*Altecnaténg Cuncent <- An altewating Cunent is that Cunnent whose % i Conteneausby with time and. inethion Mereizes Pexieclically. Ww Dinect Curent s- A dineet Cement ti thal Couneré “hich Haas csits Constant maprthede in the Aame Lireckion, te When a ik is rebated in a magnetic field, an alternating emt bs induced En tt, wbich is given by | viet Comme the relations |€ = Ey 8in wt} Nbewwabry Curent we Le this Emt_G applied fy a Cinceeit of L fesistance R» Then ohare Aa, the Current 4 t in the Cincutt wil be, 6 6 - T=£=$ hinwt Ee ie stout] Ye Thus the Cumnent in the Cirecudt Vanier Ainutotlally lity time ond Ls Catted. alternating Cument:. W Hee, Te f value f ac. at any tnpont £’. I. = Be P®k ox maninun value of a-c. ov. Cunnent Amplitech. Ye Amplitude {The maniirum value atloined by an abbennating- Cunnent in thee dinetion ki called ly amplitude am fier so aol is clencte/ by.'Z, vw Teme Period (Urthe time taten by an alternating Court tr Compldle one Cycle of itt venéalin ts Une pore. % ot us denoted by T. Ye This tam hs cyte to the “time tatan hy Ye Coil te Complde one ntokzon in the ze fedd. Ag anlar Veloiin Of the Ch i'o ond its anpulea Lisplacennt to one Complete yde & mm, Time Peniod = T= Aegulare Btéplacement to Sacre oe alee = of 3] We Fraeysuuney (FJ i= The number of Cycles Completed por Seeord 4 on albernating Comet ir called its tb denoted LF Irepory * Tre A ef ao Conent is San 5 the Freguurey of rotation of the (oil in the ie deeld. sso a ete f= Ea T=TSinwt = LoS! anft =L4snrt% The mean or Vali of the abhornabing Conent over 0. Complete re 7s ts positive in one Aobf cycle ond Gually * e pe oe q Fer Sined ; 4 * Agsumeng the Cunnent mematr Constant fora. Seratt Tire dt, then the amount of Change Sot Haws Bagh te. Circuit to Small time ht itll be je = To Ddde =o Sint dt % The total Change that Hour troygh the Cietul} jn one Complete Cyele of Qo zr L= fag = [Dhinut Sg = Io [- we] DZ= - ge [Cawt ae =~ a [Co Bt], DE = BY [es ax- Caso] >¢ =-2'T ii] =0 % The average value F aC. over one Complete Cycle of ac, Z day = = 9 * Thus the awenaye Value 4 ac. Olen 2. Complete Cyole fac és . lean on Ave Value of Ql. o1ee half a Gde :- WDetintléon j- Avereaye valu tf a-c. over half a yde Ls chetined as that value ich m ina —Cincudt in the Same. time os tk sent by, the xven alt 2p Cuanent in tes halt time period. Tt is Lenoked by Tay oF Tr, ielatteg Latipecn, venape Yale tod pad talus. et aC. 5 «The Value % alternottng Cunrert at any instant ¢’ ls given by — LD=I, Sin wt* This Coment Con be assumed ts cemain Cnnttant- For 0. Small tine dE. Then the amount °% chayye that flows dhactgh the Céecudt in &matl fine dt & given by, dq =Idét = Lo Sinwt- he * The tiled Chae thal flout through the Cieenrit in the Fiext babt cyte ve- From t20 fo £2 7% i given 4, th Th Z= Sd = ST, Sinat & - 7.]- foe =~ 2 [eset] 2 2 ag= = [es axe age- z [cose -coso] dg = -Ei-] ag= at % The averse value of 0-6. over the fir holt cycle is, [= ete = a kt an = Time. BT = To = 2, kT Tay = = Te [an = 0 6297] Yt Tha the mean or av value 4 an ing Current Ly 2 wv 0.634 . a its peak jerage , aterokicg 2 Sime ll alternating emt, actly i 7 boy = = ba = 0.637 &] Loot mean Sgiane (RMS) oe Vertaal ov Effective Value F 4.0.5 We Detinzhions- 94 lt define) at that valu ot direct Current ubich Pao the Same heokteg effect to 0. given cexister oh in Produced by geen altemnating Cunnent: when toa the Same time W"9£ is denoted “by Terms 06 Ty 0 Tet. KM felon belbiveen the Cffectzve and. pear value # ge B te Suppose an abtewratling Comet T=TzSinut be paseol tag a Cineuit of Pevistarue R. Ten the anmant % heat prokuted 6 Small time lt will be dl = I*Rdbwilt be r yee H= di = [rede ——_ 3 we Leb Tee be the effective Valu f aC, then heat Produtted ty time T mut be H=IegkT —— @ From Z a > TeteRT = JI*kdt > Tee RT = R TLE > phe = Lfpdt wr 78 > Tera f£ fpge —— Oe Jz + zo % Now, (Pat = { 1) séPeot dt 6 ° {Tt CosawtRoot Maen Spuane Vi ot an alt tng Emt o- * Detinittm :- Gt ts dekined as thot value ¢ 0 “yteady yoltope that Prooliue the Same amount 4 heat th a given resistance os” is produced fi the Fe alteaaticy ont shen oppld te the Sane nesisone fore the 4 inh WIL & denoted lp, Eons or Ey 0 Exee. Helaf ian hetween the ms yolue anol the Pew, value 4 00 cbteenatig rng 5- * Suppose an alternating emt ‘€’ opplied to a resistorve Rt. given by, E=€o Sinwt % The amount ot heat n Sinall tine cle wilt be, di 2 de = & sintut ht Let T be the tin. period FL the alternating emf, hen heat prahweol tn ting T Wt be, To iamnis H=Sdi=f S SiPet oA 2 U1 coat “gfegare 2 Sin aeot'] T [eS], = Sfr9-s[so egy =& (7-4 $a Sino) -Rft 3a (Sing — § & 7-6 we re — 0 * Of Exm ts the acot mean Sune value of the ey nt Den the Anant fiat prockuae by 1 in the Jame. nesibione R in_time T wilt be, 2 H= fT —@ * From Gquatin 0 an © wep, EimsT 7 R aR > |Exm, == O-FoF Ey u2 A et Q Siruuoe. . 4 Phason. Wt This vettos ih imagir take ath _ Grgutan “eon ee ad the doqulae ete te, apout te “amplitude A Me fuantity and i& projection upon a tered onik gives the dostontanen value % the guantéty. * ed, i « The phase cangle between tun Juantebier is mepacsented ae dhe it . Phasor. Lisgita on spend Liagean wA diagram! that nepresents alternating Cunnent and voltage of the Same teagucry as tstating Yettors ( phases) pet. proper phose syle beter am or fi ated 2 Plane, dlogroeax hegetet esgmmm. —_"_ te a Ae Ora fe eng ont will Cuneend nn @ Circuit ane given by = Eo Sint "and I= Do Sin wt whee @ is the Phax anmle between & and I- % To_nemesent aternatiog cat and Cuswent 2x Platons , we draw inell te. r. (a gle EM = cat and. £B0x= Gt The A (epvex SOMAC. Cincudt Containin only A_ Resistor - * Suppose a mresiston % vexibtance ®? iu comected Tha we Sounte of attemateng. ent E' given 4y, E=Ep Sin WE. Thi, Cneuit 1 Laon o4 a nevidtive Cirecubt. OP T be the Cunnent in the Cintuit at tnstant-'t’, then the a potential diep aenots R exit be Te. According ty Kinchhutt's Qu Loop mute, Trtontanea ont of the Sounce = Inatantoneos potential SiFformw Gene > &Xout = TR >I = & sinwt =y I = Lo Sincot where To = & = the maximwn on perk value of ac * Clearly, bah E ond T ane feonshions of Sinwt- Hence the emt £' and Cunnent ‘T' ane in Same én a Punely reristive Cinsuit. * be, both € ani T adlin hele Zew, mintmam nd smoximem Voluws at te Same crespective Limes. (Phan dioqea fou, MeUgive AC. Chectt _ y! % Sn phason disnam bls de phasow EF and T” ane is same dinetton, Mowe Same angle ‘ct’ wth X- aeis. The phaw argte between then Zu A.C. Chrcuit Confosinins On Tnductori- ar arog a ORT Comected to ne 0. Sounte of alternating emt €’ given by, c E=&, Sinwt — (Y) © Assume trot the tneluctor has Deglipisle_nepstante.. Tk Ee inut the Cintwit (1 punely inductive Qt! Céncuit. ° we Ag the abtewebing Cument Hows the indutitor, 0. batk emp ~LEE i seb up Which opoies the applied ent. “The net inklockaneaut emp =E -L¥we Ag the Gacwlt i Purely (inductive tineult, there is no resistance, Zo He_nek iationtantos emt mut be Zeno. é- La zo df PEaL Gysindge = LE > di= #2 sineot de Snbeqrating bath fades > Sd = SE Sincat olf >L= Etge) D>I- --% Cost >I=-T, Gsut (whee To = & ip = Tre perk value # a-) >I= -L sinh -at) (°- cong 2 BoCE- @)) * Com oe 2B seo T) — () ot, the phase xz in’ ond @, “Je Ah 1e Cae ee en thal of Oot oye % Thus, tn Go bnduttive aC. Cintult, the Valdege ty ahead % the Concent in Phase by Wo" Om he Cuanent Aap Lehind the Yatdage in p go ont, Mens tal Oe oliop € obs ts Monimum value (&) a guater ¢ ote CH) bh» tatlien than the Cunrent 7 lo) the Ctument attaint its peor value Clo) | pt tintin tele Labbe than the jeblezee. oe 9n the _Phaton copra, the phaior EZ make a angle Wt with X-axis tn anti-clecuiie dinectton. Ag phe Circeat behind the ent in phase \v by Trad, 0 the! Comnrent Prason T makes on Tatod with tre Proton E” in clocgiite olineotion. Tndutive Sttey ied *” Cat pa =2 wth te x! panteg eee Te oi we znd that ‘ca plays dei tame tole here ar +e revitlanve'R’ in TAtKive Cate. yt* Defénttion:- Te ee yistonce oi opposition of feved) by the tducia te te thaw of QC. rayne - ‘ve 9 ssitiC he fous | 2 fh alla onde oly by we (X= @L = Of w iy a bs im CL). % Fon at. X, axF Fon det. f =0, So XL =0 Thus, on inductor alles AC flow Chrowoh it easily but opposes 1 How % a-C. Unroveh it. he we Te — . em Som = Fe = wT = GL = Vanéokion of X_ with Hreguency s- w Ag XMS, 50 the graph FX, Vous f i a Hoaight Line with a posittve slop. N X o F2 lh . £_ Guo wit Containing Daly a. Capacitor 4 = (CE Got) = WCE CoscotSyI = Tp swt aI =Tp so(@ith a Whene, To = @ch =" = the cunnrent amplitude % From equation Word 2) we tind that tn a Capouitive Qt. Uneuit, the Cusnent Leads the Voltoqe ov the voltoge Log behind the Cunent in Phoxe by TK codian 1 * The phayw relationship betowen E and I iu shows tale the Clunent eather US monimum Nolue eanber than_the Volkage by one-font, of a. period. % The Phase 2” maxes an argle wt wtih x-aute to anticlowite Aineetion. As the Comrent Leade the ent in phase by %h wad, $0 the Curent phason T moxes on angle "hxod with phasor &” to Anticlocryise Lirection. We Copacitive Reactance 2- Detinztion :- the _e#fettive resistance os ! Opposition offenrcol by fie Copacitor to the x’ Flow ef ac. Uncogh (tu Called Coporitive neattance. Gb is denoted by"Xc. %_Companing the, velotion, To =f, with the Ohmée. teelabion Io =, We td shat; the task oes she ofectene mexistonce 6x the _oppusition otfened by the copacitor ts the of ae. Tas Fon a-¢ Xea$ fou d-C, f=0)+.Xc=% * Tha Copacitor allows ac. tr flood tmogh (t easily but offers intentte yesistonve to the How ft d-l.ée, @ Copasitr bolegs of.C. % The ST wnt 4 capasibive reactance is ohm (A). * The capacitive reattarce vanies fventely wtth the Freguency.. 26, XKonnected tn Series toa § of Vg= <4 allewating emt E given by E=Es Sin ait Ar t % ke, I Stee fe te Ceanont, tags the —— {~)- LD) Voltage (x= TR aero the resistance OQ R will be én Phase th the Cuncent T y $0, phason Vg ond Pare in same dbireetéon, The_cmplrtude t, We is [R= TR], (2) Voltage VE =X,P_ aso the inductor % Hane ey aed. S0, the Phaser yy Wes &K as ny to Vector additic Rrin=e Olly Paige Cee Te = (TRE t+ (Lo%)” = Te (R+x2) ag = is zy 3 pe (EE | Ye Comparing she aloe relation with ohmic relation To the faster (Rixt ts she effective _mesisiance of -he oes LR- Chetesi which CPP ONES ox_tpedes the How) a re shaough I it. * Im cf#e by the — Ql. deo Os . Us by 'Z'. £2, we xt ve "he a REX 3k ate] Co X= @L) Pe ine ag Fn te mali le Ol Cc ft tang = Me = Tes Te 5 P= tar)tn phase CE det enon Xt iy is f= IgA atin ec eon wtVe =E we Using Py thopavaan theme, W get, @ =U ¢ Ce) PED = (ok)*+ (LX) 1 = TR X) be | (Rex) od 2 above — relation z fe 2S, ve that he! is he. ei ect Jenies CRs = Crevdt whe 2 é. * and tt is cabled its inpeoce ond tt ental by 2- Thu 5 [22 (Ree = (Rede) (=a)The phase argle between the negultant Vathaye One! Cunnent ‘is geen tp» Boke Ke 0nd = RR > tang = 2fa * From the phaser diagram ct is Clearer Hat, the Conmpent 2 ahead A ent by phose anple J. S0 the inlontanecus value of Cunment iu fives 4y, [T= Ip So (wt + 9)/ oenties LC R- Cincust s- ve! cat ¢' given by E= bo kn wt y oom welet © be he Cuntent in He Series Cireult a, OY taal. then , i Keke w ©) Volos Ve =* XP aunts the 2 tndustonce Lis ahead of Cument Fin those by E yod. 0 Phowe VE Lies Sa.rved anbichersrese with royest fa the phase’ I: The anplikde f Ve ls, Ve = To%_\ © Votage ¥é= *E ¢ cunots the copatitanye ‘c’ Logs bali te Cuecent ? igh appl jen by te al ghelegram. 7 POG Ut (Mee 5 Gai to eh : = HAL X am Rie (RACL~ Jy* Companing the above relation wx! amit relation Lee » oe get that the "facter (RiCx}-2) is the efectéve reewstanwe F the Senies LCR Cireault Which Opposes or. impedes the_#loco of Cunnent Uneugh Lt bed. b a ‘Z SI. watt i ohm Ca) * Thus, Pp 22 (RK [2 (EOE BF vom Cage-12- When X Xe 08 Vi>Ve, thot onf Chad Cnent by phase angle $ which is (Ven by _ fin fan gj = Ape os cage % The tntjantancnus Cument in the Ciecuit yitl be z= Lh sin Cet ~ oO x ve ie a industéve - thes XL4Xe_ oF ek, tat Cument “ih ahead of emf by phase angle ¢ which bs _fiven by: _ tang = ARR or (ap-& e 5 Caye-32- When X.=Xe oe Me="e > 9=0, the Mv geet will be tn the Same piase- P ' The series LLR-Ciecuit is said tr be pundly maistive. ¥ 3 this Com, & XeX = ¢ 2 eg = Frans =* = Circuit tu sade 4 Serie - Cieeedt bi 9év —————— [Ri be Cheanky, To becomes Zeno oth foe (0-0 and wie We The value 4 To is maximum chen, WL - =0 as. aw [@x = arf, =e a 21S, = aae_/O Seaies LCR- Cincult with Qngulae teequency | 7 a ten tinge hitferent values of Rane — ! (eek Shown én Mobnate 8. % The Comment omplhude tas a peak ot ’ y, ee Zeno in ether Airettiov te id wo but the Shanpness ot pear clepends on’. The PCOK is higher Fon mallee Veobeee of R. * Thus the meonante is Shap For smalt ond | a_#let one for Lang R. L % The Shonpnen of reeronante i measuned by a. et tree ie or Q- the Circuits x M i the @-Facton iv a rd [ /Q = ae Reserond feegueney | L [ whet, 0 and a ane the Feeguenter_at which the cuncent Fats to zx times te @,= @,-4@ and W,= @yt+4@ % The Fagquency teange G),- C= IAW is Catled band-witth. * The — bn a the value A y the / cura 4 i ak tn th % Q-fatton sa dimeudonion quantity,Derivation tor Q- toutor j- At ay, the tmptdance l Gal lo R, while at &, and Wy, tt ee 1 Z=(RtC@L- we)” = VaR R+(coL- EJ = 2k »fwL-7 = tal % We Can cnt, QL- Ag =~ R — 9 @ CL- Ze = #R Fe Adding eguation (1) and 2) , ce gee (Wj#0)L= $ (BE) =o ia WO, = 7c w ng _U (2), coe (GQy- W)L +E (BH) 2 aR _ Coys > ay @)] Lt Hla ]= PR > a-@)[LtL] =2R 6 Gaze) > WW =& a a ra Wt Thevedue, [8 = Fao = ayes, = E*/ @ * The above quaton can alu be cattten a4, [q= Gettin — te Fpplid Vaio — = V0 Hage. Megnitreatien | { Kiam %* Thus, the _Q- fattor a Series LCR Chnceit may aly be dehred Ve a oe 0. e -tiL 3 2_ tg toy sip POR yl = L Bc} Wing the abee relation we get, Ia =a = é iE }* From equation (2) , if Q-Foetor is (ec, If Rt Lewd oy Lis lovee), the bend (24) is Small. on o% * This _meau that the Resonance 4 sharp on he Seriex séhonant Cincuit GO mone seletive. Fewer. io AC. Gncait 2= wt The nate at whéch electric enengy & Corssemed in_an electric. Circuit ts called i We The produt %¢ the tastantancan voltage ond tutentenenu Cumet ts called a tnttantaneous pouiee te. a-c. cietidt we Suppyse yee a-c. Cintuits the Voltage and. connent at ony tastart- Gre glen a b=&kinwt gd T=Tkinfot-g) thane g is the phaye ongle by which the vabloxe E beads the Cumcedt J. * The fnitontanes power 4 given by, P= EL = Eile Sinwt. Sin - g) >P= Gls [2 sinwt. sloCat-9)] ap = GET ccd - cas Lawt-4)] [°? 2 Sind Som = CasChra)- cass % frog “pace dissipated por = Aerag f BET ces cos ai0t-S)] * The dean cos Cauit-W) Bh Mine leponla ts aveume over 0. Ole b Zece. Py = SE tad > f= fe Ee oosd Faw = Erans Teng Ca > [lar = Ee0t: Tong §) Co-1:- CPone Rosie Uncut) % Here the voltage and Curent one tr Same Phase it, $=0 and Cosp=1 os ay = Ems Tams X14 => Pay = Erm Sfp Pa = Fs) Care-ai- (Purely Trduchive Cireett) Yt Hee the voltage heads the Cument by plose by Fite poh. [B= bea: Lam CHE 0 Thus the anerape power Consumed in an inductive Cincuit over o- Compbebe Uyele & Zeno.Case-3:- C Pune Caparitive Cinecsit) * Hene_the otlaye_Lee behink the Curent in phave by © ze, 6-% ‘ [Rv = Enns‘ Fume “Cos CE) = of * The QNenape Power Consumed tn a Copasitive Cinowit over o. Complete att Uren. Cahe- 45: - CSevies LCR- Ciecuit) W Fon A seus LCR - Cinceeit , Pow = Evms Tom Cos d. whenes G = tani ( *-%). % Some témes, 9 may have 0. nen- Zero value fon series LR-5 LC-, Gnd ws Cietusts. So’ pawee tn Corkumed in sueh Cincenit, but only to te Powte Fastore :- Ww Defénttion;- Power Fottoc may be defined on the qobto of the tau ower to the ac. Céncust. wTWattles Cument— % Detinztions- The cuncent in aC Céncuét is baid to be wattle 14 fhe _alerage power Conselned in the Circuit tk Zeno. % The _avonapepotsen an Qc drceulé Bb g8ten by, Paw = Exm Daay CP jm * The Caumperd Time Con be real tata to eS mp é ) Component Tymy C&A along Ean. As the Phase. OX Wrple bebwieen Tina (3 ond Eros. th Zeno trevekne Pay = Exon. (Tome C084.) Cos BD > Pav = Enos. Troy Cas p by Sing novmal £0 Game, As she phase angle between Tem S09 and En _is Way therefene, Day = Exms (Tam Séng.)- CS Ih =0 be the idle on crattlen Cunrent 86) fay = Era Tem Coop = 0 Thus He Cornet & the Cincuit has no power. Vek An@t and T=Tpsinwt % Work done tn Smal tine dt will be = Pdt = = io? Cot >d = Vole C1- Cosawt) dé * iM és a b Py = week TT > Fay = Hehe [Cir cosas) de = ele sae = FEL Cro)-oFand T =f, bin(wt-E) = - To ha (T= 04) = -Ip Cos wt w MI in an Ze.Avenage Power aunotiate/ with a Capositon:- we when’an ac i i V= Vo Sincot and I= To ginCwt tM) = To Cohwt % Worx done tn the Cirecdt in Anal time dé will be qu = Pdé = Vidt = Volo Strut Cost Le >dw= Wale hind , * “The avewye power Lusipated per cycle to the Copatitor ts, Poy = “= 4 Sdn = 3 Ssinacwt dt 7 3 a Vela 7 = VeTo 26 UF, JT Yur Leos Fe] =~ Vol T Cos yp- cos o] qwT = htop )_)J yap > Pav = 0 * Dus the_owcrap. pre. disp pes. cycle tn a. copatiton iTounstoxmen s- * A transtoamer an clecteivol device for Converting on altornabeng- Cumment ot Los voltage inte that at high \olleze ar yéce versa. % The transfoemee hich increas the topo wollege , it is calle Set up Lrastouner- The transloumen that decreas the tyrd- vabtoge, Le is Calleh step - dawn Laarsformec. Tainez ple i- % Td woes on the pnineiple of mutsal AC ? ae To ‘ ‘on, 2.0, uben an alternatl source Ht load Ceurnent L Posed Uragh ove of the tuo tnduckively Coupled coil, an tami unc (@) Step-up- transform toduced emt 4 set up to te other sete Cok Con streuetd ton 3- cater % 4 transfowner eHenttally connitt of LW Coils of tnustated Copper vice Zune Aavicg clitterent- oumben of Luans (b) Step-daun-trsfonnce. Qnd."tuound. on the Some Soft tron Cone. cane Ye The Coch p to which elettnit craggy ts Supplied 1 catted the primary and the coil faam which energy i olzaun on autput- is obtained is cabled Secondary. se on trandormen , Lantnated iron tone i uted to prevent enerpy bmes due & ay Cenrent- To Pp s Joad ® The enbine rromnehictlux dice Lo Primary. Coth remains in the cron Cone, becawse of tte high Poem ability natine a Pauses #¢ ough the. Setoodanty ¥ he “conte cot tron Coe also Prevents te Stray Cemnerts being tn the (ondeetors Lyin ete _ ond _ tie _tonstguent_polsen. . wad Ex ch Thene ane tivo of ercoaperents ane generally. winding of Primany Sod tea ang @ih tn a transformer: CD Cone tye () C om Treanskermears one Yype 3- 2 the Cone the pain and, seca ane wand it onate Toke of Me aed bo that the Cone is Largely Sunrocarded by the (oth. * Hany modean Enansfoamens ane “of clove Cone typeete the emf applied te the pimouy. hecording ty Lena's Lau, opposes. applied emf ‘e' én the Preimany Cott. Resultant ont in the primary = E-E, ® Tis, ‘enn bends Cunent Ty + Ursocagh Anrough te primang Coil of resistance ‘R’. ah E-E)= But ‘R’ i Aall soe tn 3 con be nejlate7. Then E-E)= > E=E: * & Ze as tnput emt and &, a te ent. Sa — Gut ent te -) EE, Tnpud mF OM x the ratio “Yi,» 4 the nunter of tunnt in the Secordany to that in the puimany , ts called the Linus patio 4 the Leantormer. Tt 4 oto called transfoumation matéo.* In a Sep-up teansfoumens Mn>N, §:¢-) the Lunn ratio ts greater thin 1 and therefore Eg rE,» The output Voltage is grealee Dhan the input valdage. * In a Sep dau Teautnmer, NaXN, €¢5 the Turn peailto b Les than 1 ond therebone Ex Qin- Corditéoners » 0 PE EY mame ply. Stabe lise a * hep. dean Loaasterwere 2 und fr cltooivg Lange Cucecnt electric welding . % A slep- down trattoamee Ls led in induction Furnace foe mmelking metals. % A Step- up tronstlonmer 4 used foe he precleetion of X-rays. * Transforament are ured io Graatminion of elecknic enagy feom the forge Stations Lo the Cansummens - esadunttogos of transmitting the electnical Power at Luo Volloge:- * Lowe Length f transmission Cabler hare oppnetiable nesisfone. Hence woe ammount t+ eregy (PR) will be Lost 038 heat duning [MiG ion. * Lange oltexe dene CIK) cccems along the Ming citwe. Hence the ollie at the receiving sation antl be meth tmatlee than that- ak the 0 ion, * DB tai tage” Conn and Lo Lhe cedtarce A Teansmision Wine Low, thick wines hove ke be - The Cost of oktalleng Thick. wae with 6 ext : * Thu the Sistane power Leonsmjition at low voltage and ene Comment Cunnent 6 nerthec efficient Nor economical. Ores j— wo Tb the Comment én he Coble ond R ts pesittarce, he powee Waxed tn he Cable u IR. The powee Lox Can be wedusod bg (edutirg- Toner. _ % The podiee Supplied by the Zt sven by P= VI, bhere V a the loltaze acct Gs Erin. ‘a7? f Foro. ae amount of power P; is if Zin tewon Vs bih, Use 4 Lransforme io bing Listance transmission of clectai Power s- % A typical Power Station generates tow kw at 6660 Volts» This Ve is feree ttepped up to Bhcao Votls befoge tnantmitéion ee * Tranunision Lines From dliftecent pouree Motions tna. region deliver. Power to a Common repionak pool, calle the grid. * From dhe grid, the power 4 ted Lh the Cities at 33000 V, the Mepping »aunn we tke he cy iy pod das te io a_4ub-sfotion , He is_btepy Gow. Fee. dowakit Puapse, tre_yallage. is _cgai “Vjed down to 220V. Se «fy 89] Comte es casimotu ozl Par el notales, the Sip mings abso the dame anit© Soave. Af Energy t- & he seokenad kinetic energy of we Abin * Tre cL is nol LE abit with ‘a 4 oe any aoe date Cawectad flee EE AR __liorciog 2 the io Hac Lined with Od $0 an todieed po Hows thriagh “. % Suppate initially the Coch pags be in the vertical position and 4 is ttotated rn clockwece dtnection. * Duning the Firat halt rstotion of dhe Catls the induced cernnent Hows én ce B, acting as posit és * Dusing. the Secind tal? tutation, the induced curcent Hour along PORS, So the Ay Bs Now functions ax the powtive Lewninal and _ bruh Bi as the negative teavinal.. % Thus the divection of Cannent th phe eutennal Ciiececit is reverted Otter every halt opde. tence alternodiing Cunrntal is Proded by _ the gennator. * A generator cahic pencrales atternatin Curent ts called a QC. N= A= Liu, & = magnitude of he magnetic Hel} @ = ample whith Normal “ te ctl maki wih frel/ B at arly instant ¢ = the ample Velocity citth which Ctl totater *& Th ze Like with Cotl # wit be Y= NBACaGE = NBA Cost st Mtording t ‘ener Hun rabe, the indeeted Cnt is given by, é= -4p 2 CNBA Cacwt) = WBA O din wt DE = & binwot whet, & -VbA- * id ded. Ve joall , © Curent T flows in the ‘chanel coneceit. Tee = ae = To bincot bore To= 2 &e Ue a a Areant Li b e wt ms ( ee WAC. Can be corily Converted toto he by wring weckiticns. vr Ce in "AC Wacken ane simple ead Nobu and co not megeine mith attention duntey Mehr tthe. Disadwnantages” $f A-C- Oren Ce = % Peon Valu ¢ ac. ly bigh CTo=VE Tra). 34 is Largerous to usr * tks dlecine ty peng _@-¢- ab oat be treo. WAC be Anammitted more taom the Surtece Conderetor than AW in Sin effect. Thezefone, Sev ine cos wines ( and rol a Kiogle Lick wiae) ane required tor, the pransmittion