Construction

Methods &
Techniques
D E M E G I L I O , M A G A L L A N E S , & PA R U N G A O
1. Pre-engineered/Precast Flat Panel
System/Precast Foundations
Floor and wall units are produced off-site in a
factory and erected on-site for repetitive
cellular projects. Cross-wall construction
offers factory quality and speed of erection.
Precast concrete systems can construct
foundations rapidly, providing bespoke
elements and reducing excavation. These
systems improve productivity and reduce
excavation, especially in adverse weather
conditions and contaminated ground.
2. 3D Volumetric Construction
3D Volumetric construction, also known as
modular construction, involves producing
three-dimensional units in controlled factory
conditions before transportation to the site.
This method offers benefits like thermal
mass, sound, fire resistance, factory quality,
and accuracy, while reducing excavation
requirements. It is ideal for service-intensive
units and rapid assembly on-site.
3. Tunnel Formwork systems
Tunnel form is a fast-track construction method
that combines factory-produced concrete and
formwork with cast-in-site construction, allowing
contractors to build monolithic walls and slabs
in one operation. It's suitable for repetitive
cellular projects, such as hotels, apartment
blocks, and student accommodation. It offers
economy, speed, quality, and accuracy and
utilizes the inherent benefits of concrete, such
as fire and sound resistance. But, it requires
significant formwork sections, making it
unsuitable for tight sites.
4. Flat Slabs
Flat slab construction is quick and efficient
due to simplified formwork systems and
uninterrupted service zones beneath the floor
slab. It offers flexibility in horizontal service
positioning and partition positioning, allowing
for easy structural changes. Post-tensioning
allows for longer and thinner slabs with less
reinforcement, hence offering significant
program and labor advantages.
5. Hybrid Concrete Construction
Hybrid concrete construction combines all the
benefits of pre-casting with the advantages of
cast-in-situ construction. Combining the two as
a hybrid frame results in even greater
construction speed, quality, and the overall
economy. Hybrid concrete construction can
answer client demands for lower costs and
higher quality by providing simple, buildable,
and competitive structures with consistent
performance and quality.
6. Thin-Joint Masonry
Thin-Joint Masonry allows the depth of the
mortar to be reduced from 10mm to just 3mm
or less, resulting in faster laying and improved
productivity, particularly on long runs of walling.
Construction speed can be further increased by
13.5 percent using large-format concrete
blocks, with a face size equivalent to two
traditional concrete blocks. The mortar cures
rapidly, achieving full bond strength within one
to two hours, eliminating the problem of
‘floating’ therefore enabling more courses to be
laid per day.
7. Insulating Concrete Formwork
Insulating Concrete Formwork (ICF) systems
consist of twin-walled, expanded polystyrene
panels or blocks that are quickly built up to create
formwork for the walls of a building. This formwork
is then filled with factory-produced, quality-
assured, ready-mixed concrete to create a robust
structure. The expanded polystyrene blocks remain
to provide high levels of thermal insulation, and
the concrete core provides robustness and good
levels of sound insulation. More information on ICF
is included in The Concrete Centre publication
Insulating Concrete Formwork.
8. Wood Frame (Engineered Wood
Products (EWPs))
Engineered Wood Products (EWPs), such as
plywood and oriented strand board (OSB), are
commonly used in framed home construction
for structural support and wall surfaces. They
can also be used in engineered posts and
beams for special projects. Structural insulated
panels (SIPs) are made of an insulating foam
core sandwiched between EWPs, offering
advantages over standard platform framing for
certain home design. Their strength and size
can provide advantages over standard platform
framing for certain types of home design.
9. Light Gauge Steel Construction
This is similar to wood construction that uses
studs, rafters, plates, and joists, but uses light
steel instead. It allows easy material carrying
and on-site cutting. Typically used in commercial
buildings, it uses screw guns and metal cutting
tools instead of saws and nails.
10. Joisted or Load Bearing Masonry
Construction
This construction method involves the use of
concrete bricks or blocks to build load-bearing
walls. This technique results in heavy
structures, which is not good in earthquake-
prone areas. The joisted Masonry term comes
from the fact that the floors and ceilings are
constructed with wooden joists. Each brick or
block has to be a handset, which makes this
technique labor-intensive.
New & Innovative
Building
Construction
Techniques
1. Augmented Reality-Assisted Building
One of the most anticipated changes in new construction
techniques is integrating augmented reality (AR) into the
process. By combining Building Information Modeling
(BIM) with modern AR wearables, developers can see
fully-rendered visualizations of what a construction
project will look like.
Aside from the obvious benefits to pre-construction
planning for individual developments, this technology will
support new construction strategies across all aspects of
urban planning: zoning for housing developments, utility
management, traffic routing, and more.
AR can also assist in determining the kinds of
construction materials used on-site and whether the
building requires insulating concrete, for example.
2. Raised Access Flooring
There are plenty of raised flooring options to choose from
these days, depending on your facility’s needs, available
space, HVAC structure, and cable routing demands.
Raised access flooring systems open up the possibilities
for service distribution across your building and allow you
to tap into more modern approaches to facility
construction, such as underfloor air distribution – this
type of system offers better airflow and lower energy use
compared to conventional HVAC systems.
These modifications are important for future-proofing a
facility by keeping reconfiguration costs low over the
building’s life cycle.
3. Self-Healing Concrete
Given that concrete is the most widely used
material globally, it’s a little surprising that it
took us this long to get to this point. But finally,
self-healing concrete has advanced to the point
where it’ll soon be a viable alternative to
traditional materials.
By leveraging bacteria that live within the
concrete building itself, these materials
automatically repair any cracks or fissures that
may appear over time, offering a great long-term
solution for concrete degradation.
4. Kinetic Footfall Energy Harvesting
One of the biggest areas of new construction techniques
in buildings is incorporating alternative energy in various
forms. Kinetic footfall energy harvesting involves placing
ground sensors in high traffic areas that generate and
store thermal mass energy taken from pedestrian steps.

In terms of long-term planning, this is an innovative way to

integrate more sustainable energy solutions that live off
the traditional grid. These kinetic solutions are also being
tested on roadways as we speak – however, just like solar
roadways, these innovations have so far earned mixed
reviews. It may be a while before the technology truly goes
mainstream.
5. 3D Printed Buildings
In recent times the 3D printing technology is streamlining
construction on the job site. Companies are now
leveraging 3D printing to fabricate materials on-site in a
near-perfect replica of factory settings. This decreases
reliance on extensive supply chains and reduces project
costs overall.

But now, we see more extensive use cases where

architectural designs are uploaded directly to 3D printing
software. This lets builders automate the construction
process as much as possible and opens the doors to a
faster, smarter system of development, which takes less
time and effort from all parties involved. Not bad for a
new building system.
Stunning Europe Building facade shows off the
beauty of 3D printing in Amsterdam
THANKS!
 Quiz
1. Also known as modular construction.

2. Floor and wall units are produced off-site in a factory and erected on-site for repetitive cellular
projects.

3. Systems consist of twin-walled, expanded polystyrene panels.

4. This construction method involves the use of concrete bricks or blocks to build load-bearing walls.

5-10 Give at least six construction methods and techniques.

 RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT
 WHAT IS CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT?

• RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION IS THE PRACTICE OF PLANNING, ALLOCATING, AND

MANAGING RESOURCES, INCLUDING PERSONNEL, EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND FINANCES, TO
COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS SUCCESSFULLY
• TYPICALLY DONE BY CONSTRUCTION MANAGERS OR PROJECT MANAGERS, CONSTRUCTION
RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INVOLVES MANY TASKS, INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING.
• MONITORING THE AMOUNT OF RESOURCES AVAILABLE — EVERYTHING FROM TIME AND
WORKFORCE TO EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, AND FACILITIES.

• ALLOCATING AND REALLOCATING RESOURCES BASED ON PROJECT NEEDS AND TIMELINES.

• TRACKING AND OPTIMIZING THE USE OF RESOURCES.

THE GOAL OF CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS TO MAXIMIZE THE UTILIZATION OF

RESOURCES AND REDUCE WASTE, ULTIMATELY MEETING THE PROJECT’S OBJECTIVES IN THE MOST
EFFICIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE WAY POSSIBLE.
RESOURCE
LEVELING
WHAT IS RESOURCE LEVELING?

• RESOURCE LEVELING IS A PROJECT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE THAT INVOLVES RESOLVING

OVERALLOCATION OR SCHEDULING CONFLICTS TO ENSURE A PROJECT CAN BE COMPLETED
WITH THE AVAILABLE RESOURCES. RESOURCES INCLUDE THE TIME, MATERIALS, OR TOOLS
NEEDED TO COMPLETE A PROJECT.
WHY WE NEED RESOURCE LEVELING?
• THE PURPOSE OF RESOURCE LEVELING IS TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AVAILABLE RESOURCES WHILE WORKING WITHIN THE
PROJECT’S TIME, COST, AND SCOPE CONSTRAINTS.
• RESOURCE LEVELING CAN BE CHALLENGING FOR PROJECT MANAGERS AS IT REQUIRES BALANCING THE DEMAND FOR THE SAME
RESOURCES ACROSS MULTIPLE PROJECTS.
• DEPENDING ON YOUR TEAM NEEDS, HERE ARE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES:
• IF THE GOAL IS TO KEEP THE CURRENT PROJECT DEADLINE, MORE RESOURCES MAY NEED TO BE MADE AVAILABLE.
• IF THE GOAL IS TO RUN THE PROJECT WITH CURRENTLY AVAILABLE RESOURCES, THE DEADLINE OF THE PROJECT MAY BE
EXTENDED.
• RESOURCE LEVELING ADJUSTS RESOURCE ALLOCATION OR PROJECT SCHEDULES TO KEEP RESOURCES FROM BEING
OVEREXTENDED. THIS CAN HELP MAINTAIN THE QUALITY OF PROJECT OUTPUTS.
MANPOWER
PLANNING
 WHAT IS MANPOWER PLANNING?

• CONSTRUCTION MANPOWER PLANNING IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS THAT INVOLVES REGULARLY

REVIEWING THE ORGANIZATION'S CURRENT RESOURCES, FORECASTING FUTURE RECRUITMENT
NEEDS, ENSURING THAT THE SUPPLY OF MANPOWER AND SKILLED WORKERS MEETS THE DEMAND
OF PROJECTS, AND ALSO ENSURING THE OPPOSITE – THAT THE SUPPLY OF PROJECTS MEETS THE
DEMAND OF YOUR MANPOWER.
• ESSENTIALLY, IT’S THE OPTIMAL USE OF YOUR TEAM AND BALANCING THE ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES TO AVOID POTENTIALLY
COSTLY ERRORS IN TEAM ALLOCATIONS.
• UNDERSTAFFING CAN LOSE GENERAL CONTRACTORS CUSTOMERS AND PROJECT BIDS, BUT ALSO PUTS ACTIVE PROJECTS AT RISK
OF NOT HITTING IMPORTANT BUILDING MILESTONES ON TIME
• OVERSTAFFING IS EXPENSIVE AND CAN BE COSTLY TO FIX, PUTS PROJECTS AT RISK BY ALLOCATING LABOR COSTS THAT AREN’T
NEEDED, AND WILL ULTIMATELY REDUCE THE COMPETITIVE EFFICIENCY OF THE ORGANIZATION

• LASTLY, MANPOWER IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY REQUIRES CAREER DEVELOPMENT AND UPGRADING YOUR EXISTING
TEAM. THAT MEANS IDENTIFYING TEAM MEMBER ABILITIES, SKILLS, AND EXPERIENCE WHILE ALSO IDENTIFYING GAPS IN LABOR
REQUIREMENTS THAT WILL PREVENT THE ORGANIZATION FROM MEETING ITS STRATEGIC GOALS.
CONSTRUCTION
LABOR
• LABOR MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION IS A BROAD FIELD OF PRACTICE THAT INVOLVES
OPTIMIZING AN ORGANIZATION’S WORKFORCE. TO IMPROVE LABOR MANAGEMENT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO
PRIORITIZE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF LABORERS, CHOOSE A GOOD WORKFORCE MANAGEMENT
SOFTWARE, BALANCE SKILLED WORKERS WHERE REQUIRED, IDENTIFY THE ISSUES THAT WORKERS ARE
FACING, AND GIVE LABORERS ALL THE TOOLS AND RESOURCES THEY NEED
• EFFECTIVE LABOR MANAGEMENT IS ESSENTIAL FOR AVOIDING DELAYS AND OTHER INEFFICIENCIES IN
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS.
 CONTROL
AND
MONITORING
• CONTROL AND MONITORING IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ARE TWO ESSENTIAL PROCESSES THAT
HELP ENSURE THAT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE COMPLETED ON TIME, WITHIN BUDGET, AND TO THE
REQUIRED QUALITY STANDARDS.
• MONITORING INVOLVES REGULARLY OBSERVING AND TRACKING THE PROGRESS OF A PROJECT AND
COLLECTING DATA TO ANALYZE IT. THIS DATA IS THEN USED TO MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS ABOUT THE
PROJECT’S DIRECTION AND TO IDENTIFY ANY ISSUES THAT MAY ARISE.

• CONTROLLING INVOLVES TAKING CORRECTIVE MEASURES BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF MONITORING. THIS
PROCESS HELPS ENSURE THAT THE PROJECT MEETS ITS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.
• TO EFFECTIVELY CONTROL AND MONITOR A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE PROVEN TECHNIQUES,
LEVERAGE TECHNOLOGY, AND ADDRESS COMMON CHALLENGES PROACTIVELY . SOME OF THE KEY TECHNIQUES USED
IN PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDE:

• CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM): THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO IDENTIFY ESSENTIAL PROJECT MILESTONES AND KEEP
DELIVERABLES ON SCHEDULE .
• EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT (EVM): THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO ASSIGN PROJECT TASKS ACCORDING TO THEIR
COST .
• RISK MANAGEMENT: THIS PROCESS INVOLVES TRACKING IDENTIFIED RISKS, IDENTIFYING AND ANALYZING NEW RISKS,
MONITORING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RISK RESPONSE PLANS, AND ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RISK
MANAGEMENT PROCESSES THROUGHOUT A PROJECT.
• IN ADDITION, IT IS IMPORTANT TO PRIORITIZE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF LABORERS, CHOOSE A GOOD WORKFORCE
MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE, BALANCE SKILLED WORKERS WHERE REQUIRED, IDENTIFY THE ISSUES THAT WORKERS ARE
FACING, AND GIVE LABORERS ALL THE TOOLS AND RESOURCES THEY NEED .
TO EFFECTIVELY CONTROL AND MONITOR A CONSTRUCTION PROJECT, IT IS IMPORTANT TO USE PROVEN
TECHNIQUES, LEVERAGE TECHNOLOGY, AND ADDRESS COMMON CHALLENGES PROACTIVELY . SOME OF THE KEY
TECHNIQUES USED IN PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL INCLUDE:

CRITICAL PATH METHOD

(CPM):
EARNED VALUE MANAGEMENT (EVM):
THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO IDENTIFY RISK MANAGEMENT
ESSENTIAL PROJECT MILESTONES AND THIS PROCESS INVOLVES TRACKING
KEEP DELIVERABLES ON SCHEDULE . THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO ASSIGN
IDENTIFIED RISKS, IDENTIFYING AND
PROJECT TASKS ACCORDING TO THEIR COST .
ANALYZING NEW RISKS, MONITORING THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF RISK RESPONSE
PLANS, AND ASSESSING THE
EFFECTIVENESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT
PROCESSES THROUGHOUT A PROJECT.
PROPER CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IS A MUST !

• YOU CAN’T COMPLETE PROJECTS WITHOUT THE RIGHT WORKERS, EQUIPMENT, AND
FACILITIES, WHICH IS WHY IT’S CRITICAL TO PLAN AND ALLOCATE YOUR
RESOURCES EFFECTIVELY. SO, TAKE THE TIME TO UNDERSTAND EACH PROJECT’S
NEEDS AND THEN FIGURE OUT THE RIGHT RESOURCE ALLOCATION. TO MAKE
THINGS EASIER, USE TECHNOLOGY TO AUTOMATE VARIOUS TASKS AND GENERATE
THE NECESSARY REPORTS.
QUIZ:
1. CONSTRUCTION IS THE PRACTICE OF PLANNING, ALLOCATING, AND MANAGING RESOURCES, INCLUDING PERSONNEL, EQUIPMENT,
MATERIALS, AND FINANCES, TO COMPLETE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS SUCCESSFULLY.

2. INVOLVES TAKING CORRECTIVE MEASURES BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF MONITORING. THIS PROCESS HELPS ENSURE THAT THE PROJECT
MEETS ITS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.

3. IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT ARE TWO ESSENTIAL PROCESSES THAT HELP ENSURE THAT CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS ARE COMPLETED
ON TIME, WITHIN BUDGET, AND TO THE REQUIRED QUALITY STANDARDS.

4. INVOLVES REGULARLY OBSERVING AND TRACKING THE PROGRESS OF A PROJECT AND COLLECTING DATA TO ANALYZE IT. THIS DATA IS
THEN USED TO MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS ABOUT THE PROJECT’S DIRECTION AND TO IDENTIFY ANY ISSUES THAT MAY ARISE.

5. THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO IDENTIFY ESSENTIAL PROJECT MILESTONES AND KEEP DELIVERABLES ON SCHEDULE.

6. THIS TECHNIQUE IS USED TO ASSIGN PROJECT TASKS ACCORDING TO THEIR COST.

7. THIS PROCESS INVOLVES TRACKING IDENTIFIED RISKS, IDENTIFYING AND ANALYZING NEW RISKS, MONITORING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
RISK RESPONSE PLANS, AND ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESSES THROUGHOUT A PROJECT.

8-10. GIVE THREE (3) TECHNIQUES USED IN PROJECT MONITORING AND CONTROL
“ END.

PRESENTED BY:
”
BITANCUR, JOHN LESTER
PAHILANGA, JOHN MILES
SULTAN, ABDUL AZIS
 MATERIAL
MANAGEMENT

B ARC E LONA, J A Y L Y N
TIDOR, E D E L B E R T
TANO, IVERSON NATANIEL
 What is Material
Management?
Material management is the
planning, organizing and
controlling of the flow of
material from its initial
purchase stage, through
internal operations, to the
distribution of finished goods.
 What are the Major Concerns About
Material Management?

Purchasing Transportation Control through production - and -

(incoming & inventory management (includes
outgoing) receiving, storage, shipping, materials
handling and inventory counting)
warehousing and distribution.
 Purchasing
Purchasing means procurement of goods and
services from some external agencies. The object
of purchase department is to arrange the supply
of materials, spare parts and services or semi-
finished goods, required by the organization to
produce the desired product, from some agency or
source outside the organization.
 Transportation
(incoming & outgoing)
Inbound logistics brings supplies or
materials into a business, while
outbound logistics deals with moving
goods and products out to customers.
Both focus heavily on the
transporting of goods. But inbound is
all about receiving, while outbound
focuses on delivery.
Four basic needs of
Material management
To have adequate materials on hand when
needed
To pay the lowest possible prices, consistent
with quality and value requirement for
purchases materials
To minimize the inventory investment
To operate efficiently
 Inventory
Management

Inventory control means stocking

adequate number and kind of stores,
so that the materials are available
whenever required and wherever
required. Scientific inventory control
results in optimal balance.
Functions of Inventory
Management
To decouple or separate various parts of the production
process
To help the firm from fluctuations in demand and provide a
stock of goods that will provide a selection for customers
To take advantage of quantity discounts
To protect against inflation
To provide maximum supply service, consistent with
maximum efficiency & optimum investment.
To provide cushion between forecasted & actual demand for
a material
Thank you
very much!
 Quiz
1-6. Functions of Inventory Management
7.What is Materials Management?
8-11. Four basic needs of Material management
12-15. name of the reporter and teacher.
1-6.To decouple or separate various parts of the production process

To help the firm from fluctuations in demand and provide a stock of goods that will provide a selection
for customers
To take advantage of quantity discounts
To protect against inflation
To provide maximum supply service, consistent with maximum efficiency & optimum investment.
To provide cushion between forecasted & actual demand for a material Functions of Inventory
Management

7.What is Materials Management?

Materials management is the planning, organizing and controlling of the flow of material from its initial
purchase stage, through internal operations, to the distribution of finished goods.

To have adequate materials on hand when needed

To pay the lowest possible prices, consistent with quality and value requirement for purchases
materials
To minimize the inventory investment
To operate efficiently

12-15. name of the reporter and teacher.

 Quality
Management
Shayla Ocag, Maysie Pellejo, Shelmar
Panisales
Basic Elements of
Quality

• Quality characteristics
• Quality of design
• Quality conformance
 Quality Characteristics
Dimension, strength, colour,
temperature, and for concrete -
slump, size of aggregates, water
cement ratio, surface finish,
compressive strength, etc.
 Quality of Design
• Desired standards for the characteristics that
define a product and also the tolerances for
acceptable variations from the standard
• If very high standards of quality and stiff
tolerances are set, this will increase the cost
of the project.
 Quality Conformance
It is affected by:
• The field construction methods – skill of the workers, the
efficiencies of the tools and equipment used and the
quality of the materials.
• Supervision enforced and the managerial controls
applied to direct the working crew to conform to the
plans and specifications
• Inspection and quality control procedures that are
applied.
 Organization for Quality Control
Construction
Site Manager
Manager
• Site Manager monitors and works to approve each
• The CM will provide Quality Assurance and monitor
contractor’s quality, and progress reports to ensure
the day-by-day construction quality control activities
that the project is meeting the contract requirements.
performed by construction contractors to verify
• The SM will manage the field implementation of the
compliance with the contract plans and specifications.
Construction Quality Assurance Plan at the project
• The CM will also manage, coordinate, and administer
sites under control of the senior field engineer (FE)
all QC/QA activities and requirements, including those
and the Construction QA Officer.
of subcontractors.
• Construction contractors are responsible for the
quality control of their constructed work product as
well as the necessary inspections and tests required to
ensure that their work complies with the contract
documents.
 Organization for Quality Control
Construction Quality
Field Engineer
Assurance Officer
• The FE reviews QC and QA testing
documentation with contractors, engineers,
• The CQAO reports directly to the CM.
and inspectors.
• • The FE also reviews the plans and
specifications and estimates the type and
number of QA tests that should be
accomplished for each activity.
• • The FE meets with third-party testing and
inspection firms to review test requirements
and coordinate testing and inspection
services.
Construction Quality Control/Quality Assurance Organization
 INSPECTION AND VERIFICATION ACTIVITIES

• Quality control plans will cover the type, test standard, frequency, control
requirements, and assigned responsibility for inspections and tests.
• The CM will review and approve these plans
• Contractorsshallperformtheinspectionsandtestsas prescribed in the technical
specifications
• QA inspection and testing will be used to verify the adequacy and effectiveness of
the contractor QC program.
• The QA inspection and testing frequency will be at the discretion of the CQAO based
on results of QC tests, evaluation of daily reports, audits of the QC program and
verification testing conducted by the CM and owner’s third party testing firm.
 Inspection and Testing Plan

• Materials qualification testing will be done prior to construction to

verify that the materials comply with requirements of the
specifications.
• The contractor will obtain representative samples of the materials
designated at the proposed source of the materials.
• Test samples will be sent by the contractor to the Testing Laboratory.
• For soils, sampling and analysis will be performed by the contractor
on the onsite borrow material source.
 Follow-Up Inspection
• The contractor and the CM perform follow-up inspections daily.
• Ensure continuing compliance with Contract requirements.
• Ensure continuing compliance with control testing until completion
of particular feature of work.
• The CM inspection staff records follow-up inspections in their daily
inspection report.
• Conduct final follow-up inspections and correct test deficiencies
prior to the addition of new features of work.
 Documentation
• Project documents will be managed through a combination of a secure document
filing and storage system and a computerized document tracking system.
• Sufficient records shall be prepared and maintained as work is performed to furnish
documentary evidence of the quality of construction and laboratory analysis and of
activities affecting quality.
• Each contractor QC technician shall maintain a daily log of all inspections performed
for both contractor and subcontractor operations on a form acceptable to the CM.
• The Daily Inspection and Daily Test reports shall be signed by the responsible QC
technician and the QCM.
• The CM shall be provided at least one copy of each daily inspection and test report
on the work day following the day of record.
 DAILY CONSTRUCTION REPORT
• A daily construction report will be prepared and signed by each FE and FI.
• The report will include a summary of the contractor’s daily construction activities.
• Supporting inspection data sheets will be attached to the daily report where needed.

The daily construction report will include the following information:

• Date, project name, location, and other identification

• Description of weather conditions, including temperature, cloud cover, and
precipitation
• Reports on any meetings held and their results 4. Record of visitors to site
 DAILY CONSTRUCTION REPORT
5. Locations of construction underway during that day
6. Equipment and personnel working in each activity, including subcontractors
7. Descriptions of work being inspected
8. Decisions made regarding approval of units of material or of work, and
corrective actions to be taken
9. Description of problems or delays and resolution
10. Communications with contractor staff
11. Construction activities completed and/or in progress
12. Progress photos, where applicable 13. Signature of the report preparer
 INSPECTION AND TESTING REPORT

• Description or title of the inspection activity

• Location of the inspection activity or location from which the sample
was obtained
• Recorded observation or test data
• Results of the inspection activity
• Personnel involved in the inspection activity
• Signature of the inspector
 Quality Control Circles

• In addition to the quality control team, quality control circle,

which is a small group formed voluntarily within the
organisation.
• Employees from all hierarchal levels meet to discuss the
problems and find solutions.
 Quality Control Circles

• In addition to the quality control team, quality control circle,

which is a small group formed voluntarily within the
organisation.
• Employees from all hierarchal levels meet to discuss the
problems and find solutions.
 Planning of
construction
projects
 Principles of Planning

• The plan should form a basis for

project monitoring and control
• It should be flexible
• It should be realistic
• It should be comprehensive
Roles of Planning

• Initial screening
• Designing
• Tendering
• Constructing
• Commissioning
 Advantages of Planning
• When the contractor prepares the network
schedule, he studies the work properly.
• A detailed programme in conjunction with cost
control can prevent the loss of money.
• Planning lays down a preconceived programme
not only for the whole project but also for the
various stages of work.
Stages of Planning

• Preplanning
• Detailed planning
• Monitoring and control
 Types of Plan

• Standing plan
• Single use plan
• Strategic plan
• Administrative plan
 Standing Plan
Plans which are used repeatedly and include the
management’s policies, procedures and rules.

Single Used Plan

• Used for single purpose
• Designed to accomplish specific objective within a
relatively short period of time
 Strategic Plan
• Concerned with broad matters that affect the
development of an organisation
• The factors being economic, technological and
environmental
• Emphasis is given to predicting the future behaviour of
external variables and formulation of alternative types of
action in the light of the expected events
 Administrative Plan
• Less subjective than strategic plan
• Focuses on how to accomplish the objective of the
project or the organisation
• Concerned with factors within the control of the
organisation
Agencies involved in planning

• Owner
• Builder/contractor
Thank's For Listening
 QUIZ
1-3. Stages of Planning
4-6. Basic Elements of Quality
7-10. Principles of Planning
11-14. Organization for Quality Control
15. Bonus
 CONSTRUCTION
SAFETY AND HEALTH
(COSH)
 What is occupational safety and health?

❑ Occupational safety- deals with understanding the causes of

accidents at work and ways to prevent unsafe acts and unsafe
conditions in any work place.
❑ occupational health- explains how the different hazards and risks at
work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health program are
essentials in controlling work-related occupational diseases.
 SAFETY
Safety is a state in which hazards and conditions leading
to physical, psychological or material harm are
controlled in order to preserve the health and well-
being of individuals and the community. It is an
essential resource for everyday life, needed by
individuals and communities to realize their aspirations.
 WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY
Workplace health and safety (WHS) is a set of principles
and practices that show us how to manage the health
and safety risks that workers, customers, and the public
(visitors, suppliers, etc.) might face in the workplace.
 Hazard- A condition or practice with
the potential for accidental loss.

Risk is the chance or probability that

a person will be harmed or
experience an adverse health effect
if exposed to a hazard. It may also
apply to situations with property or
RISK VS equipment loss, or harmful effects
on the environment.

HAZARD
 EXAMPLES

HAZARD RISK
ELECTRICITY The number per 100,000 smokers who will
develop lung cancer.
WET FLOOR
SHARP OBJECTS Cigarette smokers are 12 times (for example)
more likely to die of lung cancer than non-
smokers.
 2 causes of accident

Unsafe acts Unsafe conditions

A violation of an accepted safe A hazardous physical condition or
“standard” which could permit the circumstance which could permit
occurrence of accidents. the occurrence of accident
• EX: EX:
• Non wearing of PPE Dusty work area
Smoking in non-smoking area Poor storage system
Driving without license Octopus wiring
Reporting to work under the influence Slippery and wet floors
of liquor or drugs.
CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS

❖ 56% FALLS FROM HEIGHT

❖ 21% TRAPPED BY SOMETHING COLLAPSING OR
OVERTURNING
❖ 10% STRUCK BY A MOVING VEHICLE
❖ 5% CONTACT WITH ELECTRICITY OR ELECTRICAL
DISCHARGE
❖ 4% STRUCK BY A FALLING/FLYING OBJECT DURING
MACHINE LIFTING OF MATERIALS
❖ 3% CONTACT WITH MOVING MACHINERY OR MATERIAL
BEING MACHINED
❖ 1% EXPOSURE TO A HOT OR HARMFUL SUBSTANCE
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHS ON A CONSTRUCTION SITE
MANAGING WORKPLACE HEALTH AND
SAFETY
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF SAFETY OFFICER

❑ Conduct the mandatory 8 ❑ Spearhead the ❑ Act as secretarial to

hour OSH orientation to all implementation of OSH the health and safety
workers (agency, 3rd party, standard and the HIRAC of committee
contractors, top the company. ❑ Investigate accidents
management, rank and file). ❑ Report to DOLE any OSH as part of the health
a. Attendance with signatures, information in the and safety committee
topics discussed, and pictures. company and report on a ❑ Issue a WSO for any
b. Conduct refresher orientation ( timely basis the reportorial “imminent danger”
30 min – 2hr duration) at the requirements. situation
construction project site. ❑ Assist DOLE during
government OSH
inspection
 SAFETY EQUIPMENT
DURING CONSTRUCTION
 Safety Equipment
Safety Equipment is a safeguard against job hazard when
used as intend along with others preventative measures,
minimizes or eliminates risk to employees.
NECESSITY OF SAFETY EQUIPMENT

It provides additional It will ensure the site has These are necessary
protection at workplace for good design, good because poorly
workers at construction planning and also ensure implemented safety
site. timely completion of work. techniques results in
accidents, illness and even
death.
It ensures a safe and Workers will feel safe and
healthy environment for will be more productive.
workers to work in. Cost on health bills for the
workers who witnessed
accidents can be decrease
Unnecessary lawsuits can be to a greater extent.
avoided.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

HEARING PROTECTION
To protect the
worker’s ears from
the noise created
from the operation of
machines.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

HEAD PROTECTION
To protect from bumping into
falling or low ceiling objects
where placed. Also from
accidental contact with electric
hazard.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

FOOT PROTECTION
To secure the foot of
workers when they are at
work, from crushing or injury
caused by heavy object.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

HAND PROTECTION
To protect the workers
hand while contact with
harmful and hazardous
chemicals.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

EYE AND FACE PROTECTION

To protect any foreign
object to get in the eye.
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Prevention from atmospheric
contaminants
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

SAFETY CLOTHES
To resist flame and heat
For visibility purpose
SAFETY EQUIPMENT

FALL PROTECTION
To protect the workers and
material falling from height
 FIRE PROTECTION

To minimize the risk of fire at construction site.

SAFETY SIGNS AND THEIR MEANINGS
 JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS
is a process for breaking down a task or
process into its component steps and then
evaluating each step for hazards. It focuses
on the relationship between the worker, the
task, the tools, and the work environment
 BENEFITS OF JHA

It promotes safety work procedures and for the

employees to identify the hazards that might occur
during working hours. It also helps them to what are
the precautionary measures or control measures
should be practiced.
HOW TO PERFORM JHA?

Identify the job or task Break the job or task into Identify the hazards
to be analyzed. key components. found in each key
component.

Identify ways to eliminate Eliminate the hazard or

or control these hazards. install controls. Keep a record of the
hazards identified and steps
taken to
Periodically assess controls to eliminate or control them.
ensure they are working
correctly.
 CONCLUSION

Though unpredictable accidents or potential hazards

are inevitable in a construction industry, these things
can be overcome by providing the workers with the
basic safety equipment's mentioned above. This not
only increases Productivity but also safe guards the life
of skilled workers who are exposed to these effects
constantly.
Thanks!
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CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE

Reporters:
Kenneth Escala
Kim Miraveles
Cllip Allen Aldeguer
 What is Dispute?
• Dispute is a misunderstanding between two parties, either
contractual or non-contractual.
• Dispute is unable to eliminate because the nature of the
construction is full risk. (Thomas 1995)
• Definition of the dispute may be circumscribed it may
inevitably involve resolution of other matters which may not
specifically have been raised into separate or discrete disputes
 Construction Dispute?
• Construction disputes arise from
environmental and behavioral factors.

• There are many different causes of

disputes in the construction industry.

• Disputes waste money, therefore drain

profits and destroy the relationship and
it takes energy away from projects.
 Construction Dispute?

• Construction delays, variations, efficiency

issues and exceeding cost can be some
causes for the dispute to arise in the
project.
COMMON CAUSES OF
CONSTRUCTION
DISPUTES
 01
Failure to properly
administer the contract
 02
Poorly drafted or
incomplete/unsubstantiated
claims
 03
Employer/Contractor/Subco
ntractor failing to
understand and/or comply
with its contractual
obligation
 04
Errors and/or omissions in
the contract document
 05
Incomplete design
information or employer
requirements.
 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE BY CLIENTS

Deficient Lowest price Poor

management mentality in communication
supervision engagement of
contractor
 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE BY CLIENTS

Discrepancies in Failure to appoint Failure to respond

contract project manager in time
documents
 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE BY CONTRACTORS

1. Delay 3. Inadequate
2. Lack of CPM
suspension of
understandin scheduling and
work
g and update
agreement in requirement
contract
procurement
 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE BY CONTRACTORS

6. Failure to
4. Failure to
understand
plan and
and correctly
execute the
bid or price the
changes of 5. Reluctance works
works to seek
clarification
 CAUSES OF CONSTRUCTION DISPUTE BY THE
CONSULTANTS
1. Failure to understand its responsibilities under the design team contract
2. Over design and understanding, the costs involved
3. Incompleteness of drawing and specification
4. Design and specification oversight and errors or omission from
specialists
5. Variations due to design errors
6. To request for information late information delivery
and cumbersome approach
 RESOLUTIONS FOR
CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES
 RESOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

Adjudication
It is a process in which a neutral third party will
give a decision on a dispute.

Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 states that

parties to a construction contract may refer their
disputes to an adjudicator.
 • The adjudicator is a neutral person who
is not involved in the day to day
BENEFITS OF ADJUDICATION

running of the construction contract.

• Adjudication is a quick process, which is

designed to ensure that cash flow is
maintained during the construction
process.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ADJUDICATION

• The dispute needs to have been aired between the

parties before adjudication can be commenced.

• The adjudicator's powers are limited.

• Court proceedings are still required to enforce the

adjudicator's decision if the "losing" party does not
pay.
 RESOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

Expert Determination
It is often used to resolve issues or disputes of
a specialist nature, such as construction, and is one of
the most informal systems of dispute resolution.
 • It is an economic way of finally
XPERT DETERMINATION

resolving valuation disputes.

BENEFITS OF

• It is less expensive and a

quicker and a less formal
method of dispute resolution.
DISADVANTAGES OF EXPERT DETERMINATION

• The use of experts is much less tied to legal

processes and therefore it is more difficult to
challenge the decision of an expert.

• An expert's report cannot generally be enforced

without further court or arbitration proceedings
 RESOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

Litigation
Whilst there are many methods of ADR, court
proceedings are still one of the most common forms
of resolving disputes within the construction industry.
 • The claim process will be managed by a judge
throughout.
ADVANTAGE OF
LITIGATION

• Complex issues can be dealt with.

• The parties will obtain a binding and

enforceable decision.
 DISADVANTAGES OF LITIGATION
• Only claims which are over the value of £250,000
can be dealt with at the TCC.

• Any claims below this sum will be dealt with at the

County Court. It is often a slow process and it is
most expensive.

• The proceedings will be in public and are therefore

not confidential, except in certain very limited
circumstances.
 RESOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

Mediation
Mediation is commonly used within the
construction industry to resolve disputes.
 • The mediator will be an independent person,
who will not make a decision, judge or advise,
but will facilitate discussions between the parties,
with the aim of resolving the dispute.
ADVANTAGE OF

• Mediators are generally highly experienced in

MIDIATION

the area of the dispute, and may even by TCC

judges.
• It can help maintain a business relationship.
• It is relatively quick, with mediations usually
lasting 1-2 days.
 DISADVANTAGES OF MEDIATION
• In some cases there may be a concern that, during
mediation, parties may disclose an important aspect
of their argument or commercial position, which
(despite the confidential nature of mediation) could
benefit the other party if the matter went to trial.

• If the parties do not come to an agreement, the

dispute will remain unresolved and the cost of
mediation will have been wasted.
 RESOLUTIONS FOR CONSTRUCTION DISPUTES

Arbitration
It is another alternative to litigation and is
a process in which the parties will agree to refer
the dispute to a third party, the arbitrator.
 • Like mediation, arbitration is a
confidential process.
• Parties can agree on an arbitrator who
ADVANTAGE OF
ARBITRATION

has relevant experience in the matter.

• Compared to court proceedings, it is a
relatively quick process.
• It is highly flexible compared to court
proceedings.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ARBITRATION
• It is the parties' responsibility to bear the costs of
both the arbitrator and the venue where the
arbitration is to take place.
• There are limited powers of compulsion or sanction
available to the arbitrator if one party fails to comply
with the directions set by the arbitrator.
• There are limited appeal rights available during
arbitration and Costs can be similar to litigation at
court.
THANK YOU FOR
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