How to expand sentences:

1. Relative pronouns (who, which, that, whoever…)

2. Conjunctions
3. Sentence within a sentence
4. Preposition
5. Phrase/ modifier: give extra info about anything
i. Active (‘ing’)
ii. Passive (‘past participle of verb’)
iii. Neutral (neither ‘ing’ nor ‘past participle of verb’)
6. Punctuations
i. , ………., to give extra info about something
ii. - ……… - to give extra info about something
iii. : to explain or to give extra info about something or
to describe a list
iv. ; to connect sentences or phrases of similar nature
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার পােশ
বেস
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার পােশ
(…িদেয়) বেস

Purpose: how to expand a sentence using relative pronoun:

Relative pronoun: (which, whichever, that, who, whoever)
(relative pronoun acts as a subject)
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার পের
(িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন িদেয়) বেস [relative pronoun
সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ কের]
1. Fima is from Dohar.
Extra info:
i. Fima: who studied in UODA
Expanded form: Fima who studied in UODA is from
Dohar.
2. Nahida studies in LMC.
Extra info:
i. Nahida: who is a nice person
ii. LMC: which is a famous institution in Dhaka
Expanded form: Nahida who is a nice person studies in
LMC which is a famous institution in Dhaka.
3. Ohona wants to go to Korea.
Extra info:
i. Ohona: who loves music
ii. Korea: which is a developed country in East Asia
Expanded form: Ohona who loves music wants to go to
Korea which is a developed country in East Asia.
4. Monira is a big fan of SRK.
Extra info:
i. Monira: who likes colourful dresses
ii. SRK: who is around 60
Expanded form: Monira who likes colourful dresses is a
big fan of SRK who is around 60.
5. Sabbir is from Barishal.
Extra info:
i. Sabbir: who plays cricket
ii. Barishal: which is to the south of Bangladesh
Expanded form: Sabbir, who plays cricket, is from
Barishal, which is to the south of Bangladesh.
6. Bangladesh is hugely influenced by India.
Extra info:
i. Bangladesh: which has a big population but a small
territory
ii. India: which will soon become the third largest
economy in the world
Expanded form: Bangladesh which has a big population
but a small territory is hugely influenced by India which
will soon become the third largest economy in the world.
7. Jack likes Pakistan.
Extra info:
 i. Jack: who is a travel-vlogger
ii. Jack: who has a Pakistani father and a British mother
iii. Pakistan: that has many beautiful tourist attractions
Expanded form: Jack who is a travel-vlogger and who has
a Pakistani father and a British mother likes Pakistan that
has many beautiful tourist attractions.
Who, which = বাদ েদয়ার িনয়মঃ
Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…)
[যখন সাবেজ� এর মেতা কাজ কের] + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) = relative
pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…) + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর পের to be verb থাকেল, েছাট
করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব

8. Maruf plays cricket.

Extra info:
i. Maruf: who is a healthy young man
ii. Cricket: which is the most popular sport in South
Asia
Expanded form: Maruf, who is a healthy young man, plays
cricket, which is the most popular sport in South Asia.
Short form: Maruf, a healthy young man, plays cricket, the
most popular sport in South Asia.
9. Tanha studied in HEC.
Extra info:
i. Tanha: who is a big fan of Messi
ii. Messi: who is one of the greatest footballers of all
time
Expanded form: Tanha, who is a big fan of Messi, who is
one of the greatest footballers of all time, studied in HEC.
Short form: Tanha, a big fan of Messi, one of the greatest
footballers of all time, studied in HEC.

A. Relative pronoun: (which, that, who, whoever…)

(relative pronoun acts as a subject)
যার স�েক� অিতির� কথা, অিতির� কথাটা তার পােশ
(িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন িদেয়) বেস [relative pronoun
সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ কের]
Homework:
iii. Sabbir (…) is from Barishal (…).
iv. Bangladesh (…) is hugely influenced by India (…).
v. Jack (…) likes Pakistan (…)
vi. Canada (…) is better than the USA (…)
vii. China (…) may soon surpass the USA (…)
economically.
viii. Jack wants to visit France (…), Italy (…) and
Turkey (…).
ix. Russia (…) has failed to take Ukraine (…)
x. Most young Bangladeshis want to go to Canada (…)
xi. Dhaka (…) has over 20 million people.
xii. Elon Musk (…), Jack Ma, (…) and Bill Gates (…)
are all visionary.
xiii. iPhones (…) are more expensive than Nokia phones
(…)
xiv. For China (…), Taiwan (…) is more important than
India or Russia.
xv. Barishal (…) is to the south of Bangladesh.
xvi. Orpa (…) has never seen a giraffe, (…)
xvii. Jack (…) is riding a horse (…)
xviii. In Bangladesh (…), you can bend any rules if you
have money.
xix. We live in Dhaka, (…)
xx. Tiktok (…) is more popular than Facebook (…)
among some people in Bangladesh (…)
xxi. Ronaldo has retired from his national team.
xxii. Morocco outplayed Portugal.
xxiii. In Dhaka (…), air pollution costs a lot of lives.
Rule number 1:
Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…)
[যখন সাবেজ� এর মেতা কাজ কের] + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) = relative
pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…) + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর পের to be verb থাকেল, েছাট
করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব

Long form Short

form
Juba, who is our newest volunteer, is helping
an elderly lady.
Japan, which is probably the most developed
nation in Asia, has a very stable democratic
system.
Mithila, who is a short story writer, has a
very good name recognition in both
Bangladesh and Kolkata.
Russ studies physics, which is perhaps the
coolest subject of all.
SH, who is a very cunning politician, is
leading Bangladesh, which is a politically
divided country, very strongly.
Expanded form Trimmed
form
Japan, which is one of the most advanced
nations in the world, has a very aggressive
past.
In Bangladesh, which is a chaotic
democracy, you can bend any rules if you
have money and power.
For most young Bangladeshi, who are fed up
with corruption and nepotism, the only
dream is to leave the country.
Tea, which is the most popular drink in
Britain, which was once an empire, has a
strong antibacterial agent.
For example, alloferon, which is an
antimicrobial compound (medicine) that is
produced by blow fly larvae (eggs), is used
as an antiviral (antivirus) and antitumor
agent (medicine) in South Korea and Russia.

Who, whoever, which, whichever, that = এই�েলা যখন

subject িহেসেব বেস, অেনক সময় েলখকরা বাদ েদন।
কারন েবশী েবশী who, which – এই�েলা িদেল ভাল লােগ
না। বাদ েদওয়ার িনয়ম।
 1. Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…)
[যখন সাবেজ� এর মেতা কাজ কের] + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) = relative
pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…) + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর পের to be verb থাকেল, েছাট
করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব

Expanded form Trimmed form

Nur, who is a young boy of Nur, a young boy of 19,
19, wants success in life. wants success in life.
Sharmin likes accounting, Sharmin likes accounting,
which is one of the oldest one of the oldest subjects in
subjects in the world. the world.
Jakir spends some time on Jakir spends some time on
social media, which is a social media, a 21st-century
21st-century invention. invention.

Short form Expanded form

Bangladesh – a small
country in South Asia – has
massive economic
potentials.
Bubli, an anchor and
actress, has a good
following on social media.
I will visit the Sundarbans –
the largest mangrove forest
in the world.
Kim Jong Un, a power-
hungry politician, might die
from obesity.

Rule number 2:
1. Relative pronoun + active sentence = relative pronoun
+ only ‘ing’ form of the verb. (Present, past,
continuous or perfect)
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের active sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার সময়
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন উেঠ যােব �ধু verb এর সােথ ing
হেব

Long form Short form

Russia, which invaded Ukraine ten months
ago, has gained a lot of territory.
Bangladesh, which got independence in
1971, is doing better than both India and
Pakistan on many economic metrics.
Edison, who invented light bulb, was very
talented in his childhood.
China, which depends heavily on oil import,
is diversifying its energy needs.
Bangladesh which borders India on three
sides is actually protected by the latter from
outside forces.

Passive: to be verb (am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being)
+ V3
The work is done.
She is told.
Soup was cooked.
Long form Short form
BNP, which took part in the BNP, taking part in the last
last general election, is a pro general election, is a pro US
US party. party.
Bangladesh, which defeated Bangladesh, defeating India
India today, has won two today, has won two bilateral
series against that country.
bilateral series against that
country.
Miraj who scored a thrilling Miraj scoring a thrilling
century today has been century today has been
declared the ‘man of the declared the ‘man of the
match’. match’.

Long form Short form

Russia, which invaded Russia, invading Ukraine
Ukraine around a year ago, around a year ago, has
has gained and lost a lot of gained and lost a lot of
territories. territories.
Bangladesh, which got
independence in 1971, is
doing better than both India
and Pakistan on many
economic metrics.
Edison, who invented light Edison, inventing light
bulb, was very talented in bulb, was very talented in
his childhood. his childhood.
China, which depends
heavily on oil import, is
diversifying its energy
needs.
Sandy, who left California,
is living in China, which
welcomes foreign talents.
They recruited Trump, who They recruited Trump,
worked in an MNC for over working in an MNC for
10 years. over 10 years.
We need energy that keeps
the economy running.

Relative pronoun + active sentence = relative pronoun

+ only ‘ing’ form of the verb. (Present, past,
continuous or perfect)
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের active sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার সময়
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন উেঠ যােব �ধু verb এর সােথ ing
হেব
Expanded form Trimmed form
Talha will go to the UAE, Talha will go to the UAE,
which has a very strong having a very strong
military. military.
Yamin currently lives in Yamin currently lives in
Dhaka, that recently Dhaka, recently
inaugurated its first metro inaugurating its first metro
rail. rai.
Tariqul has taken bread that Tariqul has taken bread
largely grows in China. largely growing in China.
Arju likes Italy that Arju likes Italy colonizing
colonized Libya during the Libya during the WW2.
WW2.
Bangladesh which got Bangladesh getting
independence in 1971 is independence in 1971 is
outperforming both outperforming both
Pakistan and India. Pakistan and India.

Rule number three:

Relative pronoun + passive sentence (to be verb + past
participle of verb) = relative pronoun+ to be verb +
only past participle of verb.
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের passive sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার
সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব, �ধু verb এর past participle হেব/বসেব
Long form Short form
Tahsan, who was born in
Cumilla, is a very successful
person now.
Wifi, which was invented by
Steve Jobs, has changed the
nature of the internet.
Steve Jobs, who was left by
his biological parents, had a
strong urge to control things.
Rohingyas, who were pushed
into Bangladesh by
Myanmar, could be an asset
for our country.
Sanctions which were put on
Russia would not achieve
their desired effects.
Bangladesh, which was
colonized by Britain and
Pakistan, is still a very poor
country because of this
colonial legacy.
Apple, which was founded
by Steve Jobs, is going to be
a trillion-dollar company
soon.
The Key to Writing Task 2,
which is written by Pauline
Cullen, is a remarkable book.
IELTS, which is jointly
owned by Cambridge
University, BC and IDP, is
the most widely taken
language test in the world.
Who, whoever, which, whichever, that = এই�েলা যখন
subject িহেসেব বেস, অেনক সময় েলখকরা বাদ েদন।
কারন েবশী েবশী who, which – এই�েলা িদেল ভাল লােগ
না। বাদ েদওয়ার িনয়ম।
1. Relative pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…)
[যখন সাবেজ� এর মেতা কাজ কের] + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being) = relative
pronoun (who, which, that, whoever…) + to be verb
(am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being).
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর পের to be verb থাকেল, েছাট
করার সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব
2. Relative pronoun + active sentence = relative pronoun
+ only ‘ing’ form of the verb. (Present, past,
continuous or perfect)
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের active sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার সময়
িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন উেঠ যােব �ধু verb এর সােথ ing
হেব
3. Relative pronoun + passive sentence (to be verb + past
participle of verb) = relative pronoun+ to be verb +
only past participle of verb.
 িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউেনর (যখন সাবেজ� িহসােব কাজ
কের) পের passive sentence থাকেল, েছাট করার
সময় িরেল�টভ ে�ানাউন এবং to be verb উেঠ
যােব, �ধু verb এর past participle হেব/বসেব

Active Passive
‘ing’ Only ‘Past participle of
verb’