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CANCER DISEASE

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6. INDEX

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INTRODUCTION

COMMON TYPES OF CANCER

MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANCER CELL AND

NORMAL CELL

DEVLOPMENT OF CANCER

PREVENTION STEPS

TREATMENT OF CANCER

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

INTRODUCTION

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 Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow
uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
 Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which
is made up of trillions of cells.
 Tumors can be cancerous or not cancerous
 Some types of cancer do not form a tumor. These include
leukemias most types of lymphoma, and myeloma.
 Cancerous cells in together called neoplasm.

COMMON TYPES OF CANCER

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  There are more than 200 types of cancer and we can classify
cancers according to where they start in the body, such as
breast cancer or lung cancer.
 We can also group cancer according to the type of cell they
start in.
 The most common cancers are,
 Breast cancer
 Lung cancer
 Colon cancer
 Rectum cancer
 Prostate cancer.

Breast cancer:
 Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast
grow out of control. There are different kinds of breast
cancer. The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells
in the breast turn into cancer. Most breast cancers begin
in the ducts or lobules.

Lung cancer:

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  Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out
of control. When cancer starts in the lungs, it is
called lung cancer.
 Lung cancer begins in the lungs and may spread to
lymph nodes or other organs in the body, such as the
brain. Cancer from other organs also may spread to
the lungs. When cancer cells spread from one organ to
another, they are called metastases

Colon cancer:
 Colon cancer develops from polyps (growths) in your
colon’s inner lining. Healthcare providers have screening
tests and treatments that detect and remove precancerous
polyps.
 If untreated, colon cancer may spread to other areas of
your body. Thanks to these tests, early treatment and new
kinds of treatment, fewer people are dying from colon
cancer.

Rectum cancer:
 Rectal cancer is cancer that begins in the rectum. The
rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine.
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 It starts at the end of the final segment of your colon
and ends when it reaches the short, narrow passage
leading to the anus.
 Cancer inside the rectum (rectal cancer) and cancer
inside the colon (colon cancer) are often referred to
together as "colorectal cancer."

Prostate cancer:
 Prostate cancer begins when cells in the prostate
gland start to grow out of control. It is a gland found
only in males. It makes some of the fluid that is part
of semen.
 It is below the bladder (the hollow organ where
urine is stored) and in front of the rectum (the last
part of the intestines).
 Just behind the prostate are glands called seminal
vesicles that make most of the fluid for semen.
 The urethra, which is the tube that carries urine
and semen out of the body through the penis, goes
through the center of the prostate.

MAIN CAUSES OF CANCER

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The main cause of cancer is mutations, or changes to the DNA in
your cells

These genetic mutations can be inherited or occur after birth.

1.Tobacco products

2. Immunosuppression

3. Infectious agents

4. Alcohol consumption

5. Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation

6. Ionizing radiation and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields

including mobile phones

7. Diet and nutrition

8. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and obesity

9. Dietary carcinogens

10. Contamination of air, water, soil, and food

11. Occupational exposure

12. Pharmaceutical drugs

13. Unsafe sex (leading to viral infection)

SIGN AND SYMPTOMS

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- Mostly, pain occurs because cancer has spread to major parts of
the body. Usually, it’s an early symptom for patients suffering
from bone and testicular cancer.

- Yellowing or redness of the skin can signal to cancer. Especially,

for breast cancer and lymph nodes.

- Fever usually takes place when cancer has metastasized and it is

usually paired with night sweats

- This results in much less normal tissue being irradiated to high

doses

- Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the

skin, sores that won’t heal, or changes to existing moles

- Affects slightly more men and people AMAB than women and
people AFAB.

- Normal cells for solid organs stay put. All cancerous cells are
able to move around.

- Normal cells are programmed to die (apoptosis). Cancerous cells

ignore those directions.

-Headaches.

-Vision or hearing problems.

-Mouth changes such as sores, bleeding, pain, or numbness.

Normal cell Cancer cell

Growth Stop when there’s Uncontrollable growth

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 enough
Communication Respond to signals Do not respond to signals
from other cells from other cells
Cell reapir/death Aged/damaged cells Cells are neither repaired
are repaired or or replaced
replaced
Stickness/spread Stay together in Can travel solo and
assigned area throughout the body
Appearance Uniform look under a Varied sizes, larger and
microscope darker center under a
microscope
Maturation Reach maturity Do not reach maturity

Evasion of immune Can be targeted and Can “hide” and grow

system eliminated uninterrupted
Function Perform designated Fail to perform
tasks designated tasks
Blood supply Blood vessels grow to Blood vessels grow
feed normal growth regardless, constantly
and aid in repairs “feeding” a tumor
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CANCER CELL

AND NORMAL CELL

DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER

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 Cancer develops when the normal processes that control cell
behavior fail and a rogue cell becomes the progenitor of a group
of cells that share its abnormal behaviors or capabilities.

Cancer can develop from:

The process of cancer development is called carcinogenesis.

Certain carcinogenic chemicals are associated with an increased

risk of specific cancers due to chronic exposure.

Chronic inflammation is an important factor in tumor

development.

Inflammation can lead to altered behavior of cells, stimulation of

blood vessel growth (angiogenesis) and tissue remodeling.

Markers of inflammation correlate with a worse prognosis for

cancer patients.

Errors that occur as cells divide

Damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment

Tumor clonality, the development of tumors from single cells that

begin to proliferate abnormally.

PREVENTION STEPS

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Prevention steps :

1.Don’t use tobacco

Smoking has been linked to many types of cancer, including

cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, voice box, pancreas, bladder,
cervix and kidney. Even being around secondhand smoke might
increase the risk of lung cancer.

2.Eat a healthy diet

Although eating healthy foods can’t ensure cancer prevention,

it might reduce the risk.

3.Don’t drink alcohol

Don’t drink alcohol. Alcohol increases the risk of various types

of cancer, including cancer of the breast, colon, lung, kidney and
liver. Drinking more increases the risk.

4.Limit processed meats

Eating processed meat often can slightly increase the risk of

certain types of cancer.

5.Maintain a healthy weight

Being at a healthy weight might lower the risk of some types of

cancer.

6. Physically active

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 Physical activity counts too. Besides helping control weight,
physical activity on its own might lower the risk of breast cancer
and colon cancer.

7.Avoid risky behaviors

Another effective cancer prevention tactic is to avoid risky

behaviors that can lead to infections that, in turn, might increase
the risk of cancer.

8.Get vaccinated

Protecting against certain viral infections can help protect

against cancer.Talk to a health care provider about getting
vaccinated against:

Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B can increase the risk of developing liver

cancer.

Human papillomavirus (HPV): HPV is a sexually transmitted

virus that can lead to cervical cancer and other genital cancers as
well as squamous cell cancers of the head and neck.

Don’t share needles: Injecting drugs with shared needles can lead
to HIV, as well as hepatitis B and hepatitis C — which can
increase the risk of liver cancer.

9. Protect yourself from the sun

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 Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of cancer and one
of the most preventable. . Stay out of the sun between 10 a.m. and
4 p.m. when the sun’s rays are strongest.

10. Get regular medical care

Doing regular self-exams and having screenings for cancers —

such as cancer of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can raise
the chances of finding cancer early. That’s when treatment is most
likely to succeed. Ask a health care provider about the best cancer
screening schedule for you.

TREATMENT OF CANCER
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Surgery

Surgery is a common treatment for many types of cancer. During

the operation, the surgeon takes out the mass of cancerous cells
(tumor) and some of the nearby tissue. Sometimes, surgery is done
to relieve side effects caused by a tumor.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy refers to drugs used to kill cancer cells. The drugs

may be given by mouth or into a blood vessel (IV). Different types
of drugs may be given together at the same time or one after the
other.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-

rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come
from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it
can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).

Bone marrow transplant

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The bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes
blood cells from blood stem cells. A bone marrow transplant, also
knowns as a stem cell transplant, can use your own bone marrow
stem cells or those from a donor.

A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses

of chemotherapy to treat your cancer. It may also be used to
replace diseased bone marrow

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your

body’s immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive
unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn’t
recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune
system see the cancer and attack it.

Hormone therapy

Some types of cancer are fueled by your body’s hormones.

Examples include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing
those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause
the cancer cells to stop growing

Targeted drug therapy

Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within

cancer cells that allow them to survive.

Cryoablation

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This treatment kills cancer cells with cold. During cryoablation, a
thin, wandlike needle (cryoprobe) is inserted through your skin
and directly into the cancerous tumor. A gas is pumped into the
cryoprobe in order to freeze the tissue. Then the tissue is allowed
to thaw. The freezing and thawing process is repeated several
times during the same treatment session in order to kill the cancer
cells.

Radio frequency ablation

This treatment uses electrical energy to heat cancer cells, causing

them to die. During radiofrequency ablation, a doctor guides a
thin needle through the skin or through an incision and into the
cancer tissue. High-frequency energy passes through the needle
and causes the surrounding tissue to heat up, killing the nearby
cells.

Clinical trials

Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating

cancer. Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
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https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer

https://www.who.int/health-topics/cancer

https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/cancer-treatment/
about/pac-20393344

https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-
cancer

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/understanding-cancer/what-is-
cancer.html

https://www.cancer.net/navigating-cancer-care/cancer-basics/
what-cancer

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer

https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/what-is-cancer

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