Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 13

The probability of the event E is called the conditional probability of

The probability distribution of a random variable x is E given that F has already occurred, and is denoted by P(E/F). Also,
P E  F 
the system of numbers x: x1 x2 . . . . , xn Real valued function P E / F  , P F   0.
P (x): p1 p2 . . . . pn where , pi>0, P F 
whose domain is the
n

 pi 1,
i 1
i 1.2,...., n. sample space of a
(i) 0  P E / F   1, P E '/ F 1 – P E / F 
random experiment.
(ii) P E  F  / G  P E / G  P F / G  – P E  F  / G 
Let x be a R.V. whose possible values
(iii) P E  F  P E P F / E , P E   0
x1, x2, . . . ., xn occur with probabilities
(iv) P E  F  P F P E / F , P F   0
p1, p2, . . . ., pn resp. Then, mean of
7 9 4
For eg : if P  A  , P B  and P  A  B 
n
x,    xi pi It is also called the expectation 13 13 13
, then
i 1 4
of x, denoted by E(x) p  A  B  13 4
P  A / B    .
P B  9 9
Let x be a R.V. whose possible values x1 x2, . . . ., xn 13
occurs with probabilities p(x1), p(x2), . . . . , p(xn)
respectively. Let, =E(x) be the mean of x. The If E and F are independent, then P E  F = P E P F  , P E | F = P E , P F   0
Variance and
n
variance of x, var (x) or  x2   xi –   p xi  orE x –  2
2 and P F | E = P F , P E   0.
i 1
standard devia
tion
Probability
The non-negative number
n
6 x  var x    x –   p xi  is called the
2
i
i 1
standard deviation of the R.V. 'X'. Also,
var x   E x 2  –  E x  For eg: E (x) = 3 and
2
Let, {E1, E2 ….En} be a partition
E(x ) = 10, then var x= 109 = 1 and SD= 1 =1.
2
of a sample space 'S' and suppose
that each of E1, E2, ….En has
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, If E1, E2, . . . ., En are events which constitute a non-zero probability. Let 'A' be
if they satisfy the following conditions : partition of sample space S, i.e., E1, E2, . . . En are any event associated with S, then
(i)There should be a finite no. of trials. pair wise dis joint and E1  E2  ....  En  S P(A) =P(E 1 )P(A|E 1 ) + P(E 2 )
(ii)The trials should be independent. and A be any event with non-zero probability, P(A|E2) + ….+ P(En) P(A|En).
(iii)Each trial has exactly two outcomes: success or failure. P Ei P  A | Ei 
then P Ei | A  n
(iv)The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
 P E P A | E 
j j
For Binomial distribution, B n, p , P  X  x   n Cx q n – x p x , x  0,1,....,
. n j 1

q 1  p