1
Chapter Three - Part Two
By : fikadu kifle
Outline
2
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
Pressure Prism
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface
Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability
Rigid Body Motion of a Fluid
Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface
3
Inorder to determine completely the resultant force
acting on a submerged surfae, we must specify:
The magnitude of the force
The direction of the force
The line of action of the force
Hydrostatic Forces on Plane Surfaces
On a plane surface, the
hydrostatic forces form a
system of parallel forces
For many applications,
magnitude and location of
application, which is called
center of pressure, must be
determined.
Atmospheric pressure Patm can
be neglected when it acts on
both sides of the surface.
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
5
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
6
Since there are no shear stresses in a fluid at rest,
the hydrostatic force on any element of the surface
acts normal to the surface
The pressure force acting on an element
of the upper surface is given by:
The resultant force acting on the surface is given by
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
7
The integral of the above equation by substituting
the absolute pressure
The integral is the first moment of the surface
area about the x axis, that can be written
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
8
Where yc is the y coordiante of the centroid of the area A,
thus
Where Pc is the absolute pressure in the liquid at the location
of the centroid of the area A
The above equation computes the resultant force due to the
liquid including the effect of the ambient pressure Po on one
side the submerged plane surface
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
9
It is important to note that eventhough the force can be
computed from the pressure at the center of the plate, this is
not the point through which the force acts
Now let us determine the point of application of the resultant
force (x’, y’). Let us first determine y’
Note that the moment of the resultant force about ox axis
must be equal to the moment due to the distribted pressure
force
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
10
We can integrate by expressing p as a function of y as follows
The first integral in the above equation the first moment of the
area and the second integral is the second moment of area
about the ox axis, Ixx
The parallel axis theorem is given by the following relation
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
11
Now by replacing Ixx with the standard second moment of
area about the x
If the ambient pressure is same both on the submerged side of
the the plane surface and on the other side of the surface
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
12
If the ambient pressure is same both on the submerged side of
the the plane surface and on the other side of the surface
Then the previous equation turn out to be
Note that in any event , ; the location of the force is
always below the level of the plate centroid
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
13
A similar analysis can be done to compute x’, the x location of
the force on the plate
Taking the sum of the moments of the infinitismal foces dF
about the oy axis
Expressing P as a function of y as before,
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
14
The first integral is xcA (where xc is the distance of the centroid
from y axis).
The second integral is x. y dA I
A
xy
Using the parallel axis theorem
Hydrostatic Forces on submerged Plane Surfaces
15
Finally for x’
If the ambient pressure is same both on the
submerged side of the the plane surface and on the
other side of the surface
Defining Product of Inertia or product of second moment of areaA x. y dA I xy
16
Defining Product of Inertia
17
axis
Finding Product of Inertia
18
The centroid and the centroidal moments of inertia for
some common geometries
19
Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall
Find the Pressure on a Vertical Wall using Hydrostatic Force Method
Pressure varies linearly with depth by the hydrostatic equation:
The magnitude of pressure at the bottom is p = gh
The depth of the fluid is “h”
The width of the wall is “b”
O
yR = 2/3h
Where Pc is the gauge pressure in the liquid at
the location of the centroid of the area A, which
occurs at h/2, then
The resultant force act through the center of pressure, CP:
y-coordinate: 1 bh 3 h
I xˆxˆ bh3 y'
12 bh 2
12 h
h
yc 2
2 h h 2
20 A bh y' h
6 2 3
Hydrostatic Force: Vertical Wall
x-coordinate: 0 b Center of Pressure:
I xˆyˆ 0 x'
b
h
bh 2
b 2h
yc 2 ,
2 2 3
b
A bh x'
2
Now, we have both the resultant force and its location.
The pressure prism is a second way of analyzing the forces on a vertical wall.
21
Pressure Prism: Vertical Wall
Pressure Prism: A graphical interpretation of the forces due to a fluid acting on
a plane area. The “volume” of fluid acting on the wall is the pressure prism and
equals the resultant force acting on the wall.
Resultant Force:
O Volume
FR
1
ghbh
2
FR
1
gh A
2
Location of the Resultant Force, CP:
The location is at the centroid of the volume of the
pressure prism.
Center of Pressure:
b 2h
,
2 3
22
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
FR on a curved surface is more complicated since it requires
integration of the pressure forces that change direction along
the surface.
Easiest approach is to determine horizontal and vertical
components FH and FV separately.
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
24
Horizontal force component on curved surface: FH = Fx
Line of action on vertical plane gives y coordinate of center
of pressure on curved surface.
Vertical force component on curved surface: FV = Fy+W,
where W is the weight of the liquid in the enclosed block W
= rgV.
x coordinate of the center of pressure is a combination of
line of action on horizontal plane (centroid of area) and line
of action through volume (centroid of volume).
Magnitude of force FR=(F2H+F2V)1/2
Angle of force is a = tan-1(FV/FH)
Buoyancy and Stability
25
When a stationary body is completely submerged in a fluid or floating
(only partially submerged), the resultant fluid force acting on the body is
called the buoyant force.
A net upward vertical force
results because pressure
increases with depth and the
pressure forces acting from
below are larger than the
pressure forces acting from
above.
Buoyancy and Stability
26
Note that the forces F1, F2, F3, and F4 are simply the forces exerted on the plane surfaces of
the parallelepiped. For simplicity the forces in the x direction are not shown,
W is the weight of the shaded fluid volume (parallelepiped minus body), and FB is the force
the body is exerting on the fluid.
The forces on the vertical surfaces, such as F3 and F4 are all equal and cancel, so the equilibrium
equation of interest is in the z direction and can be expressed as
the above equation
where γ is the specific weight of the fluid and is the volume of the body.
Buoyancy and Stability
27
The direction of the buoyant force, which is the force of the fluid on the
body, is opposite to that shown on the free body diagram.
Archimedes principal: The buoyant force acting on a body immersed in a
fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts
upward through the centroid of the displaced volume.
Buoyant force is a force that results from a floating or submerged body in a
fluid.
Buoyancy and Stability
Three scenarios possible
1. rbody<rfluid: Floating body
2. rbody=rfluid: Neutrally buoyant
3. rbody>rfluid: Sinking body
Stability of Immersed Bodies
Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative
location of center of gravity G and center of buoyancy B.
G below B: stable
G above B: unstable
G coincides with B: neutrally stable.
If body is bottom heavy (G lower than B), it is always stable.
Stability of Floating Bodies
Floating bodies can be
stable when G is higher than
B due to shift in location of
center buoyancy and
creation of restoring
moment.
Measure of stability is the
metacentric height GM. If
GM>1, ship is stable.
Buoyancy and Stability
31
Example 1:
A geologist finds that a Moon rock whose mass is 9.28 kg has an
apparent mass of 6.18 kg when submerged in water. What is the
density of the rock?
solution:
The difference in the actual mass and the apparent mass is the mass
of the water displaced by the rock. The mass of the water displaced is
the volume of the rock times the density of water, and the volume of
the rock is the mass of the rock divided by its density. Combining these
relationships yields an expression for the density of the rock.
mrock
mactual mapparent m r waterVrock r water
r rock
9.28 kg 6.18 kg
mrock 9.28 kg
r rock r water 1.00 103 kg m3 2.99 103 kg m 3
m
Buoyancy and Stability
Example 2.
A crane lifts the 18,000-kg steel hull of a ship out of the
water. Determine (a) the tension in the crane’s cable when the
hull is submerged in the water, and (b) the tension when the hull
is completely out of the water.
Solution:
a. When the hull is submerged, both the buoyant force and the
tension force act upward on the hull, and so their sum is equal
to the weight of the hull. The buoyant force is the weight of
the water displaced.
Buoyancy and Stability
T Fbuoyant mg
mhull r water
T mg Fbuoyant mhull g r waterVsub g mhull g r water g mhull g 1
r hull r hull
3 3
1.8 10 4 kg 9.80 m s 2 1
1.00 10 kg m
3
1.538 10 5
N 1.5 10 5
N
7.8 10 kg m
3
a. When the hull is completely out of the water, the tension in the crane’s
cable must be equal to the weight of the hull.
T mg 1.8 104 kg 9.80 m s 2 1.764 105 N 1.8 105 N
Buoyancy and Stability
34
Example :3
A 5.25-kg piece of wood floats on water. What minimum mass of lead,
hung from the wood by a string, will cause it to sink? SG 0.50
Solution:
For the combination to just barely sink, the total weight of the wood and
lead must be equal to the total buoyant force on the wood and the lead.
Fweight Fbuoyant mwood g mPb g Vwood r water g VPb r water g
mwood mPb r r water
mwood mPb r water r water mPb 1 water mwood
1
r wood r Pb r Pb r
wood
r water 1 1 1
r 1 SG 1
wood m wood 5.25 kg 0.50 5.76 kg
mPb mwood
r water 1 1 1
wood
1 r
SG
1
Pb Pb
11.3
Rigid-Body Motion
35
There are special cases where a body of fluid can undergo rigid-body
motion: Linear acceleration, and rotation of a cylindrical container.
In these cases, no shear is developed.
Newton's 2nd law of motion can be used to derive an equation of motion
for a fluid that acts as a rigid body
Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Linear Motion
Governing Equation with no Shear (Rigid Body Motion):
The equation in all three directions are the following:
Consider, the case of an open container of liquid with a constant acceleration:
Estimating the pressure between two closely spaced points apart some dy, dz:
Substituting the partials
Along a line of constant pressure, dp = 0: Inclined free
surface for ay≠ 0
36
Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Linear Motion
Now consider the case where ay = 0, and az ≠ 0:
p
Recall, already: 0
x
Then, p
0
y
p
r g az
z
So, Non-Hydrostatic
Pressure will vary linearly with depth, but variation is the combination of gravity and
externally developed acceleration.
A tank of water moving upward in an elevator will have slightly greater pressure at the
bottom.
If a liquid is in free-fall az = -g, and all pressure gradients are zero—surface tension is all
37 that keeps the splash together.
Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation
Governing Equation with no Shear (Rigid Body Motion):
Motion in a Rotating Tank:
Write terms in cylindrical coordinates for convenience:
Pressure Gradient:
Accceleration Vector:
38
Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation
The equation in all three directions are the following:
Estimating the pressure between two closely spaced points apart some dr, dz:
Substituting the partials
Along a line of constant pressure, dp = 0:
Equation of constant pressure surfaces:
The surfaces of constant pressure are parabolic
39
Pressure Variation, Rigid Body Motion: Rotation
Now, integrate to obtain the Pressure Variation:
Pressure varies hydrostaticly in the vertical, and increases radialy
40
Chapter summary
41
