Chapter 9: Chemical Bonds

• Three basic types of

bonds
 Ionic
• Electrostatic attraction
between ions.
 Covalent
• Sharing of electrons.
 Metallic
• Metal atoms bonded to
several other atoms.
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 Ionic Bonding

Group: 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A
Charge:

Predicting the formula of Ionic compounds:

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 Covalent Bonding
• In covalent bonds, atoms share electrons.

Lewis structures are representations of

molecules showing all electrons, bonding and
nonbonding.

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 Examples of Covalent Bonds

• Lewis Structures

• HF
• H2O
• NH3
• CH4

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 Multiple Covalent Bond

• Carbon dioxide O=C=O

• Ethylene H2C=CH2

• Nitrogen Molecule N≡N

• Acetylene HC≡CH

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Polar Covalent Bonds

• Fluorine pulls harder on the electrons it

shares with hydrogen than hydrogen does.
• Therefore, the fluorine end of the molecule
has more electron density than the hydrogen Basic Concepts
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end. Bonding
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 Electronegativity

• Electronegativity is the ability of atoms in a molecule

to attract electrons to themselves.

• On the periodic chart, electronegativity increases as

you go:
 …from left to right across a row.
 …from the bottom to the top of a column.

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 Basic Concepts
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 Polar Covalent Bonds

The greater the difference in electronegativity,

the more polar is the bond.

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 Sample Exercise: Bond Polarity

In each case, which bond is more polar: (a) B—Cl or

C—Cl, (b) P—F or P—Cl ? Indicate in each case which
atom has the partial negative charge.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Writing Lewis Structures

1. Find the sum of

valence electrons of all
PCl3 atoms in the
polyatomic ion or
molecule.
 If it is an anion, add one
electron for each
negative charge.
 If it is a cation, subtract
Keep track of the electrons: one electron for each
positive charge.
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5 + 3(7) = 26 Bonding
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 Writing Lewis Structures

2. The central atom is

the least
electronegative
element that isn’t
hydrogen. Connect
the outer atoms to it
by single bonds.
Keep track of the electrons:
Basic Concepts

26 − 6 = 20 of Chemical
Bonding
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 Writing Lewis Structures

3. Fill the octets of the

outer atoms.

Keep track of the electrons:

Basic Concepts

26 − 6 = 20; 20 − 18 = 2 of Chemical
Bonding
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Writing Lewis Structures

4. Place all remaining

electrons on
central atom.

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Writing Lewis Structures

5. If you run out of

electrons before the
central atom has an
octet…

…form multiple bonds

until it does.

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 Sample Exercise: Lewis Structure for a Polyatomic Ion
Draw the Lewis structure for the BrO3– ion.

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Formal Charge

 For each atom, count the electrons in lone pairs and

half the electrons it shares with other atoms.
 Subtract that from the number of valence electrons for
that atom: the difference is its formal charge.

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 Writing Lewis Structures

• The best Lewis structure…

…is the one with the fewest charges.
…puts a negative charge on the most
electronegative atom.
Example: NCO-

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 Resonance

• One Lewis structure cannot accurately depict a

molecule like ozone.
• We use multiple structures, resonance structures, to
describe the molecule.
• Bond order (strength) = 1.5

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 Structure of Nitrate ion

• NO3-

Bond order =
Electrons are not localized; they are delocalized.
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 Sample Exercise: Resonance Structures
Which is predicted to have the shorter sulfur–oxygen bonds, SO3or
SO32– ?

Chemistry, The Central Science, 12th Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine J. Murphy; and Patrick Woodward
 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

• There are three types of ions or

molecules that do not follow the octet
rule:
ions or molecules with an odd number of
electrons,
ions or molecules with less than an octet,
ions or molecules with more than eight
valence electrons (an expanded octet).
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 Odd Number of Electrons

Though relatively rare and usually quite

unstable and reactive, there are ions and
molecules with an odd number of electrons.

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 Fewer Than Eight Electrons

Be and B molecules
Examples: BeCl2 and BF3

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 More Than Eight Electrons

• It is allowed to expand the octet of atoms on

the third row or below

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 Covalent Bond Strength

• Most simply, the strength of a bond is

measured by determining how much energy
is required to break the bond.
• This is the bond enthalpy.
• The bond enthalpy for a Cl—Cl bond, D(Cl—
Cl), is measured to be 242 kJ/mol.
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 Average Bond Enthalpies

• Table 8.4 lists the

average bond
enthalpies for many
different types of
bonds.
• Average bond
enthalpies are
positive, because
bond breaking is an
endothermic process.
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 Enthalpies of Reaction

• One way to estimate H for a reaction is:

• In other words,
Hrxn = (bond enthalpies of bonds broken) −
(bond enthalpies of bonds formed)

CH4(g) + Cl2(g)  CH3Cl(g) + HCl(g)

In this example, one C—H bond and one Cl—Cl
bond are broken; one C—Cl and one H—Cl bond
are formed. Basic Concepts
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 Enthalpies of Reaction

So,
H = [D(C—H) + D(Cl—Cl)] − [D(C—Cl) +
D(H—Cl)]
= [(413 kJ) + (242 kJ)] − [(328 kJ) + (431 kJ)]
= (655 kJ) − (759 kJ)
= −104 kJ
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Sample Exercise: Using Average Bond Enthalpies
Using data from the Table next page, estimate
H for the reaction:

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 Bond Enthalpy and Bond Length

• We can also measure an average bond

length for different bond types.
• As the number of bonds between two atoms
increases, the bond length decreases. Basic Concepts
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