ENDOCRINE SYSTEM It secretes hormones that control the growth and development of the body.

HORMONES Travel throughout the body through the bloodstream, and they are directed towards a
specific part of the body, which is called the target organ of the hormones.

Different glands present in ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

1.THE PITUITARY GLAND is Located in the brain

It is often called the Master Gland because it controls the functions of other endocrine glands.

secretes several hormones that affect a specific part of the body.

2.HYPOTHALAMUS is the gland that is also located in the brain

It controls the function of the pituitary glands.

1. .THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) controls the secretion of the TSH OR THYROID

STIMULATING HORMONE.
2. GONADOTROPIN –RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) stimulates the production of FSH and LH.

3. CORTICOTROPIN –RELEASING HORMONES (CRH) – initiates the secretion of the ACTH or

ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES.

3. THYROID GLAND is Located below the larynx (or the VOICE BOX).

It is described as a butterfly-shaped gland that is composed of the right and left lobes.

Secretes the hormones Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) -(THESE HORMONES IS CALLED
THYROID HORMONES)

– which are responsible for protein synthesis: regulation of oxygen use: metabolism and growth and the
development of the body.

CALCITONIN – another hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, which is responsible for maintaining the
calcium level in the body.

4. PARATHYROID GLANDS – Found in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

- It is the major regulator of the calcium, magnesium, and phosphate levels in the blood.

5. PANCREAS - Located in the duodenum of the small intestine.

secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which are responsible in regulating the blood sugar level.

1. INSULIN- helps in lowering the amount of glucose in the blood when its too high.

2. GLUCAGON – Helps in increasing the level of glucose in the blood when it is too low.

6. ADRENAL GLANDS – Located on top of each kidney

- Each Adrenal gland is divided into the ADRENAL CORTEX and Adrenal Medulla.
 HOROMONES

1.HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH) – Promotes the release of Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGF),
WHICH IS Responsible for the production of protein in the body: maintains muscle and bone mass
for growth: also helps in healing injuries and repair of tissues.

2. THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)- helps in producing and secreting thyroid hormones by

the thyroid gland.

3. FOLLICLE- STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) - Its targets the ovaries by initiating the development of
the follicles in the ovary. which happens monthly.

4. LUTEINIZING HORMONES (LH) – initiates ovulation: also controls the secretion of progesterone
(female sex hormones)

5. PROLACTIN – affects the mammary glands by initiating and maintaining the production of milk,
especially during pregnancy

6. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONES (ACTH) – responsible for the production and secretion of

Glucocorticoids, the hormones released by the adrenal gland.

7. OXYTOCIN – Activated during and after giving birth: it targets the uterus to cause it to contract
during giving birth: also controls milk secretion in the breast after giving birth.

8. ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES (ADH) – Causes the kidneys to decrease urine production, which helps
in conserving more body water also known as VASOPRESSIN.

NERVOUS SYSTEM Is responsible for your quick reaction.

Connects all your body parts by transmitting signals from one part of your body to another.

three basic functions: Sensory, Integrative, and motor.

The nervous system is divided into the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM(CNS)

and the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS).

The CNS serves as the processing area of the nervous system.

It is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

The brain is the part of the nervous system that processes and interprets and signals transmitted to
it.

The spinal cord serves as the connection from the brain to the rest of the body.
 The PNS is divided into the SOMATIC and AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – includes the motor nerves that connect to the skeletal muscles that
function voluntarily.

The SNS contains the spinal nerves, which connect the central nervous system to other parts such as the
sensory receptor, the muscles, and the body glands.

Autonomic Nervous System

( ANS)

It regulates the smooth and cardiac muscles as well as other glands.

It works involuntarily, which means that it functions independently and is not consciously controlled.

 The ANS contains the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM which is activated during physical or
emotional stress.it can also be stimulated every time we feel fear,embarrassment or anger.

 The ANS also contains the PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM which function whenever the
body is at rest and recovery. During these periods, the body conserves and restores energy.

CEREBRUM

 - The largest part of the brain

 -Controls your ability to read, write and speaks

 - Also related to your mathematical and musical skills

 - Also deals with your memory

CEREBELLUM

- Helps in the smooth coordination of skeletal muscle contractions

- Also regulates body posture and balance

BRAIN STEM –

connects the brain and the spinal cords: consist of three regions

1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA - Associated with heartbeat, breathing, sensations, and reflex control
when a person is swallowing, vomiting, coughing, hiccupping, and sneezing.

2. MIDBRAIN – Has several functions that include the coordination of muscular movements and
reflexes that direct the movement of the eyes, head, and neck every time we need to look at
things around us: also responsible for your startle reflex which happens whenever you are
surprised due to loud or noisy sounds.

3. PONS – Connects the parts of the brain: and also helps control breathing.
 Left Hemisphere

Right Hemisphere

LEFT HEMISPHERE

- Controls the left side of the body

- Controls different skills such as speaking, writing, numerical and scientific skills, as well as sign
language and reasoning.

RIGHT HEMISPHERE

- Controls the right side of the body

- Related to spatial intelligence, pattern and face recognition., as well as musical ability.

Frontal Lobe - Controls some voluntary motor functions, different moods and sense of smell.

Parietal Lobe - Controls most of the senses such as touch and taste : also responsible for controlling
pain, body temperature, and balance.

Occipital Lobe – Controls the sense of sight

Temporal Lobe – Controls the sense of smell and hearing and has a role in memory

The Nerve Cell also called as Neuron

 Has the ability change a stimulus into an impulse or an electric signal that travels in it.

The stimulus is a change in the environment that causes one to initiate an impulse

3 PARTS OF NEURON// TYPES

CELL BODY

- Contains the nucleus and other cell organelles

DENDRITES

-The receiving parts of the neuron .

AXON

- Transmits impulses to another neuron.

Bipolar - Interneuron

Unipolar – Sensory Neuron

Multipolar – Motor Neuron