Inductive and Deductive

Reasoning
Reasoning
Reasoning is the drawing of
inferences or conclusions from
known or assumed facts.
Deductive Reasoning
The process of reaching
a conclusion by
applying general ideas
called “premises”
Syllogism is form of
deductive reasoning where 𝑎 → 𝑏
you arrive at a specific 𝑏→𝑐
conclusion by examining ∴𝑎→𝑐
two other premises or ideas.
Transitive property of equality:
If a = b and b = c, then a = c
Example 1:
All men are mortal.
Ram is a man.
} Premises

Therefore, Ram is mortal. True Conclusion

Example 2:
All even numbers are divisible by 2.
22 is even.
Therefore, 22 is divisible by 2.
Example 3:

Marvel Comic characters are fictional.

Iron Man is a Marvel Comics character.
Therefore, Iron Man is a fictional
character.
Example 4:

All musical instruments make sounds.

Jeepneys make sounds.
Therefore, jeepneys are musical
instruments.
 Inductive Reasoning
The process of reaching
a general conclusion by
examining specific
observations.
Example 1:
Yesterday morning. Ysa went jogging
This morning, she jogged again. }
Therefore, Ysa will jog tomorrow morning.
Probable Conclusion
Example 2:
Draw the next figure in the pattern.
Determine the kind of reasoning used
in each argument.
1. The teacher used Google Classroom in
the few classes. Therefore, the teacher
will use Google Classroom tomorrow.
Inductive Reasoning
Determine the kind of reasoning used
in each argument.
2. All licensed drivers are 17 years old
and above. Marcus has a driver’s license.
Therefore, Marcus is at least 17 years
old. Deductive Reasoning
Determine the kind of reasoning used
in each argument.
3. All spiders have eight legs. Black
widows are spiders. Therefore, black
widows have eight legs.
Deductive Reasoning
Determine the kind of reasoning used
in each argument.
4. My father has a black hair. My brother
has a black hair. Therefore, everyone I
am related to has black hair.
Inductive Reasoning
Determine the kind of reasoning used
in each argument.
5. The Game of Thrones TV series was a
worldwide success. Therefore, any sequel
for the series will probably be successful.
Inductive Reasoning
Polya’s Steps in Problem Solving
and
Problem Solving Strategies
Polya’s Four-Step Process for Problem Solving
1. Understand the problem
2. Devise a plan
3. Carry out the plan
4. Look back
Step 1: Understand the problem
▪ Look for the information given
▪ Visualize the information
▪ Organize the information
▪ Connect the information
Step 2: Devise a plan
▪ Make a Representation
- draw a diagram
- make a systematic list
- Use equations
▪ Make a Calculated Guess
- guess and check
- Look for a pattern
- make a suppositions
Step 2: Devise a plan
▪ Go Through the Process
- act it out
- work backwards
▪ Revised the Problem
- restate the problem
- simplify the problem
- solve part of the problem
Step 3: Carry out the plan
▪ Use mathematical knowledge
▪ Use mathematical skills
▪ Use logical thinking
Step 4: Look Back
▪ Check solution
▪ Improve and seek alternative
solution if necessary.
Example:
Step 1: Understand the problem
• Shapes represent
numbers.
• The first three
equations are clues.
• Find the missing
numbers to solve the
last equation.
Step 2: Devise a plan
Let 𝑡 = 𝑐= 𝑠= 𝑥 = missing value

t + t + t = 30
t + c + c = 18
c–s=2
t+c+s=𝑥
Step 2: Devise a plan
Let 𝑡 = 𝑐= 𝑠= 𝑥 = missing value

3t = 30
t + 2c= 18
c–s=2
t+c+s=𝑥
Step 3: Carry out the plan
t + t + t = 30 t + c + c = 18 c–s=2
3t = 30 t + 2c = 18 4–s=2
3 3 10 + 2c = 18 4–2=s
t = 10 2c =18 –10 s=2
2c = 8
t+c+s=𝑥 2 2
10 + 4 + 2 = 𝑥 c=4
𝑥 =16
Step 4: Look Back

16
Problem Solving
Strategies
Guess and Check
Guess and Check

2 7 6
9 5 1
4 3 8
Make an Orderly List or Table
Sheldon has asked his girlfriend Amy to make all
the decisions for their date on her birthday. She will
pick a fast-food chain and an activity for the date.
Sheldon will choose a gift for her. The local chains
include Jollimee, Mang Inasar, and Chowkingyan. The
activities she can choose from are bowling and videoke.
Sheldon will buy her either a bag or flowers. How
many outcomes are here for these three decisions?
 Jollimee Bowling Bag
Jollimee Bowling Flowers
Jollimee Videoke Bag
Jollimee Videoke Flowers
Mang Inasar Bowling Bag
Mang Inasar Bowling Flowers
Mang Inasar Videoke Bag
Mang Inasar Videoke Flowers
Chowkingyan Bowling Bag
Chowkingyan Bowling Flowers
Chowkingyan Videoke Bag
Chowkingyan Videoke Flowers
Draw a Picture/Diagram/Model
Mr. Yoso built a square fence around his property.
He used 7 vertical posts on each side of the fence. How
many posts did he use altogether?
Look for a Pattern

6+1=7
7+2=9
9 + 3 = 12
124
Process of Elimination
Jason, Zach, Billy, Triny and Kimberly are a group
of superheroes.
a. Zach is younger than Triny.
b. Zach is not the youngest in the group.
c. Only one superheroes is older than Kimberly.
d. Kimberly is younger than Billy.
1 2 5 3 4
Arrange Jason, Zach, Billy, Triny and Kimberly in order
of increasing age.
Work Backwards
Martina got on the school bus. At the stop after
Martina’s, 4 students got on. Seven students got on the
bus at the next stop. At the last stop before the school, 9
students got on. When the bus arrived at school, 41
students got off. How many students were already on the
bus when Martina got on?

41 – 9 – 7 – 4 – 1 = 20 Students
 Using Variables
in Problem Solving
 A variable is a symbol used to represent
either a quantity which is unknown or a
quantity which may change.
Letters: a, b, c, A, B, C
Letters and Numbers: 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑦1 , 𝑦2
Greek Letters: 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾
English Phrase

Mathematical Expression
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
1. The sum of a number and nine.
𝑛+9
2. The product of two numbers.
(𝑛) 𝑚
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
3. The product of -1 and a number.
−1 𝑛 = −𝑛
4. One-half times the sum of two numbers.
1
(𝑛 + 𝑚)
2
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
5. Twice a number.
2𝑛
6. A number less 8.
𝑛−8
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
7. Five less than a number.
𝑛−5
8. Six more than a number.
𝑛+6
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
9. Five more than three times a number.
3𝑛 + 5
10. The square of the sum of five and a
number . 2
(5 + 𝑛)
Translate each phrases into a mathematical
expression.
11. The sum of the squares of two numbers.
2 2
𝑛 +𝑚
12. There are twice as many boys as there are
girls. 𝐵 = 2𝐺
Example 1: A number is doubled and then
increased by seven. The result is ninety-three.
What is the original number?
Example 2: Raj sold half of his comic books
and then bought sixteen more. He now has
36. With how many did he begin?
Example 3: Mary is six years older than Jane.
The sum of their ages is 20. How old is
Mary?
Homework!
A. Determine the kind of reasoning used in each argument.
1. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other year.
Last year the tree did not produce plums, so this year the tree will
produce plums.
2. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The contractor
estimated that my home improvement will cost $35, 000. Thus my home
improvement will cost more than $35, 000
3. If ∠𝐴 and ∠𝐵 are supplementary angles, their sum is 180°. If m∠𝐴 =
100, then m∠𝐵 = 80.
4. OFW earns more than domestic Filipino workers. John is an OFW.
Therefore, John earns more money from his job abroad.
5. In the past, ducks have always come to our pond. Therefore, the ducks
will come to our pond this summer.
Homework!
B. Apply the 4 Steps of Polya in Solving the following problems.
1. A baseball team won two out of their last four games, in how many
different orders could they have two wins and two losses in four games?
2. The product of the ages, in years, of three teenagers is 4590 and none
of the teens are the same age. What are the ages of teenagers?
3. A hot and a jacket cost $100. the jacket costs $90 more than the hat.
What are the cost of the hat and the cost of the jacket?
Homework!
C. Use an appropriate strategy to solve the following problems.
1. In the classroom of Ms. Kanya, the desks are organized in equal rows.
Jocelyn sits in the desk that is second from the front and fourth from the
back. There is one desk on the right and three on the left of Jocelyn’s
desk. How many desks are in the room?
2. Dave, Nora, Tony, and Andrea are members of the same family. Dave is
2 years older than Andrea, who is 21 years older than Tony. Tony is 4
years older than Nora, who is 7 years old. How old are Dave, Tony, and
Andrea?
3. For the hexagon with 42 dots, how many dots are there on each side?
How about a hexagon with 300 dots?
Homework!
D. Use variables to solve the following problems.
1. The sum two numbers is 56. Their differences is 18. Find the numbers.
2. At the candy shop, an order comes in for 22 lollipops. Some of the
lollipops are 𝑃7.00 and some are 𝑃9.00. the order’s total is 𝑃172.00.
how many candies are 𝑃9.00 lollipops?
3. Manong Robin is planning to fence his rectangular backyard for his
ducks and geese. He has 26m of chicken wire to build the perimeter.
What should the dimensions of the fence be if the length is to be 3m
longer than the width?
4. Four years ago, Juan was six times as old as his son. Six years ago, his age
was two years more than eight times his son’s age. How old are they
now?