Earth and Life Science
Quarter 2 Module 3 – Perpetuation of Life
Objectives:
- Describe the different ways of how plants reproduce
- Illustrate the relationships among structures of flowers, fruits and seeds:
- Describe the different ways of how representative animals reproduce
Perpetuation of Life
Reproduction
means to reproduce. It is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring
who is biologically similar to the organism.
Types of Reproduction:
1. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- offspring come from a single parent and has the exact copy of the genes hence referred as
“Clone”
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- in animals is the production of new living organism by combining two gametes from different
organism, one male producing motile gamete that must fused with the egg cell from female
organism. Through this process similarity is preserved.
Plant Reproduction
External plant structures such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds are known as
plant organs.
Two Groups:
Sexual Reproductive
- Parts that produce seeds (flower buds, flower, fruits and seeds)
Vegetative
FLOWERS
- Sexual Reproduction is the sole function of flowers, often the showiest part of the plant.
- It contains a Stamen (male flower part) or Pistil (female flower part) or both plus
accessory parts such as sepals, petals and nectar glands.
o STAMEN is the male reproductive organ
- It consist of pollen sac (anther) and a long supporting filament.
o PISTIL is a plant’s female part
- It consist of a stigma, style and ovary
o SEPALS collectively called a Calyx
- They protect the flower bud
o PETALS collectively called Corolla
- Highly colored portion of a flower
DICOTS
- typically have four or five sepals, petals or multiple
MONOCOTS
- typically comes in threes or multiples of three.
Complete Flower
- Flower that has a stem, pistil, petals and sepals.
Incomplete Flower
- If one of this parts are missing
** Stamen and Pistil are the essential parts of a flower and are involved in seed production.
Perfect Flower
- Contains both functional stamens and pistils
Imperfect Flower
- Either stamens or pistils are lacking
Pistillate (Female)
- Flowers that possess a functional pistil or pistils but lack stamens
Staminate (Male)
- Flowers that contains stamens but no pistils
** Plants with imperfect flowers are further classified as:
a) Monoecious – have separate male and female flowers on the same plant
b) Dioecious
How Seeds form?
Pollination
- It is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, either by wind or by pollinators.
Fertilization
- is the union of a male sperm nucleus from a pollen grain with a female egg?
Cross-Fertilization
- Combines genetic material from two parent plants.
- Usually are more successful than self-pollinated plants
- More plants are reproduce
FRUITS
Fruits are classified as:
SIMPLE FRUITS
- Develop from a single ovary
Ex: cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), tomatoes (berries)
AGGREGATE FRUITS
- Develop from a single flower with many ovaries
- Simple flower with one corolla, one calyx and one stem
Ex: strawberries, raspberries and blackberries.
MULTIPLE FRUITS
- Derived from a tight cluster of separate, independent flowers borne on a single
structure.
- Each flower has its own calyx and corolla
Ex: Pineapples and figs
SEEDS
- It contains all of the genetic information needed to develop into an entire plant.
Three Parts:
Embryo
- is a miniature plant in an arrested state of development
- it will begin to grow when conditions are favorable
Endosperm
- is a built-in food supply which can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates or fats
Seed Coat
- A hard outer covering
- Protects the seed from disease and insects.
- Also prevents water from entering the seed and initiating germination before the proper
time.
Animal Reproduction
Some animals produce offspring through asexual reproduction while other animals produce
offspring through sexual reproduction.
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. FISSION
- Also called Binary Fission
- It is applied to instances in which an organism appears to split itself into two parts and,
if necessary, regenerate the missing parts of each new organism
2. BUDDING
- Results from the outgrowth of a part of the body leading to a separation of the “bud”
from the original organism and the formation of two individuals, one smaller than the
other.
3. FRAGMENTATION
- It is the breaking of an individual into parts followed by regeneration.
4. PARTHENOGENESIS
- a form of asexual reproduction in which an egg develops into an individual without
being fertilized
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
1. HERMAPHRODITISM
- Occurs in animals in which one individual has both male and female reproductive
systems.
2. SEX DETERMINATION
3. FERTILIZATION
- The fusion of the sperm and an egg is a process called fertilization.
- This can occur either inside (internal fertilization) or outside (external fertilization) the
body of the female.
4. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
- Usually occurs in aquatic environments where both eggs and sperm are released into
the water.
5. INTERAL FERTILIZATION
- Occurs most often in terrestrial animals
- may occur by the male directly depositing sperm in the female during mating.
