WORK » Work definition in physies used tn @ restricted manner. Work defined in terms ‘of force. _ @ 3 Are Work done by F 4) Feo i) a Gl in displacement 7 4 7 7 0 i ! Atom és — S$ — B 's R.Se (Fees®).$ A => Work done by FoF.s - When @ force acts upon a body to produce a displacement , the work done by the force is definel as the product. displacement and the component of e in the direction of displacement. ie. @ is C between Fand Fin displacement diredion:Work We F.Scos® + No displacement implies 0 work lone. - Work is a scalar quan tinty, mo direction association. . Units of work ; Product of force & displacement => Unit of force x unit af length SJ. (N) x fm) = Nm menton- meter » But Nm = joule [5]o1T is work clone IN force acting th a distance of 4 me 9 my fe. AJ = TN m ° Other units of work are: foot- pound (#4Lb) 10775 ergs, ete a ry Me many joules work are clone bya force in [i ting @ moss of 2k upward a distance Sm? Work in J = force in Nx distance in m To get @: Femg= 2kqx U8me~ J = J = 19. oN os Work, We 19.6 Nx 3m = 58.87 * ir A force of 10lb is used 4 move a * across @ horizontal floor a distance of De. If the fore makes an an, ra 30° with the floor, how much wor ae We F.¢ cosB = lOlbxSftx 00s 30° = 50 Stele x O86 = 43-3 ft-lb Work done against Gravity * Force os on object of mass m'ts: its wt w= m9 “2 Same magnitude “force ig needed to lift obyéet- same direction as force > F =mg, f displacemerd is hThen work done against gevity is We mgh [* we Fsend | Sth, cosOal ©On hei ht h isi | inst eels taken in thing to pole hus gral. uf “Tr nae : et +H. Whether one uses stairs or lft only h is involved, work done in beth cases has same magnitude, An obyéct moved parallel tr earth's, inglits no work against gravity , sinte h= Feomple. aking & banana enables q person % peo 4x lott of work. To ere ie he does eating @ banena enable « 6dlk9 girl & climb? SoLuTIOn From W=mgh, we have h= WwW mm) ' = axo'J obey X4 gms?)POWER « What is the meanin of power? . POWER 1S THE TIME RATE OF DOING Woek PF power Pig equal to work divided by kime. Power = work =W 7] time t tsj SI. units: work isin J, and time in S unit of power isthe watt. symbol [W) lwatt = 1W = 1% For motors, engines , power is measured tn horse power “(hp ) {hp =z 74a6w Power can be related to force if F dlisplaces an object by a distance X, then We F.™, Vv ' e 2 - ‘ -W - EX) _ dlisplecement ie 5m = & (ig) but (%) = Vy (speed) => Pr RY or Pe FveoP B= k between FAV Pew is Commonly re-written as : we PE Work, = Power x timePower measured en kilowatts & time in hrs. Thus a source of pewer oloes work elefined’ Ss; kWh = = A (ie (268 s) = 3.6x10° a 3.6% 108 J EXAMPLE | An eleclric motor exerts a force of 4.00N on a cable and pulls it a distance of 20m in min. Find the power supplied oy the moter. SoLuTION Pew = 400 Me Bin = 12000Nm wow EXAMPLE 2. An dleelvic motor with (SkW out a, N streweg ee for the elevator of a 6-store wilding mast ofthe lvaded elev i ie ee ,whak is the minimum bime needed for ik to” rise om from ground to top floor? SOLUTION wemgh « since P= WA * time meeded Pr 3om cise is. t= W = (1000kg )(.8ms*X 30m) P 19x 1O8W = 20sENERGY E. is th ty that gi thir the Capacity te! dlp wath ‘ INES Someching ie." abihly to do work.. Werk done on something , is equal t amount of energy added to it. Broad categories of energy: 1. Kinetic energy , possessed by victue of motion. a, i , possessed by victue of positon, 3.Restenergy , possessed by “virtue of mass. Kinetre energy (KE) energy of motion To find KE an object possesses, consider work done % give i “motion. 7 vce in_motion Is shopped, i+ gives up Ss amount of anergy. Suppose ct mass m is ot cest then 4 ce EF. is applied to give ita dis placenent: 3 in the direction € force . Newton's 2° Law : Fema fem * W = F.geos0 = mascosd but csP=! = MAS 4 constemt accln, e=V,42as, mass from rest. VjzO- Vy #04 2as=2as ti) \y'= as but the aedn = as Fy Let us subshtube Fm in i for a ee 2 yin =Fs. rewrite os = hmv; Work. oe n by ea thet : $ _ result . = es on? ” |KE= Ye mvg KE « uv" Werk done on mass= KE ef mass $1 id of KE is same os work L joules] rhe J Soree is required ty a bullet that has mess Of 13 159 ond lity of 400m/s in a distance “of 20 SOLUTION Forcex distance = AKE (Change in KE) FrO.2m= '6 (0.015k9 )(400m/:) O.2F = 1200 ky mi/e2 fer 3] e. Force Fs !2007 5 GOON 0.2mWORK- ENERGY THEOREM FOR NET FORCE v — Lae Wagen mass m moving in *ve x-direction under influence of 2 forces, ois Resultant force Fret wiry Zax in x-direction Fig ema : xp Pass replacing Ox by initial and final velocities relation using Vy" -Ve= Zax > a, <(y*-V.)/2x Foes m (v;*% Ve) Wek LO 2x r carmen ee \ 7 Fagk = amy -lgmve = AKE eneégylte) But Fe = werk dene on wegen b lene ee JShus Work done onthyect by Feo chonge in obyéct’s KE lork, done b ‘Fy = amy," - bmve = AKE Work-energy theorem for net force . Net Loree in direction f motion increases KE Net stopping force decreases KEEvomple A 2000 kg car travelling of 20mi/s coasts rest on a” level ground@in a distance of 100m. How Large is thé average frietion force on the car? SOLUTION — + ob foree 190° —= a n ts ens, ——— = friction foree F. Work on retardation by $ ts W= £scos 180 since § distance covered is opposite te £ We, = FS cos 180 =k mv, -Gmvy = AKE £ (oOm)(=1) = 'g: 2000.0 - ty 2000.(20m6) = 9 <= 1000. 400 . - = o POTENTIAL ENERGY (PE) PE possessed virtue of position. fa ne sweet gh height h, i+ falls 5 ground with inereasing speed. 2 titan. in wend o's Orvai te s acs {.) work. : algh Jit ard fon resk. Work done in falling +5 round ts called intial en mbal PE To enise Gene m ‘ height h W= mgSame amount of work ig done in Falling thr’ oe PE smgh sometimes called avitational poentil energy GPE. canes | Tf your textbook has a mass of Ika and is held? Oem above a desk. We 2an Rind the PE. PE =mgh= (19) (4.8ms7)6.1m) = 0.987 with resped ts the desk. Suppese st is im above the floor, then PE: =mgh = Cikg)(48msVXIm) = 4.85 ai a a . It is oper & specify reference point scatter iemicin EXAMPLE Let us compare the PE of 1200kq car ontop of a hill 3om high with its KE when moving at 100 km/h SOLUTION Car's PE reletive +o bottom PE =mgh = (1200kq 19-8 ms* 30m) =3.5* fo J but . KE = bmv*= &% (200k ) (lopsic’n) 2 46x10°s 3600 Case of KE greater than PE . = erash info stationary obyéct at 1OOkm/h is ‘More damaging pan a 30m drop .€ an ob) does mot belong +5 st exclusively, but a properly atthe systen, e.g stone above earth’ sucfore, its PE ig shared between it and earth. Stone dropped beth eotth & Stne move towards each other, but earths motion is negligible, So PE assigned to stone. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY + Fundamental Law of. nekure. . Principle stotes that, “a system isolated from the cest ofthe universe alwoeys hos constart amount of ener y» although energy transformations feom one fern 3 another ‘may secur inthe | system. ™ «Chemistry : total moss of products of @ chemical seactionis = tetel mass of origina! Substances . «In shorb energy cand be created nor destroued 5 if may trensform from form 45 aot: Total never a es. * Falling stone, PE converted t KE, so that~ total remains the Some, At get PESPE, KE=O at end PE=O & KE =PEa9. PE of 1kg ball 50m above greunel is 4905 until «+ “interacts with ground transferring energy to &. Height be PE=mgh KE clgmy* PE+KE 50m @ 4%0T ° 490J 4om w et 392 98 4403 somos 294 196 490 2om 196 294 490 10 98 392 490 o e 0 490 490 BYAMPLE A skier is sliding downhill at constant . speed of 8.0m/s “when she resches an ic tch on which her skis move with negligible friction. If the icy patch is 1Om high, what is the skier$ speed at the botto Ms SOm/s aoe SOLUTIO pet bbe a oo applying Fe ma But using ConseevATiON of ENERGY problem ig si mplified . :At top of icy patch , initial kinetre energy is: KE=Yomvy* , ve 8.0m/s & her PE eelative to bottom of patch is: PE = mgh » he lom At bollom skies KE cs KE,= KE,4PE Yemy,* = Igmy,'+mgh - divide thru’ by m Vy" =v, + 2gh éx by2 Vy =¥V"+29h = Us.omm/s) H2X4-8ni* ion) = 16 m/s Noke we did not know the ekierS mass to get her final speed! CONSERVATIVE AND NON- CONSERVATIVE FoRCES. + Work done on som ething can give PE which reappears “as work. 7) stone throwh Up. 1) Work done oppens as KE a Gradually K joes info PE 2) At summit stone has only PE 4) Stone falls, PE conve to KE 3) Stohe hits ground making a hole KEW KE or. Ene is used up in eppesi fictional forces. 5 aubble tu00 ps of Coed Sesill in heal, | =7 work against Frictional force yields temp. rise, WORK DONE ON OBJECT = CHANGE IN DBBIECTS KE + CHANGE IN OBJECTS PE + WORK DONE BY oRTJECT *KE 6 PE of an object may increase or decrease + Work clone by on object mex) be converted t heat EXAMPLE ai | ’ A 259 box is pulled up a ramp 20m long an 3:0 hi by a chant lrce of 1200. HF he box Sharts~frowt rest and hos a peed of 2.0m/s at the top, what is the frictional force behwoeen the box and the ramp? SOLUTION . Work-enerqy theorem shbes thed the total work b/ done ry ‘a F '20N must equal Wy dlone again Lee (-» heat) plus change in KE Fe !20N W.= We +OKE + APE ve 2 : ws } AA" > Wye W- AKE-APE ee ? Total, work done is W=F.s =(120NX 20m) = 24007 Zt stacts from cest .. AKE = KE at top of rem AKE='omv*s & (28ky)(2.002)* “507Change in PE of box is: APE =mgh = (25kq (4¢me*X3pm) = 7357 hence Wy = W>AKE-APE = 2400J- 50J-735T = 16155 Because Wy =A.s then the frictional force is: Fy = We = 1615T = 8&IN Ss 20m Consewakive forces include :/GRAVITATIONAL, — | Isanene ,& ELASTIC FORCES | « Work a guch forces depends only on end pSints of motion of an obyéct hey act: on 1. Path taken is immakerial 2. Work done can re-oppear as KE. Work done on NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE 4 Depends on path taken 2. Does not give tise t PE. €9. frictional foites , viscosity , pulls & pushes. s> Fis ow ‘e Work done from A to B changed into : heat, Sound ete and canned be recovered by ging back. through same path . 7? «¢@f¢ete-conservati do not conserve vee PE an vee they bry on. Example . A 6259 block sluts t shide up a 30° incline with initial ¢peed of 2.2m/s. It stops after sliding HOem and slides back clown. Asgumi the friction force impeding its motion & be constant, a) how large is the frictional foree and b) whak isthe blocks speed as it reaches the bottom? a \ SOLUTION Ne. OKE = SPE ‘amy*= mg.ssin30°+ f.s (0-625 kg)(a2miy's (0:625kq Wo-4 n)(9-Bmd 0-5 HOUF 1.513 = 1.225 #0.4f fie ng1B-1225 = 0-719N ~~ O-4 b) Energy @qn down incline ts: APE = DkKE4W, mg.s sin = mvs £5 (0-625 by Xamfe(0-40)(0-5) = (0.625)(VF (0-719) b40) 2 solving furvel Vs 173m/s_ a) Use conservotion of od up the incline. é Wg =)EXAMPLE A voller coaster car starts at the tops 12m rest ( poiatA) with s Vv, =0 an climbs to the next crest (point 8.4m). How fast will it be moving when st _ point & if the tmek is (ctionless§ SOLUTION Friction absent, .. total mechanical energy of the system is constant. © ie. PEt KE carhas at beth A&B from Conservation of energy is: PE, + KE, + Pi 4 KE, Starts from vest =p initial KE=0 . mgh, +O mgh, + mv? gh, = gh, + Yev™ selving fory V* © 29(h,—h, ) yrs 2a gngKI2e - Yn) v= 58:8m'’s* [58-gm's* = 7.64 m/s VvEXAMPLE (ON POWER DELIVERED BY A MOTOR, ! An elevator has a mass of 1000kq and carries a maximum load of 800 kg. A constant frietional force ef A000N retards it3 motion upword,as Shown . What minimum horsepower must the motor deliver to Lift the Fully loaded elevator of @ a speed of Syn/s? motet lu! Meter 4 ies T for uapueed oo iFeo ¢ fr =O since Vis constant t . $ a Th Fong non T=F+mg 7 moss ie. elevator m + — ie Books | tw => T=44 mg = AnIN + ( sei? kg N9.80ms~ ) = 2.16 x10°N From Ps Fv and fact thet Tis same direction as Vv (FeT) we have Ps Tv #(2-16x10"NYS m/s) = 6-48 10 =64.8kW er = 64¢x10'W gee 86. -Ahp.