Motor Drives: LC low-pass filters are employed in DC motor
drives to smooth out the current waveform, reducing
electromagnetic interference and ensuring smooth operation of
the motor.
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8. Medical Devices: LC low-pass filters are used in medical devices
such as electrocardiography (ECG) machines and medical
imaging equipment to filter out noise and ensure accurate
signal measurement.
9. Home Electronics: LC low-pass filters are used in various home
electronics, including televisions and radios, to improve signal
quality by eliminating unwanted high-frequency noise from
broadcast signals.
10. Telecommunications: LC low-pass filters find applications
in telecommunications equipment to remove high-frequency
noise from communication signals, ensuring clear and reliable
transmission of data and voice signals.
These applications highlight the importance of LC low-pass filters
in ensuring the proper functioning and performance of electronic
devices across different industries.
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