'W.B. COUNCIL’S 2019 QUES. PAPER SOLVED PART - A (MARKS : 52) SECTION - Il (GROUP - B) Answer the following questions in short (Alternatives are tobe noted): — 2x5=10 1, Acarbon resistor is coloured with four different bands — red, green, orange and silver respectively. Find the range of its probable resistance. 2 Ans. Red: 2, green : 5, orange : 3, zeroes, silver : 10% error Resistance = 25000 + 10%Q 10% of 250002 = 25002 Range of the resistance = (25000 - 2500) to (25000 + 2500) = 225000 to 275002 Or, E.M.F. of an electrical cell is 2 volt. A 10 resistance is joined at its two ends then potential difference is measured 1.6 volts. Find out the internal resistance and lost volt. 144 Ans. Lost volt = 2-1.6=0.4V Current through this circuit, i-tey. O16 A Internal resistance, r=!" = lost volt __0.4V on 1 0.164 2. A copper wire of length | metre is bent to form a circular loop. If i amp current flows through the loop, find out the magnitude of magnetic moment of the loop. 2 = 2.52 Ans. Circumference. = 2nr=! or, r= So, area of the loop, A =ar® Magnitude of magnetic moment, Pp =iA = TA m? Or, Write down the Bio-Savart law. Show its vector form. 4+1 ‘Ans. The magnitude of the magnetic field of P due to element of current carrying conductor is given by db xi db x dl .. db x sind aBx Magnetude of magnetic field Wo idlsine dB= an?7) jj | (Vector form) \. Name any two electromagnetic waves. State any one similarity and one dissimilarity between them. 141 Ans. (i) Radio wave (ii) gamma rays Similarity : Each is transverse wave travelling with the velocity of light. Dissimilarity : Radio waves are used as carrier waves in distant communication, but gamma rays cannot be. On the other hand, gamma rays can initiate reactions, whereas, radio waves cannot. 4. How many @ and 8 particles are emitted when U* changes to Pb* due to radioactivity ? Atomic numbers of U* and Pb are 92 and 82 respectively. 1+1 Ans. Let, x = number of a -particles emitted y=number of b-paricles emitted Decrease in mass number = 4x Decrease in atomic number = (2x —y) Here, 4x = 238 — 206 = 32 or, x= And, 2x-y =92-82= 10 or, y= 2x-10=2x8-10=6 5. A TV tower is 120 m high. How much more height is to be added to it if its coverage range is to become double ? 2 Ans. Coverage range, d= /2hR , Where h = height of the TV tower As R =radius of the earth = constant, de: /h , so d becomes double when h becomes 4 times. . New height of the tower = 4 x 120 = 480m .’. Increase in height = (480 - 120) = 360m : Or, Draw a neat diagram of Amplitude Modulate Wave. Write down the formula of ‘Modulation Index’. 141 Ans.Am Modulation Index = [ S| Ac Modulation index may be defined as the ratio of the amplitude of modulated wave to the amplitude of the carrier wave. (GROUP - C) Answer the following, questions in short (Alternatives are to be noted) : 3x9=27 i. Gauss’ theorem. With the help of this theorem, find out the electrical intensity at any nearby point due to a uniformly charged thin and long straight wire. = 142 | a 1 Ans. Gauss’ theorem : The net electric flux linked with a closed surface is é times the net charge within the surface. E=0 if} 0 Let us consider a long, straight and thin current carrying wire. Now let us consider a point P at a distance r E from the 4 wire. Hence we can consider a cylindrical gaussian surface having radius r and length /. Let +A. be the linear charge density. ~The considered cylinder enclose a charge 2/ 1) Now forthe two faces of the cylinder, there is no e(?) electric flux. ~, Net electric flux through the surface - Distance = feds =E2nr1 AL Now according to Gauss’ theorem, E.2R/ = of = 4ne,t Or, Define electrical dipole moment. An electrical dipole is placed within a uniform electric field (E) and is rotated to an angle 0 = 180° . Find out the work done. 142 ~AAfis. Two equal and opposite charges +q, separated by a distance vector 7 directed from —q to +q, form an electric dipole. Its dipole moments is P = 4! a - eleRs ae Tete [fel Be Torque on an electric dipole in an electric field 7? is !ts magnitude is, t = pE sin®, where @ = angle between , and 7: Work done to rorate the dipole from 0° to 180° is, We=faw [a0 190 PE |" sinodo = pE[-cos 0]9°° = 2pE \7- (a) On what factors does the capacitance of a capacitor depend ? Ans. Area of each plate, distance between the capacitor plates and the intermediate medium are the factors on which the capacitance depends. (0) Two capacitors of capacitance 20 |! F and 60 |! F are connected in series. If the Potential difference between the two ends of the combination is 40 volt, calculate the terminal potential difference of each capacitor. 142 Ans. In series combination, the charge q on both the capacitors is the same. As V = FB I Pos 4 we have V x é Here, ratio between the capacitance = , $0 the ratio between the terminal potential differences = ; So, the total volage of 40V will be distributed as 30V and 10V. ene) Derive an expression for the torque on a rectangular coil of area. A carrying a urrent | ‘and placed in a uniform magnetic field B. Indicate the direction of the torque acting on the loop. Ans. PQRS is a rectangular conductor. Its length, PQ = RS =/ and breadth, QR = PS =b. So, the area of the rectangular face of the conductor, Ib. This rectangular conductor is placed in a rotation. axis of Fh. Gabioiation R —9 A magnetic field B in such a way that (i) PQ and RS are perspendicular to the magnetic field and (ii) the surface PQRS is parallel to the magnetic field. If a current | is sent through the conductor, (i) no | current force acts on the arms QR and PS as they are parallel to the magnetic field, (ii) magnitude of the force ( F ) acting on each of the arms PQ and RS, F = Bl Applying Fleming's left hand rule, we see that these two equal forces are downward and upward, respectively and hence they constitute a couple. a the perpendicular distance between these two forces is QR = PS = b, the moment of the couple, i.e., torque acting on the coil is, T=Bilb = BIA vn (1) and due to this:torque the coil starts to rotate. Instead of a single turn, if the conducting coil has N turns, torque acting on it. 1=BNIA w= (2) Equations (1) and (2) show that, the torque T depends only on area A of the coil, This means that the shape of the coil is not important. Instead of a rectangular coil, a coil of any other shape of eugal area my be used to obtain the same torque Seeeed (b) Define electromagnetic unit of current. 2+ om The current which flowing through a conducting work of length 1 cm, bent in the of an are of a circle of radious 1 cm, produces a magnetic intensity of 10e at the centre of arc, is called 1 e.m.u of current. ) What do you mean by angle dip at a place ? At what place on the earth's -slee wa ea hosizoradl orc rte cepa of eaten macriamTOld be equal? V4+1 Ans. The angle made by the intensity of earth's magnetic field with the horizontal at any place on the earth is called dip or angle of dip at that place. Ata place where the angle of dip is 45°, horizonatal and vertical components are H = \ ' and V = Isi = ie sings? => SOV =H. Mention how the relative magnetic permeability differs for diamagnetic, ind ferromagnetic substances. 1 Ans. The relative magnetic permeability for different substances is stated as follows : () Diamagnetic substances — slightly less than 1 (ii) Paramagnetic substances - slightly greater than 1 (ii) Ferromagnetic substances — high (usually 10° to 10°) __3-(a) What is wavefront of a wave ? ‘Ans. As a wave generated from a source spreads in all directions through vacuum or a medium, the locus (line or surface) of the points in the path of wave which are in equal phase at any moment is called a wavetront. Prove the laws of reflection by using Hygen’s principle. Ze ‘Ans. Laws of reflection : Using Huygen’s principle, laws of reflectiot¥ of light can be proved. Reflection of a plane wavefront from a plane reflecting surface is shown if Fig. Let AC, part of plane wavefront, perpendicular to the plane of paper, be incident on the surface of a plane reflector XY. Note that the plane wavefront and the plane of paper intersect each other along line AC. The plane of paper and the plane of reflector are also perpendicular to each other. According to Huygens’, each point on wavefront AC acts as a source of secondary wavelet, Let at time t = 0, one end of @ point A, an arc of radius CF is drawn. Assuming c to be under consideration, we have CF = ct. Tangent FI cted wavefront after time t.se Te The perpendiculars M,A and M,F drawn on the incident wavefront AC are the incident rays and the perpendiculars AM', and FM’, drawn on the reflected wavefront DF are the Corresponding reflected rays, NA and NF are the normals drawn at the points incidients on the reflector. MAN = angle of incidence (i) and “ MFN' = angle of reflection (r) According to Fig. CAF = 90°— /NAC = “MAC— ZNAC = ¢MAN and ZAFD = 90°- “NED = /M{FD- /NFD = (MIFN' =r ‘ADF = 90?, CF = AD = ct and AF is the common side, Now from AACF and AAFD, AC Hence the triangles are congruent “. ZCAF = ZAFD Angle of incidence (i) = angle of reflection (r) Thus one of the laws of reflection is proved. AC, FD and AF are the lines of intersection of incident wavefront, reflected wavefront and plane of the reflector with the plane of paper respentively, which means AC, FD and AF* lie on the plane of paper. Hence the perpendiculars to these lines, thats, incident ray (M.A or M.F), reflected ray (AM', or FM’,) and the perpendicular to the reflector (AN or FN) at the Point of incidence lie on the same plane. Thus, the other law of reflection is also prove ; In Young's double slit experiment, what is the effect on the interference pattern (i) the distance between the two slits is halved. (ii) the distance between the screen and the plane of slits is doubled. (iil) one of the slits is covered with translucent paper. 14141 Da Ans. Fringe width ¥= 35 (i) Distance 2d between the slits is halved, then y is doubled. (i) Distance D between the screen and the plane of the slits is doubled, then again y is doubled. i) Due to increase in the optical path for rays passing through the covered sit, the fringe pattern will be displaced sideways. 10. (a) In case of refraction write down the relation between critical angle and refractive index of the denser medium. Ans. Let 7PON, = @ = critical angle between the two media, water and air, which implies that the angle of refraction is 90°. If the refractive index of air with respect to water is wa, then veo a sin90' ally So, the value of the critical angle depends on the refractive index of one medium with respect to another. Ifthe medium is a and b and then, u., > Ht, then, 1 1 bla refractive index of denser medium with respect to rarer medium sing, =H» _ absolute refractive index of medium b Ha absolute refractive index of medium a(b) For minimum deviation §,,, assuming that angle of incidence = angle of emergence, show that the refractive index of the material of the prism is im tA A 2 /sin 2’ Where A is refractive angle of the prism. . 2 he Ans. We know that in case of refraction through a prism, the angle of deviation of a ray +i,—A and the angle of the prism, A =r, +r, For minimum deviation, i, =i, Again when i, = i, then r, So, angle of minimum deviation, Bn =i +i,=A=2i,-A A+5m or, i= Again, A=r, +1, =2r, or, W=5 Now considering refraction at the face AB we have, angle of incidence = i, and angle of refraction = If the refractive index of the material of the prism is «then, A+ bm sin lig tae int, A sin 2 So; if we know the values of the angle of the prism A, and the angle of minimum deviation 8,, We can determine the value of the refractive index of the material of the prism. r, (a) An object of height 2.5 cm is placed perpendicularly on the principle axis of 3 a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance of “f. What will be the nature of the image of the object and its height ? 2 ‘Ans. For concave mirror, the focal length f is actually -f, using the proper sign. =! gives, =; gives, or, V=3f The positive sign of V means that the image is formed on the opposite side, so it is a virtual image. Magnification Bata) ~. Image height = 4 x 2.5 = 10cm person uses spectacles of power +2D. What type of defect of visionis it? 1 \S. The lens is convex. So the defect is long sight or hypermetropia. It is the defect of the eye due to which we cannot see the near objects distinctly. The defect is attributed to either of the two causes : (i) The eyeball has become too short. (ii) The focal length of the eye lens has become too long. 11. (a) Under what potential difference should an electron be accelerated to obtain de Broglie wavelength of 0.6? (h = 6.62 x 10 J-s, m, = 9.1 x 10°" kg) Ans. de Broglie wavelength, 2. =smart 2 or, v= hr — 2mer? a (6.62 x 10)? a <_) __ = 418 Volt 2x (9.1109) x (1.6 x 10-1) x (0.61071)? _brsive an example of production of electron by photon. 2H ‘Ans. Photoelectric effect. Or; Write down Einstein's photoelectric equation. Ans. Einstein's photoelectric equation : (i) Photoelectric current a the rate of emission of photoelectron depend on the infensity of radiation. (ii) The maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron depend on the frequency of radiation (ii) Stopping potential depend on the frequency of radiation. (b) Light rays of wavelength A and 4/2 are incident on a photosensitive metal surface. If the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelcetrons from the metal surface in 2nd case be 3 times the maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectrons in the 1st case, then determine the work function of the metal. 142 Ans. E,.. = ht-W, he Ist case, Emax = ae Wo 2he he SE pce 2nd case, 3Emax = 575 lo . (a) How are the characteristic X - rays specturm formed ? ‘Ans. When high energy cathode rays fall on the target of an X-ray tube, deep rooted electrons on the target atoms may come out. If, say, a K-shell electron comes out of an atom, the vacancy is filled up by an electron of the immediately outer shells (L, M,....). This electron transition produces an X-ray photon, whose frequency characterises the target atom. This is characteristic X-ray. (b) If the value of Rydberg constant of hydrogen is 109737 cm", determine the longest and shortest wavelengths of the Balmer series. 142 1 1 1 Ans. —=R Imax1 11) mx 14 9) 1 (58) nae 36 (36) “= |= 6559.2A This is the shortest wavelength. Or, (a) What is mean life of a radioactive element ? Ans. It may be defined as the reciprocal of the decay constant. (b) Establish a relation between half-life and decay constant. 142 ‘Ans. We know, Decay law N=Ne* No Fort=T,N= 2 ort=T,N= 3 13. (a) Draw the V - | characteristic curve for forward and reverse bias of a p-n junction diode. (Graph paper is not required) Ans. f 1/24 + * electron depletion region | ° Noe motion of ‘minority carrier in reverse bias {What are the majority and minority carriers in a p-type semiconductor 2 ‘Ans. p-type semiconductor : majority carriers are holes and minority carriers are electrons,eae Ts s-eee i. ie eo) lel aaa 10 OTs eed | © Write down the symbol and truth table of OR gate. 14141 ins. Truth Table : A B Y 0 0 0 oO 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 4 Symbol : A > B. 14. (a) Convert the binary number 10011 into decimal equivalent. Ans. (10011), = (1x 24 + (0x 2%) + (0x 2%) + (1 x2") + (1x29) =(16+0+0%. +1)=(19),, {b) What is soler cell ? Why are Si and Ga-As preferred materials for solar cell 2 ‘Give its V - | characteristics. 1+(141) Ans. Solar cell: A special p-n junction diode which convers solar energy into electrical energy is known as solar cell. Any light of energy hy> energy gap Eg can be used to supply current from a solar cell, Hence, elemental semiconductor selicon and GA-As etc. are used for making solar cell V - I characteristics : Current V (Voltages) (iv) I (Current) 2) Transistor — what does it mean ? ins. A junction transistor consistors of a thin layer of one type of extrinsic semiconductor toni between two thick layers of other type of extrinsic semiconductor. How is an n-p-n transistor used as an amplifier ? Show with its circuit diagram.1+2 Ans. In common-emitter amplifier, the output decreases with increasing input signal and increases with decreasing input signal. In other words, input and output signals are not of phase, i-e., there is a phase difference of mbetween the input and the output signals.(GROUP - D) Answer the following questions in short (Alternatives are tobe noted): 5x3=15 15. (a) In a potentiometer experiment why is it necessary to use along wire ? Length and resistance of a potentiometer wire are 4 m and 10Q respectively. Itis connected to a cell of emf 2 volt. Another cell when joined to this potentiometer and null point is measured at 250 cm. Find out the emf of the second cell. L Ans. In different measurements using a potentiometer, the ratio often comes in the working formula. Here, L = length of the potentiometer wire, and/= length at which the null a cs, point is obtained. This ratio is naturally very accurate if both iand L are sufficiently large. So, along wire is used ina potentiometer experiment. / = 250cm = 2.5m; L the potentiometer cell E, = 2V. = 4m ; emf of So, the emf of the second cell = LE 28 «2=1.25V (b) In a metre bridge when the resistance in the left gap is 20 and an unknown resistance with 2, find the shift of the balance point on the bridge. (142)42 ‘Ans, The unknown resistance () is on the right gap. So at null point, Sy ee 2-30 7 40 When S is shunted with 20, the resistance on the right gap is, 3x2 g'=3k2 400 342 If balance is obtained at a distance |’, then | ... Shift in balance point = 62.5 - 40 = 22.5cm Or, (a) What is shunt ? fs. Shuntis a kind of low resistance which is connected in parallel o the very sensitive fstrument like galvanometer to protect them from burning or damaging. (b) Explain Wheatstone bridge principle with the help of Kirchhoff's law. Does the principle of Wheatstone bridge change if the position of battery and galvanometer are interchanged ? Ans. Potential A +B = potential at D Loop ABDA Pi, +Qi, (vi) A biconvex lens behaves like a convergent in air but behaves like a divergent in water. Then refractive index (1, ) of the lens will be (@) w=1 (b) my = 1.33 (©) m, >1.33 (0) 1 4t Or, Sunray, sodium light and head light of an automobile — which of these ligts are polarised ? Ans. None of the three is polarised. _PART-A (MARKS : 52) SECTION - Il (GROUP -B) Answer the following questions in short (Alternatives are tobe noted): 2x5=10 1. A wire of resistance R is stretched till its length becomes n times its original length. What will be its new resistance ? ‘Ans. The volume of the wire remains same \A\=LA, yan VA,= nA, Ap R,=0°R, [R,=R] R, =n'R — new resistance. »2. A current carrying loop behaves as a magnetic dipole - explain. Ans. A current carrying coil behsves like a magnet placed at the centre of the coil and the axis of the magnet lies along the axis of the coil. For a coil For a magnet Magnet field intensity due to a current Magnetic field intensity due to a carrying coil at a point on the axis of magnet at a point on its axis such the coil far away from the centre of that the distance of point form the the coil. centre of the magnet is very very greater than the length of magnet. Where P,, = magnetic dipole moment =m.2l. Hence the two results will be identical if p,, = IR? Nii 1 equivalent magnetic moment of the =area of the coll x no. of turns x current current carrying coil. . through the coil Moreover magnetic field lines due to a current carrying coil and a magnet are quite18 Since a current coil behaves like a magnetin North pole and South Pole is determined by following right hand thumb rule. When the current carrying coll is seen from upside, NORTH Pole will be formed above the coil when the current flows in anti clockwise’ manner and SOUTH Pole will be formed above the coil when the current flows in clockwise manner, Or, Show diagrammatically the behaviour of ma ignetic field lines in presence of () paramagnetic and (ii) diamagnetic substances. Ex plain the reason of such behaviour, Ans. Magnetic field lin 141 'e do not prefer to pass through then. Magnetic flux density inside is longer than is air. >= ES Most of the magnetic field lines prefer to Pass through them. Magnetic flux density inside a diamagnetic material is less than in air = 3. A plane electromagnetic wave E, = 100 cos(6 x 10° +4x) V/m propagates in a medium. Find the refractive index of the medium. Ans. E, = 100 cos(6x10% + 4x) Vim @ =6%x 10° rads Bam 5x 10'm.s7 [0=3 x 10° m/s = speed of light in vacuum)| Or, What is displacement current ? Why is it necessary ? 141 \ Ans. Displacement current : The equivalent current through the gas bt the plates of the capacitor due to the changing electric field is know in as displacement current. Necessary of displancement currents equal to conduction current. 4, Draw the curve showing the variation of binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number A. Explain the stability of the nucleus from the curve. 141 ‘Ans. The variation of binding energy per nucleon versus mass number is shown in fig. Inferences for graph. 9.0; 2 | Pe Ee ey ° 3” | 6 7 5.0] + = * rt ! 20) He 10 Banding Energy per Nudeon (n aD BO 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 Mass number—> () The nuclei having mass number below 20 and above 180 have relatively small binding energies and hence they are unstable. (i) The nuclei having mass number 56 and about 56 have maximum binding energies 58 MeV and so they are most stable. (li Some nuclei have peaks, e.g., He, ,C', 0° this indicates that these nuclei are relatively more stable than their neighbours. Or, R= RA’? (R, = constant, A = mass No.), R = radius of nucleus. Taking the relation show that the nuclear density does not depend on mass number A. 4 ‘Ans. Volume of nucleus V = = 7A 4 RAIS = Br iRA) mass of each neutron = m . .". mass of nucleus = Ameh a eee | ET) Sikhs uel a i Am - density of nucleus —— = 2.3% 10" kgm 4 oR A GAR VA Nuclear density is independent to mass no. : eacnat isan antenna ? Find the length of a dipole antenna for a carrier wave gy frequency 3x10" Hz. Ans. Antenna : Antennas a device that can either receive or send or both radio Signal, from one station to another station. , C=m 3 10° =3 10°, heim 1 (GROUP -c) Answer the following questions in short (Alternatives are to be noted) : 3x9=27 6. (2) Show that electric field intensity on the surface of a charged condi luctor is oA E €, 1» Where ois the surface density of charge and (is the outward Pointing 0 unit normal vector. Ans. Let the conducting sphere of radius Ris charged with Q amount of charge surface change density «= —4 4nR? Applying Guess's theorem Here, the conducting surface behaves like a Gaussian surface. Q i i f a ~ Length of antenna = ~ = + = 0.25 m. 44 i 1 JE. ds ° Since the conducting sphere is an equipotential surface electric lines of force cut their surface normally, so at ache €very point E will be in the outward direction of ‘conducting surface (b) Why are electric lines of force not closed loop ? | Ans. Electric field line orginate from five point char hence, electric field lines do not form closed loop. OF, (a) The electric potential at a point (x,y,z) is given by V: xy-x2° +4, Find the intensity of electric field E at that point. Ans. V=— x2 — 294 4 2+ ge terminate to negative point chargeE-[(2-2xy)i+x5]+32°xk] (b) Show that electric field intensity is normal to equipotential surface. 241 Ans. A and B are two points very close to each other separated by a small distance ‘ds’ on the PQ equipotential surface. Potential at A = V,, | Potential at B = V, V, =Ve | points are an equipotential surface] | We consider electric field like ¢ intersects the equipotential surface at an angle Q. | Amount of work done to bring = Change in potential difference unit positive charge form Ato B between points A and B E.ds = Va—Vp => Edscosg =0 [ =>cos0 =0 A x asks => 00s 8 = cos 3 ig ~. Field lines cut equipotential surface normally. 7.(a) What will be the charge on the capacitor in the circuit given below ? our 1f so | wo Ee Ly 3v ‘Ans. Since ; capacitor behaves as a open circuit 3 hence, current flows through the circuits given by ¢= «amp. potential across the resistance 5 is given by v=5x*/,, Vv=1 volt “Charge across the capacitor = q = cv td rae j0x 10° x 1=104C (b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor. el * + ‘Ans. Energy stored in the capacitor= > CV* 1 Sees See lhry Se el eee 8. Find out the expression for the ma ignetic field at a point on the axis of a torgy, of N turns having average radius r and carrying a current |. Show that the ma re, | ONetie field in the open space inside and outside the toroid is zero. 2g Ans. Mh We consider a point p inside the toroid and p is on a closed circle of radius r Applying ampere’s circuital law §B.dl = Hy cones [ere allthe currents are outside the closed path so it does not enclose any current, ie, ‘encoseg = 0 ~. B= 0 (inside the toroid) Zo find out magnetic field intensity at point ‘p’ outside the toroid. we consider point ‘p’ on @ closed circular path of radius r. From Ampere's circuital law §B.di =H, i, Here total current enclosed by the closed path consists of two parts, in one part N no. of Blan teeing into the page and N no. of currents coming out of the page along the external and internal circumference of the toroid respectively,so 4, fi, net current enclosed by the loop in zero, ie., i © > direction of current into the page © direction of current out of the page PQ Magnetic field outside the toroid is also zero. Or, Two long parallel straight wires P & Q separated by a distance § cm in air carry currents of 4A and 2A respectively in same direction. Find the magnitude of the force acting per cm of the wire P and indicate the direction of the force. 241 Ans. Force acting b/t two parallel current corrujing conductor per unit length (eae) Ty, 2x 4x2 5 ‘enced =10' 1.610 Nim. 100 ‘According to Fleming's lefthand rule the direction of force is towards the conductor Q i (current) ; > B magnetic fiela _F (force) (Cut of the page)9. (a) Explain total internal reflection from law of refraction. ‘Ans, When ray of ight refracts from denser medium to rarer medium, refracted ray goes away from normal, angle of refraction (r) is greater than angle of incidence (i). As ‘i increases ‘r in rarer medium also increases. For a given value of ‘' and‘? 1, sini =, sinr (from Snell's law) fora particular value of angle of incidence i = 8, angle of refraction in rarer medium r = 9° ee usin'= ny Sini= He sin0,=1/,, [2p, = a ] 2 | _ When angle of incidence becomes greater than the particular value (critical angle 6), the value of 't' becomes even greater than 90° and the refracted ray no longer remains in the rarer medium but comes to the denser medium (medium of incident ray). New Snell's law will be modified as | H, Sini= p, sinr [Now two rays belong to the same medium i.e. why r. i's | j 9 | are equal] sini=sinr Here 90+x , => sin i = sin (90 + x) => sini =cosx sin i = cos (90 - y) sini=siny = y condition of refraction When i> 0, reflection will ake place instead of refraction —this is called total internal reflection, (b) A ray of light is incident at a small angleg on a rectangular glass slab of thickness t. Ifthe refractive index of glass is)’, show that the perpendicular distance between the emergent ray from the slab and the incident ray is t 6(jt-1)/ 11. 142 Ans. d= perpendicular distance between incident ray and emargent ray. from Snell's law sind = psinr Since 6 is small ris also small. -.Sind=@ Sinr=r , Cosr=r r sin@ = wsinr Rare ti => O=pr IB From 4 ACD. from A ABC diy AB = a5 78-0 ag 7008! AB AC= OS => d= Ac Sin (8-1) AC=AB [-cosr = 1] =>d=t (8-1) since (8 — 1) is very small = d=t(@Oy) [-e=u1] >d=tort| 24 a Te Pa] are kept in contact, Two lenses, one convex and the other concave, Thy oon one convex lens is 30 cm and that of concave lens is 20 cm. What wij) by the nature of the combination ? 14 Ans. I oe 1,=+30cem cme = 20m 60 => f=- 600m, The combination will behave like a concave lens. (b) Explain the cause of dispersion of light. (141)4) Ans. Dispersion of a polychromatic light is the spliting of light into its component colour, Guning refraction. This is occured due to the dependence of refractive index (ri) of a medium on the wavelength of light. B Relation between manda: w=A+ oy When the polychromatic light on the refracting surface of a transparent medium angled Wcidence becomes same for all colours of light but due to the variation of j. with thy Havelenath, different colours will get different colours will get different angle of refraction Hence the splitting of light, i.e., dispersion will take place. 10. (a) State Brewster's law. Ans. Brewster's law : When an unpolarised light incidents at polarising angle (i) ona refracting surface of a transparent medium tangent of polarising angle becomes equal to the refractive index of the medium tani, = — This law is known as Brewster's law. (©) An unpolarised lights incident at angle of polarisation on a reflector. Determine the angle between the reflected and the transmitted rays. 142 Ans. (Cauch's relation) Refrected light From Snell's law From Brewster's law sini, = wsinr tani, = => sini, = tan, sin r=>i, +r = 90° ~-angle between reflected and refracted ray is = 180° — (|, +r) = 90°. Or, (a) Why are polaroids used in sunglasses ? y Ans. Polaroid is used in sun-glass to decrease the intensity of sunlight falling on our eyes. When an unpolarised light of intensity |, falls on a polariser the intensity of polarised light coming out of the polarised becomes |,/2 and this low intensity light keeps our eyes comfortable. (b) A person who can see objects clearly at a distance of 10 cm, requires spectacles to be able to see clearly objects at a distance of 30 cm. What type of spectacle should we use ? Find the focal length of the lens. 142 Ans. v= 10cm, u=~30cm a ‘2 1 vanes Ae 4 =O meesoeeey =341 4 =>. 30 f Leris will be concave lens. 11. (a) Draw the curve showing the variation of de-Broglie wavelength of a particle with its momentum. Find the momentum of a photon of wavelength 0.01 A. h Ans. d'Broglie wavelength A= Pp h= AP Nature of graph is rectangular hyperbola he h For photon E = pe, . =pe, p= 5 (momentum) P 4} h | momentum of photon p = 662x10-%4 > . -10 ms peo,10 (wave length) = 6.62 x 10 kg. ms~ (b) Mention the inference of Davisson - Germer experiment. (141) 41 Ans. The Davisson Germer experiment demonstrated the wave nature of the electron Confirming the earlier hypothesis by deBroglie. Or, (a) Define stopping potential. Ans. Stopping potential : In photoelectric emission the minimum Negative potential @pplied at anode for which photoelectric current becomes zero, is known as stopping potential, (b) When light of wavelengths), and 22. are incident on a metal surface, the stopping Potentials are V, and V, /4 respectively. If c be the velocity of light in air, find the threshold frequency of photoelectric emission. 442en ae 26 STUDENT’S COMPANION . Dh Ans. From Einstein's equation, | A Pe hv, Yq = Thresold frequency — ol — = 45 < f Eee a ee 3h 12. (a) Using Bohr's postulates of atomic model, derive the expression for the radius of the n" orbit. W n?h? my"tn= 472h? n?h (i) migra aa? () mvy?r zee n ane, mth? ancy m,=—— <0 "4m? zee neh? 1,= > radius of n orbit, mmze2 (©) What is ionisation energy of atom ? Whatiis the value of it for hydrogen atom? 241 Ans. lonisation energy of atom : Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion. lonisation energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6 ev or 218x10-'* J. Or, (a) What is meant by activity of a radioactive substance ? Write its SI unit. Ans. Activity ofa radioactive elementis defined as the average number of disintegration per second, dN a TN 2.= disintegration constant N= no. of atoms that have not disintegrated yet di x = activity Unit of Activity in S.1. system is — becquerel (Bq). (©) Half life of a radioactive substance is 30 days. Number of atoms in the substance is 10". How many disintegration of atoms per second does occur ? 2H Ans. BAN = os T,,, = 30 days = 30x 86400 s oe TE 102 qT, ct 2 3 _0690 = 2.67 x 10° atoms/sec. 3086400 ) Form AND gate using NOR gates. pee y NOR gate ot AND gate A+B = AB =AB (cutput of AND Gate)i Ee a 28 Pte tere) TN Te tT) | (b) Explain with diagram the action of p-n diode as a full wave rectifier ae tullwave rectifier cuit (using two p-n junction diodes) ty alternating input time (9 potential diference (V) ‘de output time (y Half cycle terminals. Diode in Diode in Current fia] A [D Forward Bias_| Reverse Bias | _ in loop Positive @[O D, D, ABEF half cycle Negative O}H D, D, OCEF half cycle Soin a complete a.c. cycle among D, and D, whichever comes into action current through resistance R always flow from E to F. This system enables unidirectional flow of current the circuit. This is called full wave rectifier. 14. (a) Draw the output characteristic curves of a n-p-n transistor in a C-£ configuration and find the output resistance from it. Ans. Transistor output characrteristics of C — E configuration .c. output resistance Ve BC. Raa al, = AB (b) Explain, with circuit diagram, the action of atransistor as a switch. 142 Ans. Transistor as a switch Biasing of n-p-n transistor in CE mode Applying Kirchoft‘s law for input ckt Vig = Vor + I ) where V,. = 0.7 volt for SilicvonLadies r43 2 +R, — (Il) w= V RV =v, ©. from eqn (1) y, = Vee + Igy from eqn (2) = Vo ~ [Ry From transfer characteristics it V,< 0.7 volt no current passes through collector current, i.e., I= O.Transistor is in cut off region and V, is almost equal to V,. At this stage transistor acts as off-stage of a switch, As V, becomes equal to 0.7 volt and starts further increasing, |,, also increases, this is called active region of the transistor. But when V, >> 1 volt, |, almost gets maximum value. This is called saturation region. At this time transistor acts as on stage of a switch From transfer characteristics action of transistor as switch is shown. Or, (a) What is a Zener diode ? Ans. Zener diode : Zener diode is a special type of p-N junction diode having high doping concentration operated in reverse bias condition at break down voltage. (b) Explain, with circuit diagram, how a Zener diode regulates voltage across a load resistance. 142 Ans. Zener diode is used as voltage stabilizer or voltage regulator. Here D.C. voltage source, zener diode and resistance R connected in series are chosen so that zener can function at break down voltage. Potential drop across load resistance (R,, connected across zener diode) remains fixed to the value V, (break down voltage) and it is independent to the increase and decrease in out voltage V and load current |. Maximum limit of diode current (|,) depends on the rating of zener, i.e., on rate of power loss of zener. I=L+l V,=V-IR V, - (GROUP - D) Answer the following questions (Alternatives are to be noted) : 5x3=15 15, (a) Two cells of emf E, and E, and internal resistances rr, respectively are connected in parallel combination. Determine the equivalentemt of the combination, Ans. |, Et, D Ley eS a. ' c H R loop AFHKGDA ——iR + ir, = E, ——— (i loop BFHKGCB —_—iR + ir, = E, ——— i) (i) xr, = (ii) xr, ae iRr,+ ir, = E, IR + ier = E iR(r, +1) +e, ( =>iR(r, +1) +ir,r, Ep +E, = iR+i = : ee te Ey, +E,r, =i + er emiEnte equivalent e.m.f. = —2——2+ nth (b) Estimate the average drift velocity of conduction electrons in a copper wire cross-section 2.0% 10% om: carrying a current of 2.0A. Assume the density conduction electrons to be 9:10" m°, ; Ans. i=nev,a current =i = 2A , electron density=n=9 10% m= area of cross-section = «. = 2 x10™ cm? =2 107m charge of one electron =e = 1.6 © 10-C 2= 9X10 x 1.6 x 101 xv,x2%107 1 —x 102 ms* 9x16 1 => Vg = 7% 10? ms = 0.0710 ms1= 7x10 ms 144 (c) Under what condition will the terminal,potential difference be more than the e.m.f. of a cell ? 24241 Ans. If the battery is connected toa charging ckt. which is Pushing current back into the battery, the terminal voltage will be higher than E.M.F ; otherwise charging current could not flow. Or, (a) The rate of heat developed in a resistor R connected toa supply of p.d. Vis H. What will be the rate of heat ‘developed if the p.d. is V/3 and the resistance doubled! Ans. When potential = V, resistance = R rate of heat production H= v‘/ When potential difference = v/3 and Resistance = 2R YowOO — — — > PHYSICS Ans. Applying Kc. |, + |, Applying KvL loop ABCFA 21, +21=4 ; |, +1= loop EDCFE 2), +21=4: loop ABCDEFA °2 |, —2 |, = => 21, => from (i) and Or a5 a | +1) +2I= =>l+2l=4 A =>1=4/ , © Establish Wheatstone bridge principle using Kirchhoff's laws. 14242 ns. loop ABDA IP +g. G@-(1-1,) R=0......(i) loop BCDD (1-1) Q@-(E 1+ 1.) S-1,G=0....... (i) In balanced condition Galvanometer shows no debletion, i.e., ],=0("1/,=1/,) Putting this value in equation (i) and (ii) one gets IP=(I=1)R 1,Q=(1-1)S ho gh th Div o\9 16. (a) A horizontal straight wire 5m long extending from east to west is falling with @ speed of 10 ms” at right angles to the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field 0.40° 104 Wb m2. (i) Find the instantaneous value of emf induced in the wire. (ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f. ? (ili) Which end of the wire will be at higher potential ? (Neglect acceleration due to gravity.) B Ans. Induced e.m-f. = Blv B=0.4 10° wom? e=04 10* 5 10 \=5m =2 10° volt v=10m.s* The direction of current will be from west to east. Ba ‘The west end of the wire is at higher potential. ™ aaa32 Su (0) Derive the expression for energy stored In an inductor of coefficient op inductance L carrying current ly a di Ans. Induced e.m,. across a inducting coll e = L 4 (taking only magnitude) di Energy srored in time dt = eidt = L — .idt = Lidi Total energy stored within the coil cb 1 i E= [ui = Srl Or, (a) State the working principle of A.C. generator. Ans. Working Principle of A.C. Generator : Principle of ac pf mechanical energy into electrical energy by rotating a cov field In this arrangement the magnetic flux inked with the ¢ electrical energy is generated in a continuous manner, (b) Why is the use of ac voltage preferred over de voltage ? Ans. In ac voltage can readily be transferred to a high requirement easily but with de this cannot performed easily. Since high voltages are more efficient for sendi has an advantage over DC in this respect. Generator is the converg) Nducting coil in a magngy oil changes continually an (c) The power factor of a L-R circuit is lt the frequency of ac be doubled, wha will be the power factor ? : 1414 Ans. In L-R ckt power factor = cos0 = Vp JN for L-R okt tang = WL di a al dt y ~ cos = cost =} v3 Costg et ats Re + Wee - v3 sec’® — 1 = tanto 1 Re => Waz=2R? tan9 =2 = We eo) R = wie Ri/ R =>W= v2 — : — WL L SntEOO oem : When frequency becomes twice w also becomes twice 2 wi “tan®, = eel. T+tan?6,=14+(2/9)%=9 sec*9, =9sec 0, =3 cos0, resent power factor. 17. (a) What is the importance of coherent sources in case of interference of light? How are coherent sources produced ? Ans. Without coherent source sustained interference pattern will not be obtained, i.e., interference pattern will change so quickly and continuously that a region with general illumination will be obtained instead of getting alternate dark and bright regions. Coherent sources can be produced in two ways : (i) by division of wave front (ex :- Young's double sit) (ii) by division of amplitude (ex — Loyde’s mirror) (b) In Young's double slit experiment, the fringe width is 2.0 mm. Determine the separation between the 9" bright fringe and the 2" dark fringe. Ans. Band width = 6 aD — = 201m d avelength distance between slit and screen istance between two slits Distance between the 9th bright band and 2nd dark band 5B 5 x 20x10? 50x10 .15 m. (c) A plano-concave lens is made of glass of refractive index 1.5 and the radius of curvature of its curved surface is 50 cm. What isthe power ofthelens? 2+2+1 Since, itis a plano convex lens. ’ Or, (a) Find the angular width of the central maxima of Fraunhofer diffraction pattern due to single slit. Ans. ay Oc=D tano = Cd D a tand = — BC. 5 ang ie, when @ is small tan ~ 0ia coy STUDENT'S COMPANION a) a a “* angular width of the centrat bright band of diffraction pattem =2= 2 ingle slit Fray 'b) How does the angular width of the central maxima in a si nh Gitection ‘experiment change when the distance between the slit and Screen doubled? 220 Ans. Width of central bright band in single slit diffraction pattern is given by a where Dis the distance of screen from source. ~ Width of central bright band will be double when D is made double. (c) In Fraunhofer diffraction experiment, the first minima of red light ( = 660 i is formed on the first maxima of another light of wavelength 2’ . Find the value of j: yy Ans. For 1st order dark band dsino=A for 1st order bright band —dsino = 3 ok 1 2 2 2 =X = =x 100 = 400 Nm. 3 3 PART-B (MARKS : 18) 1. Select the correct answer out of the options given against each question : 1x14=14 \}) 84 small water drops each of capacitance C and charge q coalesce to forms 'arger spherical drop. The charge and capacitance of the larger drop is (a) 64,C (b) 16q,4C (c)64q,4C ()16q,C Ans. (c) 64 q,4C (ii) Two similar bar magnets of magnetic mom angle with each other at their ends. The ma (a)M (b) 2M ent M each are attached at right ignetic moment of the system will be M — OF ©) Jam Ans. (4) V2M (iii) The number of turns of the primary and secondary of a transformer are 500 and 5000 respectively. The primary i is connected to a 20 V, 50Hz A.C. supply, The output of the secondary will be (a) 2V, 50Hz (b) 200 V, 50 Hz (c) 200 V, 5 Hz (d) 200 V, 500 Hz Ans. (a) 2 V, 50 Hz (Wv) The electric and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves are (a) in opposite phase and perpendicular to each other (b) in opposite phase and parallel to each other (c) in the same phase and perpendicular to each other (d) inthe same phase and parallel to each other Ans. (d) in the same phase and parallel to each other(v) Which one does not change in polarisation of light ? (a) Intensity (b) Phase (0) Frequency (d) None of these Ans. (c) Frequency (vi) If V be the accelerating voltage, then the maximum frequency of X-ray emitted from an X-ray tube is eh eV @y OP nity On (d) none of these ev Ans. (b) (vil) For television broadcasting, the frequency employed is (a) 30 - 300 MHz (b) 30 - 300 GHz (c) 30 - 300 KHz (d) 30 - 300 Hz Ans. (b) 30-300 GHz (viii) In normal transistor operation (a) emitter-base junction and collector-base junction are both in reverse bias (b) emitter-base junction is in forward bias and collector-base junction is in reverse bias (c) emitter-base junction and collector-base junction are both in forward bias (d) emitter-base junction is in reverse bias and collector-base junction is in forward bias Ans. (b) emitter-base junction is in forward bias and collector-base junction is in reverse bias (ix) A charge Q is situated inside a cube placed in air. The electric flux passing through all the six faces is Q BoE @e Oza Q Q © €e O ge, Ans. (a) 2 0 (x) By how much will the power of an electric bulb decrease if the current drops by 0.5% (a) 0.25% (b) 0.5% (0)1% (2% Ans. (c) 1% (xi) An electron having charge e moves with velocity ,, in + x direction. An electric field acts on it along + y direction. The force on the electron acts along (a) +z direction (b)-zdirection (c) +y direction (d) -y direction Ans. (c) + y direction i) f the rotating speed of a dynamo is doubled, the induced electromotive force be (a) doubled (b) halved (0) four times as much (d) unchanged Ans. (b) halvedi la ye (xill) Re ingle 6 (in radian) at th NJ it the (xiii) Rays from the sun subtend an angle 0 (it hy i ) ‘ pollet ~ mirror of focal length f. If the diameter of the sun Is D, the diameter of t,. °° ima t the sun formed by the mirror is ene 4 (a) De (©) ro ere Ans. (d) 2f (xiv) The wavelength of de-Broglie waves associated with a thermal ne, mass m at absolute temperature T is given by (k is th h Boltzmann constant)" (a) — (b) vmkT h = () Tomer (9) Tamkr Ans. (c) SECTION - 11 (GROUP - a) (i) A coil of metallic wire is at rest in a poruniform magnetic field. Wout electromotive force be induced in the coil ? Ans. No e.m4. will be induced, Or, What is the rms Ans. i, (max current) (sin 1001) value of the current i= 5/2 sin100 nt A? (ii) Why does a photo-diode function in reverse bias 2 Ans. Because of large energy barrier between ground state and excited state (iii) Why is diamagnetism independent ct temperature 2 Ans. In this mode the di iode is often reverse biase with respect to the anode), This red increases the width of the depletion |. Or, Will the magnification increase or decrease ifthe length of the tube of a ‘compound microscope is increased ? Why ? Ans. If Lis increased magnification will increase “Sinem=2 by length of the tube f,