Name: Jollie Mae G.

Gases Date: October 28, 2023

Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM (Sunday)

The learning I gained during the report of group one last October 22, 2023, was
about Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory. Piaget specified four majors
corresponding to the different ages of the developing child. Therefore, it consists of a
schema where can a child build his/her new building blocks of knowledge by getting
new information and experience by modifying their existing schema into a better one. It
can be balanced by assimilating and accommodating to fit in the environment. Then
there are also stages of cognitive development first is the sensorimotor during this stage
the baby is likely to develop their first schemas using their senses. As I observed the
baby, they were likely to see a bright color like red that can illuminate their eyes, and
aside from that they also can hear their parents singing a lullaby just to get them to
sleep while the parents talking about the baby usually smile even though they're not
fully aware of their environment.
The next stage of cognitive development is pre-operation where the child starts
to play or even talk and walk. But there is one child I know who had already started
talking when he was just 10 months old at that time. He is likely to have a conversation
with all of us on April 27, 2020, he asked us about his birthday and we just answered
him that this coming June 25, 2020, was his first birthday and if we asked him a
question regarding who is father and mother, he politely answered us that his father’s
name is john and his mother’s name is shandy. So August 2022, he started going to
school which is a daycare center, and he was just three years old at that time. After he
completed his daycare, we enrolled him in pre-school where he was taught to read,
count numbers, and write the alphabet correctly. Then their first prelim happened in the
second week of October and the result was handed to us on Monday to our surprise he
got the perfect score in all subjects, as far as I remember we didn’t have the time to
have a review regarding of his exam.
Therefore, my nephew has an intelligence that is above his classmates his
knowledge is fully developed because of the environment that surrounds him. The third
stage of cognitive development theory is the concrete operational stage which is when
the child already understands the changes in the environment and his/her physical
changes in the body. I remember when I was in this stage of cognitive development, I
started to notice different changes in my physical features my armpit had a small strand
of pubic hair. The last stage of cognitive development theory is the formal operation
stage this stage is where the ages of 12 or up can fully understand everything and they
can also reflect on their thinking. They can reason out using abstracts or even they can
perfectly answer those questions that are given to them and they can eventually use
their creativity, analytical, and critical thinking. When I observed my teenage niece, I
noticed she could answer questions carefully by analyzing the questions given to her by
her school adviser in that way she used her scientific reasoning when it came to solving
problems. Piaget’s cognitive development theory is very useful for a teacher and future
educators to able to understand the different development of a learner.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: October 28, 2023
Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM (Sunday)

The learning I gained during the report of group two last October 22, 2023, was
about Erikson’s Stages of Development and Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of
Cognitive Development. Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of
the most popular and influential theories of development and his theory was impacted
by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud’s work, Erikson’s theory centered on psychosocial
development rather than psychosexual development. Therefore, it consists of
psychosocial stages. The first stage is trust vs mistrust it occurs between birth and one
year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life, it is because an infant is utterly
dependent, and developing trust is based on dependability, the quality of the child’s
caregivers.
The next stage of psychosocial development is autonomy vs shame and doubt
takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater
sense of personal control. It has the role of independence, at this point in development,
children are just starting to gain a little independence. They are starting to perform basic
actions on their own and making simple decisions about what they prefer, it allows kids
to make choices and gain control. Parents and caregivers can help children develop a
sense of autonomy. The initiative vs guilt during the preschool years at this point in
psychosocial development. Children begin to assert their power and control over the
world by directing play and other social interactions. The fourth psychosocial stage
takes place during the early school years from approximately ages five to eleven.
Therefore, in social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their
accomplishments and abilities. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure
results in feelings of inferiority.
Identity vs Confusion takes place during the often-turbulent teenage years this
stage plays an essential role in developing a sense of personal identity which will
continue to influence behavior and development for the rest of a person’s life. Success
leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a
weak sense of self. Furthermore, intimacy vs isolation young adults need to form
intimate, loving relationships with other people and success leads to strong
relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. Adults need to create or
nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive
change that benefits other people It is called generativity vs stagnation.
Therefore, the final psychosocial stage occurs during old age and is focused on
reflecting on life. At this point in development, people look back on the events of their
lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret the
things they did or didn’t do. Erikson’s theory has differed from many others because it
addresses development throughout the entire lifespan, including old age. The success
of this stage leads to a feeling of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and
despair.
 Moreover, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory views human development as a
socially mediated process in which children acquire cultural values, beliefs, and
problem–solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable
members of society. It has the role of social interactions, MKO is anyone who has a
higher skill level than the learners in terms of the specific task to perform. Theory
Vygotsky emphasizes that language plays a central role in the theory of human
cognitive development. Through language, human cognitive development and higher
mental functions are initiated from social communication. People engage in social
activities; they are involved in mental communicative functions.
There are three stages of speech development (a) social or external speech, (b)
egocentric speech, and (c) inner speech. Social or external speech thinking is not
related to speech at all at this stage approximately at the age of three. While egocentric
speech in this stage children think out loud or talk to themselves as they are doing
something. Therefore, inner speech is soundless speech or thought it becomes
internalized and is used to guide thinking and behavior.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: October 28, 2023
Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM (Sunday)

I learned that Kohlberg’s theory of moral development has three levels (a) pre–
conventional, (b) conventional, and (c) post–conventional, autonomous, or principled.
Each level has six stages. It has critiques, and controversies, while pre- conventional
level where moral reasoning is based on the consequences or result of the act itself by
physical action of consequences whether the act itself is good or bad. The conventional
is based on the conventions or norms of society; these may include approval of others
such as law and order expectations from a person’s family, group, or even nation.
Are perceived as valuable, therefore, post – post-post-post-post-post-post-
conventional, autonomous principles are based on enduring or consistent concepts of
moral values and principles that are not just following the law.
The stages of Kohlberg’s theory are (a) punishment and obedience, (b)
instrumental relativism, (c) interpersonal concordance, (d) law and order orientation, (e)
social contract, legalistic, and (f) universal–ethical principle. Furthermore, Kohlberg’s
theory faced criticisms over the years it said that it has gender bias and that the theory
itself was originally developed on a male subjects basis.
There are five layers of Bronfenbrenner’s model mesosystem, microsystem,
exosystem, and macrosystem, chronosystem. The properties of the five layers are that
each layer has an effect on a child’s development and each layer is complex, lastly,
conflict within any layer ripples throughout other layers.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: October 28, 2023
Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM (Sunday)

I learned student diversity has factors and the definition of diversity is what
makes people different from each other. It includes various factors such as race,
ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation, and socio–economic status, ability, age,
religion, etc. That would make all individual differences. Those factors that make a
student diverse are (a) socioeconomic status, (b) thinking/learning styles which include
multiple intelligences, and (c) exceptionalities. Therefore, individual differences help
enrich the learning environment as students’ self–awareness is enhanced by diversity
and student diversity contributes to cognitive development. Student diversity prepares
learners for their role as responsible members of society and student diversity can
promote harmony.
There are tips on teaching strategies and techniques for student diversity to
encourage learners to share their personal histories and experiences. Integrate learning
experiences and activities to promote students' multicultural, cross–cultural awareness.
Aside from highlighting diversity, identify patterns of unity that transcend group
differences. According to Kold 2005, learning style describes individual differences in
approaches to or ways of learning. Learning styles are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic,
tactile. The learning/thinking styles refer to the preferred way an individual processes
information and sensory preferences visual learners tend to prefer sitting in front so no
one would block their view.
Social/emotional and behavioral difficulties are the following (a) autism, (b)
mental retardation, and (c) emotional/conduct disorders. Moreover, physical disabilities
and health impairments consist of physical and health impairments involves physical or
medical conditions. Severe and multiple disabilities refer to the presence of two or more
different types of disabilities, at times at a profound level. Visual impairments are a
condition when there is a malfunction of the eyes or optic nerves that prevents normal
vision even with corrective lenses. The hearing impairments involve malfunction of the
ear or auditory nerves that hinder the perception of sounds within the frequency range
of normal speech. While giftedness involves a significantly high level of cognitive
development. There is unusually high ability or aptitude in one or more of these aspects:
intellectual ability, aptitude in academic subjects, creativity, visual or performing arts, or
leadership.
The people's first language is (a) avoiding generic labels, (b) emphasizing
abilities, (c) avoiding euphemisms, and (d) avoiding implying illness or suffering. The
theory of multiple intelligences (MI) was first described by Howard Gardner in Frames of
Mind (1983). He defines intelligence as an ability or set of abilities that allows a person
to solve a problem or fashion a product that is valued in one or more cultures. Learners
with Exceptionalities exceptional learners, often referred to as individuals different from
the "normal" or "average," typically have disabilities that require understanding,
patience, respect, and special education services to reach their full potential.
Specific Cognitive or Academic Difficulties consist of learning disabilities refers to
a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes in the understanding or
using language, written or spoken, which may manifest itself in difficulty performing
basic tasks. Attention-Deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is manifested in either or
both of these: (1) difficulty in focusing and maintaining attention and (2) recurrent
hyperactive and impulsive behavior. Speech and communication disorder People with
speech problems can understand language code (rules governing word construction,
meaning, grouping, and pragmatics) but spoken language is difficult including voice.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: November 21, 2023

Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM

(Sunday)

Behaviorist Perspective theory is a theory of psychology that states that human

behaviors are learned, not innate. There are two categories under behaviorist
perspective (a) behaviorism, and (b) neo-behaviorism. Behaviorism theory was
proposed by Pavlov, Watson, and Thorndike, Skinner. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a
Russian physiologist who studied the behavior of dogs and he developed classical
conditioning. It explains how people associate two stimuli in their minds. Pavlovian
conditioning is a nutshell first the unconditioned stimulus, and second is neutral
stimulus.
However, John Broadus Watson was the first American psychologist that work
with Pavlov’s idea. According to him, if Pavlov is successful in proving associationism
between stimulus and response, people can also have such ability to associate certain
feelings, behaviors, and instances, even symbols. The most popular conditioning
experiment that he did was the “Little Albert”. The next psychologist is Edward
Thorndike who studied the connection between the stimulus and response. Thorndike’s
theory of connectionism states that learning takes place when a strong connection/bond
between stimulus and response is formed. There are two types of laws of learning first
is the law of readiness, and the second is the law of effect, the law of exercise, there are
different laws of learning by Edward Thorndike.
Burrhus Skinner was the most popular behavioral theorist of all time. Skinner has
operant conditioning that actively involves the subject’s participation and one example
of his operant conditioning is positive reinforcement. Pre-school teachers use a stamp
with a big star to stamp on the hands of the pupils who have behaved throughout the
class. Neo – behaviorism by Tolman and Bandura. Edward Tolman's purposive
behaviorism theory insisted that all behavior is directed because of a purpose. He
further believed that “mental” processes are to be identified in terms of behaviors to
which they lead. In other words, his intervening variables are tied to observable
behaviors. An example of Tolman’s theory is late learning.
The social learning theory of Albert Bandura was learning occurs within the social
context and by observing and copying other’s behavior or imitation. Modeling is crucial
in Bandura’s theory it refers to a change in one’s behavior by observing models. There
are components of successful modeling (a) attention, (b) retention, and (c) production,
(d) motivation.

Gestalt theory or Gestalt psychology is a school of thought that looks at the

human mind and behavior as a whole not in parts. It essential point of Gestalt
psychology is that in perception the whole is different from the sum of its parts. The
word Gestalt in German word means form or configuration and the focus of this theory
was the idea of grouping. The contributors to Gestalt theory are Max Wertheimer,
Wolfgang Kohler, and Kurt Koffa. They all studied perception and concluded the
perceivers or not passive, but rather active. There are six principles of Gestalt
psychology (a) the law of proximity, (b) the law of good continuation, (c) the law of good
pragnanz, (d) the law of similarity, (e) the law of closure, (f) the law of figure–ground.
According to the Gestalt psychologist, the way we form our perceptions is guided by
certain principles or laws.

Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: December 14, 2023

Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM
(Sunday)

Jerome Bruner’s Constructivism Theory was a major theme in the theoretical

framework that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or
concepts based on their current or past knowledge. The Cognitive structures such as
schema, mental models that provide meaning and organization to experiences, allow
the individual to beyond the information given. Bruner has four main concepts, The first
is a representation of knowledge, spiral curriculum, discovery learning, and
categorization.
The presentation of knowledge has three modes of presentation. (a) In an
enactive presentation a children learn about the world through actions on physical
objects and the outcomes of their actions. (b) iconic presentation is the second stage
when learning can be obtained through the use of models and pictures it allows one to
recognize objects or events. (c) symbolic presentation in this stage the learner has
developed the ability to think in abstract terms.
However, discovery learning refers to obtaining knowledge for oneself, and the
teacher plans, and arranges activities in such a way that students search, manipulate,
explore, and investigate. Bruner stated in 1966 that a theory of instruction has four
major aspects first is a predisposition to learn the student's readiness to learn. Second,
is the structure of knowledge which refers to how a body of knowledge can be
structured so that it can be most readily grasped by the learners. The third one is
effective sequencing which refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over. The
last one is reinforcement is rewards and punishments can be selected and placed
properly.
Therefore, categorization is a perception, conceptualizing of learning decisions,
and making references in all involved categories. There are three kinds of categories (a)
identity categories include objects based on their attributes or features. (b) equivalent
categories can be determined by affective criteria, which render objects equivalent by
emotional reactions, and functional criteria based on related functions. (c) coding
system is a category that serves to recognize sensory input.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: December 14, 2023
Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM
(Sunday)

Information Processing Theory is a group of theoretical frameworks that address

how human beings receive, mentally modify, and remember information, in how such
cognitive processes change throughout development. Gorge A. Miller one of the
founders of cognitive psychology, was a pioneer who recognized that the human mind
can be understood using an information-processing model. There are five types of
knowledge (a) general vs. specific, (b) declarative is factual knowledge, (c) procedural
how do things, (d) episodic is life events that happened to us in the past, (e) conditional
knowing when or why.
There are three stages of information processing theory encoding and acquiring
information sensed and perceived. This stage is shallow the easy to forget, then the
second stage is storage where is information stored, last one is retrieval is getting
information back when needed.
However, there is a memory model system, sensory memory decay is
information received through a person’s senses, it comes from the environment that
surrounds you. While the sensory register detects visual, auditory, haptic, and smell
taste, temperature, it filters out much of the world’s potential information. Therefore,
short-term memory functions as temporary working memory it holds information for a
limited amount of time. And long-term memory represents our permanent storehouse of
information. In long-term memory, there are divisions the first one is episodic memory
refers to memories of specific events in time, while semantic memory ideas, words,
facts, and concepts are not part of the person's own experiences.
Name: Jollie Mae G. Gases Date: December 14, 2023
Subject: EDUC 106 Time: 10:00 – 1:00 PM
(Sunday)