Every GOOP is a GORP.

Find the number of pairs of vertical

1 Half of all GORGS are GORPS. 2 angles determined by ten distinct 3 Abersclubofhasthe 160clubmembers. All mem-
play in a tennis
Half of all GORPS are GOOPS. concurrent lines passing through a point. tournament. When a member loses a set,
There are forty GORGS and thirty GOOPS. he or she is out of the tournament. No
No GORG is a GOOP. ~ ties are allowed. What is the minimum
How many GORPS number of sets that must be played to
are neither GOOPS ~ determine the club champion?
nor GORGS? t::J 't2!
~

Given: The shortest distance be- Find the height of a pyramid or cone Use nine squares with sides of 1, 4, 7, On a five-peg-by-five-peg geoboard,
4by-five-peg
tween any two pegs on a five-peg-
square geoboard is a unit
5 when its volume is numerically
equal to the area of its base.
6rectangle.
8, 9, 10, 14, 15, and 18 units to form a
Give the dimensions of the
7 find the area enclosed in the figure.

of length. With pegs of the geoboard as rectangle.

endpoints, find the number of segments
between pegs of length 1, of length 2, of
length 3, of length 4, and of length 5.

A candle, one centimeter longer than The rectangle of largest area that On a standard twelve-hour
8 another, is lit at 5:30 and the
P.M. 9 Complete
shorter one at 7:00 P.M. The candles are
table:
the following factor-product
1 0 can be inscribed in a given circle 11 digital-clock readout, neglect the
":"so that 1:11 as well as 11:11 represent
is a square. Find the area of the inscribed

I~ t·
the same length at 9:30 P.M. The longer square if the radius of the circle is four palindromes. What is the palindrome
candle burns out at 11:30 P.M. and the X II X2+2x - 3 ==-=- units. with the least value? With the greatest
shorter one at 11:00 P.M. How long was the value?
longer candle? - -l!-llx·-.4-x +-t-
41 - _ x• _ ..

On a five-peg-by-five-peg geo- If the ratio of the lengths of Draw three paths within the Between 50 and 100 books are
12 board, find six noncongruent
polygons with vertices as pegs that have
13 the edges of a right-rectangular
prism is 1:2:3 and the total surface area
14 boundary that do not cross so
that A goes to B, C goes to D, and E goes
15 stored on a shelf. Exactly 20 per-
cent of them are textbooks. Exactly one-
a perimeter of 10. is 550 square units, find its volume. to F. ..·;.t··.. seventh of them are novels. Can the exact
~ ····.... number of books on the shelf now be de-
·, termined? Why or why not?
E
:F·· .D
·. ·ii
 Multiplyi ng the digits of numbers, wants to araw t nree 01 tne
16 trees are du1gram
Sketch a in ten
wfi1ch
planted in ten rows of 17 one obtains new numbers, and 18 Green Thumb
plants for exactly $100.00. How
buy lUU -~II
~
11 you ranaomty
following sticks from a paper bag,
three trees each. eventually chains of them; all such chains many plants at $0.95 and at $1.15 does what is the probability that a trtangle
terminate in single-digit numbers. Thus Green need to buy? can be formed?
59-45- 20-0 is a chain of length four Sticks: 2 em, 3 em, 5 em
with leading number (n) of 59. Only 7 em, 11 em, 13 em
one chain of length five has n < 100.
What is n? (Hint: The chain terminates
in 8.)

For what value of m will the

20 Onhoursa nondigital clockface, the
2, 4, 7, and ll form a quad- 21 triangle formed by the lines
y= -4,
22 Find the sum of all proper frac-
tions whose denominators are 2 3 Arrange the numbers 1, 2, 2, 3, 4,
6, 6, and 12 in place of the letters
rilateral. What is the measure of its inte- less than or equal to 100. a, b, c, d, e, J, g, and h
rior angles? y= mx+7, so that abc = a b c
and cde = ejg = gha.
y= -mx+7 h d
be equilateral?
g f e

24 A nude number is a natural num-

ber each of whose digits (base
2 5 Find the value of x if 2 6 Two persons play the following
game: they take turns in naming 2 7 Find the smallest four-digit num-
ber all of whose digits are even
ten) is a divisor of the nude number. (~) F = (i)39-JX a positive divisor of 216 with the condi· and whose square root is an integer.
Find all odd, three-digit nude numbers tion that they cannot name a divisor that
containing no repeated digits. divides a number already named. The
one who names 216 loses. It turns out that
the first player, by playing correctly, can
win the game. What number should be
named first?

What is the largest number that

2 8 can be expressed with exactly 29 Four positive two-digit even num-
bers xy have a fifth power that 30 Anorth-south
square city block measures km and runs Y4
and east-west. The stoplights at each
three digits? (You need only "express" terminates in xy. Find them. intersection are all green for 2 minutes and then all red
the number.) for 2 minutes at the same time, and the speed limit is
30 kmj h. A pizza shop on a corner in the center of town
promises delivery within 30 minutes. It takes 14 minutes
to put the pizza in the car. What is the maximum number
of blocks north the delivery can cover and always keep
the promise?
I
 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR
@ 40; 30; 20; 10; 8
This month's problems 2 and 4- 13 were furnished by Leland W.
Knauf, Youngstown State University, You~gstown, OH 44?55. Prob-
lems 14-16, 18, and 30 were provided by Richard A. L1ttle ~fall­
term 1987 class in Math 610, Geometry for Teachers, at Oh10 State
University-Lydia Appel, Andy Banas, Debbie Cap~a, Don ~handler,
Jeri Earnest, Amy Edwards, Dorian Edwards, Jackie Hutchmgs,
Ken Seidel Jeff Smith and Laura Wenig. Problems 20- 22, 24, and
27 were su~plied by Charles D. Gallant, Saint Francis Xavier Uni-
versity, Antigonish, NS B2G !CO. Problems 17, 23, 25, ~6, and 29
were furnished by George Berzsenyi, Rose-Hulman Institute of Tech- Length 1
nology, Terre Haute, IN 47803, and problem 19 was supplied by the
spring-semester 1988 problem-solving class of Michael C. Hynes,
• . J~..- • •

t~t~lg
University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816. Problems 1, 3,
and 28 are from 101 Puzzle Problems by Nathaniel B. Bates and • . .u._... • •
Sanderson M. Smith (1980, Bates Publishing Co., 277 Nashoba Rd.,
Concord, MA 01742).
t~t~tr
. o r r~rr•
• .l!..e--.
. . ..
r:t\ 10. Construction of Venn
~ diagrams is helpful in solv-
® 90. Look at simpler cases:
...a-..~. ~

Length 2
ing this problem. Number of- - 1 2 3 4 5
lines 0 2 6 12 20

!'#!' r1
. l#f
Every GOOP is a GORP. Number of- - - L-..__..__..___.____, -.,..J.'- - II

~
pairs of
vertical

~
angles
Note that for n lines the pattern
No GORG is a GOOP.
seems to reveal n(n - 1) pairs of • 5 • • • • 15 •

vertical angles. Also, notice that

Half of all GORGS are GORPS. each pair of lines produces two Length 3
pairs of vertical angles; thus, de-
termine how many selections of
two lines can be made from ten

!ti=!"
lines. That is,
10) 10!
There are 40 GORGS and 30 10C2, or ( , or 2181 ,
2
GOOPS. or forty-five selections of two Jines e I 5 I I e
can be made, r nd two pairs of verti-
cal angles occur for each selection. Length 4 Length 5

The length-5 segments could be

Half of all GORPS are GOOPS.

(Hence there must be 60 GORPS.)
® It would be possible to set
up a ladder and determine
from it the minimum number of
thought of as the hypotenuse in a
3-4-5 right triangle.
games needed to determine a win-
ner. However , since 160 is not a
• • • • •

1
·~·:::
power of 2, the ladder is not as
simple as it might be otherwise.
Here is an easier way to do this 3 5
problem. Since 159 players must • • •
each lose 1 set to determine a win- e I 4I I e
How many GORPS are neither ner, the minimum number of sets
GOOPS nor GORGS? required is 159. (Continued on page 641)

The Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is now considering sets of problems submitted by individu-
als, classes of prospective teachers, and mathematics clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1991-92
academic year. Please write to the editorial coordinator, 1906 Association Drive, R eston, VA 22091 , for
guidelines.·
Two other sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: "Calendars for the Calcula.ting" (a
set of nine monthly calendars that originally appeared from September 1983 to May 1984; order number 344,
$5.75) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar that originally appeared in September 1982; order
number 311, $2.50; set of five, order number 312, $5.00). Individual members receive a 20 percent discount off
these prices.

644 - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- - - - -- - - Mathematics Teacher

 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR-Continued from page 644

®
(113)h.
Three units. V = (113)Bh if
V = B; V = (113)Vh; 1 =
(3) (x + 1) - 4r1 = x - 2 .5r2
Substituting (2) into (1 ) and (3),
symmetry. Which have point sym-
metry?
we have
® 32 units x 33 units 4r2 + 1 = 6r~o
Line: A, B, E
Point: A, B, F
2.5r2 + 1 = 4rl.
Solving this set of equations gives
@ 750 cubic units
r2 = 2 and r 1 = 1.5.

15x 15
18x 18
® See figure 1 at bottom of page.

1X 1 @ Thirty-two square units

8x8 7x7
4x4

14 X 14
9x9 lOx 10
s 6x 3 = Volume
2 · x · 2x + 2 · x · 3x + 2 · 2x · 3x
The rectangle will have integral = 550
dimensions and a total area of 1 + 4x 2 + 6x 2 + 12x2 = 550
16 + 49 + 81 + 100 + 196 + 22x 2 = 550
225 + 324 = 1056. 1056 = 2 5 • 33.
x 2 = 25
The lengths of the sides of the
s2 + s2 = 82 x=5
rectangle must be 18 or greater so
that the largest square will fit. 2s 2 = 64
The only possible dimensions are
32 x 33, as all other combinations @ 101 and 1221
of factors have one less than 18.

r=i\ 8.5 em 2 . The problem is eas-

\.!_) ier if one looks at the area
@
I :::I
of the entire geoboard and sub-
•
D
tracts the triangular areas.
16 - 7L=8!
•
2 2 • • • • • •
• • • •A • • • • • B•
• • • • • • • • • •
• • •
Qj •
•
• •
• • [b @ 70. The exact number can
be determined because only
one number between 50 and 100 is
• • • • •
c •D • exactly divisible by 5 (i.e., 20%)
• • • • • • • • • • and 7. !

® 9 em. Let x + 1 be the

9.
• •
• •
• •
• • • • • • • • • •
• • • • E• • • • • F •
cr. @
16

I
I
/(
~~~
I
,'

''

,
Ill
11
I I
I I

-·
I I

I
\

. . .i~,i,~
. . ~ ~ ............
.l ~-~~: -;_1~ - -
\
'\ ~~~
---------.:-
_.

length of the longer candle 1 -- ~ ~ ---

~ -=.--:..-::.:.----
and x be the length of the shorter Solvers might want to consider
candle. One approach is to use d = which of the polygons have line (Continued on page 645)
rt so that r 1 is the rate of burn
and 6 hours is the time for the X X + 2 X + 3 x- 2
longer candle to burn:
(1) x + 1= r1•6 X - 1 x2 + X - 2 x2 + 2x - 3 x2 - 3x + 2
Likewise for the shorter candle: X + 2 x2 + 4x + 4 x2 + 5x + 6 x2 - 4
(2) x = r2- 4 X + 1 x2 + 3x + 2 x2 + 4x + 3 x2 - X - 2
When they are the same length: Fig. 1

Nouember 1990 - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - -- - - -- 641

 ANSWERS TO CALENDAR-Continued from page 641
~ 77. Workjng backward (from are triangles. There are 6!13!3! pos- The triangle is equiangular for
\!.!J the hint), we find that 8 can sibilities, so 5/20. m = Va. All sides are equal in
be factored in four ways into the ~ length:
product of two positive integers, 'E.9! 75•, 75•, 105•, 105° - - - - - - ~2
namely, as 1 · 8, 2 · 4, 4 · 2, and 8 · 1. /(7 + 4 )2 + (1m1) 2 = 2m2
Correspondingly, 18 can be factored Y 2
as 2 · 9, 3 · 6, 6 · 3, and 9 · 2,
whereas 24, 42, and 81 allow for fi 21(m 2 + 1) = 22
the products: 3 · 8, 4 · 6, 6 · 4, 8 · 3,
6 · 7, 7 · 6, and 9 · 9. Note that
'v m2 m
11~ = 22
since 29, 92, 38, 46, 83, 67, 76, and m rn
99 cannot be factored into two sin-
gle-digit numbers, one needs to ~= 2
consider only 36, 63, and 64. These
numbers in turn lead to 49, 94, 66,
79, 97, and 88; of these, only 49
can be obtained as a product of
single-digit factors, leading to 77.
Thus the desired chain, 77 -
49 - 36 - 18- 8, is indeed of
length five, as shown in figure 2.
Each of the twelve hours cuts the
f.46\ Green needs 25 of the $1.15 circle into 30-degree arcs. The
\!.3' plants and 75 of the $0.95 measure of the angle at 4 is equal
plants. Every $1.15 plant Green to half the measure of the arc from
buys needs to be balanced with 2 to 7, that is, 112(7 · 30) = 105.
three $0.95 plants to arrive at
whole dollars. Algebraically, if x is
the number of $0.95 plants andy
@ ~ The desired products must
is the number of $1.15 plants, 'E3J be multiples of 12. Among
X+ y = 100 these, 12 itself is impossible be-
and cause only one 1 is given; 60 is
similarly impossible because 5 is
0.95x + 1.15y = 100.
missing from among the given
~ 1/4. Because the sum of two numbers. Multiples of 12 larger
\J..5!/ sides must be greater than than 72 prove to be too ambitious
the third side, only in view of the size of the other
numbers. Consequently, only the
3 + 5> 7 products 24, 36, 48, and 72 need to
3 + 11 > 13 be considered, which can be done
y =-4
5+ 7 > 11 via a case-by-case analysis based
5 + 11 >
7 + 11 >
13
13
Cr!t1 ,-4) (!.! '-4) on the placement of the number
12. The two resulting solutions are
the following:
2 3 4 3 4 6
6 6 2 2
/ 49 - ® 2 12 1 12 1 6

~ 66no Using factors rather than products

36 - makes a visual solution easier.
/ 94no Factoring the numbers given
::..-- 63 ~ yields 1, 2, 2, 3, 2 · 2, 2 · 3, 2 · 3,
18 - - 29 no ~ 79 no and 2 · 2 · 3. Note that only four of
~ 92no 97no
the eight have a factor of 3. Try
them in the corners or in the cen-
ters of the sides:
/- - 81 - 99no
8 3 2·2 2 · 3
~~ 42 - - 67no 2 2
- - 76 no 2·2·3 1 2·3
/ 38no
2 3 2·2
24 ::..-- 83 no
2·3 2·3
~ 46no 2 2·2 · 3 1
64 - 88no
Fig . 2 (Continued on page 646)

Nouember 1990 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 645

 ANSWERS TO CALE NDAR-Continued from page 645
(,)A\ Nude numbers are 735; 315; ~ The first player should start exponentiation is performed from
'EY 175; 135. If one starts to list 'E:JJ with naming 36. Then to right to left. Hence,
possible three-digit nude numbers, each answer x of the second per· 23
4
= 2 81
one discovers that no O's will occur son, the first person should reply
withy, where (x, y) = (24, 54), and not 8 4.
This result does not
as digits, as 0 cannot be a divisor; contradict the well-known law of
no even digits will occur, as an (54, 24), (8, 27), (27' 8), (72, 108),
or (108, 72). These pairs are ob· exponents, which states that
even number cannot be an integral
divisor of an odd number; and 5 tained by observing that 216 = (xa) b = xab
cannot be the hundreds or tens 23• S 3 and that if X = 2° 'Sb, then
digit, as it cannot be a divisor of by responding with 2b . sa' one (with appropriate restrictions on a,
exploits the symmetry of the situa· b, and x ) . Perhaps solvers now bet-
an odd number not ending in 5. ter understand why parentheses
The only possibilities are as fol- tion. (Query: Can you show that
whenever 2° · Sb is admissible, are used in the statement of the
lows: exponential laws above.
then so is 2 b · S 0 ?) Note that by
@ell§) 713 913 naming 2 2 · S 2 , one excludes the
137 S17 715 915 only number (i.e., 22 · 3 ) other ~ S2, 24, 76, and 68. Expand
139 S19 719 917 than 216 that has no distinct sym- 'E3/ (10n + k) 5 (by the binomial
17S S71 7S1 ' 9S1 metric pair. (Query: How about theorem or otherwise) and observe
that the first four terms (i.e.,
@ S75@ 9S5 some interesting variations or ex·
tensions of this game?) [10n] 5 , 5[10n) 4 k, 10(10n] 3 k 2 , and
179 S79 7S9 9S7 5[10n] 2k 3 ) are multiples of 100
19S 391 791 971 and that since k is even, so is the
195 S95 79S 97S r,:;=n 4624. This is a great calcu- fifth term, 5(10n)k 4 . Consequently,
197 S97 795 975 'E.!/ lator problem. The solution attention may be restricted to k 5
must exceed 45, as the square fork = 2, 4, 6, and 8 (why not 0?)
To limit the work further, if 137 is
must be at least 2000. Check all and to the last two digits of these
not a nude number because it is squares of numbers 46 and great-
not divisible by S, neither is 371 numbers.
er; 68 2 gives the desired solution.
nor 7Sl.
@ Sixteen city blocks
@ 169 @9 99
, which means
SO mi. = SO mi. = 1 mi.
(~) v; =
9387 420 489.
(D39 - Yx. 1 hr. 60 min. 2 min.
The number Assuming the worst possible case,
(~) 2Vx = (D 39 - v;; 999 the pizza is placed in the car and
the signal turns red. The driver
contains over S50 000 000 digits.
thus, By allowing 10 digits to an inch, must wait two minutes, then can
2Vx = S9 - Vx, the number, if written out, would drive directly north for two min-
stretch to over 500 miles. utes, covering one mile, or four
SVx= S9, blocks. This pattern continues in
In a "tower of powers" such as
Vx = 1S. four-minute units. The driver cov·
23· , ers four units of four blocks.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY

is inviting applications for admission into its
DOCTORAL PROGRAM IN MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES
emphasis in
MATHEMATICS EDUCATION
A bachelor degree in mathematics is desirable for entrance into the program. Departmental and
interdisciplinary studies in the teaching and learning of mathematics at grades K-college may be
undertaken. Fellowships, teaching, and research assistantships are available. N.I.U. is located in
DeKalb, Illinois, a pleasant residential community, 60 miles west of Chicago. For more information,
contact the Director of Graduate Studies, Department of Mathematical Sciences Northern Illinois
University, DeKalb, IL 60115. Tel: {815) 753-0567 . '

646 - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - Mathematics Teacher