Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

Omer S. M. Hamza1,*, Magdi M. E. Zumrawi2 and Awad E. M. Mohamed3

1 PhD holder, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum
2 Deputy Dean for Academic Affairs, Faculty of Engineering, University of Khartoum
3 Assistant Professor, Building and Road Research Institute, University of Khartoum

* Corresponding author: Omer S. M. Hamza (e-mail: [email protected]).

Article history: Received 07 March 2020, Received in revised form 4 November 2020, Accepted 11 November 2020

ABSTRACT: This study investigates the effect of pozzolana and quick lime as stabilizer materials on
expansive soil properties. Disturbed soil sample was collected from Al-Qadarif city in east of Sudan.
The basic properties, swelling and strength of the soil were measured. The soil shows very weak
strength and very high swelling potential. Mineralogical analysis tests were conducted to the soil using
XRD tests. The soil contains significant amount of montmorillonite mineral (86%). Laboratory tests
were undertaken on soil stabilized with varying percentage of pozzolana only (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30%)
and combination of pozzolana with constant content of quick lime (5%). Compaction, California
Bearing Ratio (CBR), free swell, swell present and swelling pressure tests were performed on natural
and treated soil. The pozzolana was obtained from Jebal Meidob and the lime obtained from local kilns
in Kassala. The results showed that the treatment of expansive soil by combination of pozzolana and
quick lime reduced soil swelling coupled with significant increase on soil strength. While the use of
pozzolana only has marginal effective. It could be concluded that stabilization of expansive soil by
pozzolana-lime admixture is successful.

Keywords: Expansive soil, Swelling, Pozzolana, Lime.

amounts. Such products include Portland cement,

1. INTRODUCTION lime, fly ash, bitumen etc. Pozzolana has
Expansive soils in general have very low respectable signs as cementitious material can be
bearing capacity and high compressibility along used for expansive soil treatment. Pozzolana was
with high volume changes relate to moisture previously used by reference [1] as cement
conditions. They are likely lose strength further replacing materials for use in blended cements
upon wetting and other physical disturbances. and it was shown good results indicated that can
These soils are especially troublesome as be used as soil stabilizer.
pavement subgrades and unsuitable for
construction of embankments, buildings or other 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
light structures in their natural state. For the Expansive soils covers large urban areas
purpose of enhancing the engineering properties around the world. Sudan shows several soil
of this soil by mechanical or chemical means or types, however expansive soils are found in
both, soil stabilization generally conducted by developed areas such as eastern and southern
adding stabilizing agent to the natural soil. In this states. Figure 1 shows the distributions of
process, the additive agent is typically a reported expansive soil in Sudan. Expansive soils
manufactured commercial product that enhances as road subgrades are undesirable due to swelling
the soil quality only if it is added in right potential and weak strength. It may be desirable

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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

and economical to modify the properties of calcium oxide (CaO) by heating. Quicklime reacts
expansive soil by reducing expansion and with water to form hydrated lime. Either
increasing strength. Various techniques have quicklime or hydrated lime can be used as an
been used to modify properties of expansive soils. agent for soil treatment. If quicklime is used, the
In this study chemical stabilization was first water that introduced will be used in the
conducted for its availability, low cost and chemical reaction to form hydrated lime, which
environmental friend stabilizer materials exist in then reacts with the soil. Caution must be
Sudan. exercised when using quicklime. It can cause
serious burns to skin and eyes if personnel come
into contact with it. Modern spreading equipment
can reduce the potential safety hazards associated
with using quicklime.
Most lime used for soil treatment is “high
calcium” lime, which contains 5% or less
magnesium oxide or hydroxide, [5]. However,
sometimes dolomitic lime, which contains 35 to
46% magnesium oxide or hydroxide can be used,
[2]. Dolomitic lime can also perform well when
used for soil treatment, but the magnesium
fraction of the lime requires more time to react
than calcium does. The type of lime that is used
can influence the strength of the treated soil.
Fig. 1. Distribution of reported expansive soil sites in Sudan Dolomitic lime generally will be more effective in
increasing strength.
Lime treatment has been used successfully in
many projects to minimize swelling and improve TABLE I: LIME MATERIALS USED IN SOIL TREATMENT [2]
soil plasticity and workability. Generally, from 3 Type of lime Formula
to 8 percent by weight of lime is added to the soil, Quick lime CaO
[2]. The primary reactions in lime reaction include Hydrated lime Ca(OH)2
cation exchange, flocculation-agglomeration, lime Dolomitic lime CaO • MgO
carbonation, and pozzolanic reaction, [3]. The Normal hydrated or monohydrated
Ca(OH)2 • MgO
dolomitic lime
strength characteristics of a lime-treated soil
Pressure hydrated or dehydrated
depend primarily on soil type, lime type, lime Ca(OH)2 • Mg(OH)2
dolomitic lime
percentage, and curing conditions such as time
and temperature. Lime is not an effective 2.2 Soil Factor
treatment for all types of soils. Some soil Reference [2] listed the factors influencing lime
components such as sulfates, organics, and reactivity of a soil include the following:
phosphates can cause reactions that can have 1) A soil PH greater than about 7 indicates good
serious adverse effects, [2]. Stabilization of clay reactivity.
soils using lime has been investigated by many 2) Organic carbon greatly retards lime-soil
researchers and has shown good results. Lime reactions.
stabilization had very limited use in Sudan 3) Poorly drained soils tend to have higher lime
although the studies and research on lime reactivity than well drained soils.
stabilization of expansive clay soils showed very 4) Calcareous soils have good reactivity.
promising findings, [4]. 5) The presence of soluble sulfate salts in the soil
can react with lime to cause ettrigite-induced
2.1 Type of Lime
heave.
Table I lists several types of lime used as
The production of strong cementing agents can
additives. Quicklime is manufactured chemically
occur from reactions between lime, water, and
by transforming calcium carbonate (CaCO3) into

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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

aluminous or siliceous substances. The high PH the three soils increased their maximum dry
environment created by the addition of lime densities and reduced their optimum moisture
increases the solubility of silica in the soils. The content. Substantial improvement in strength and
lime supplies a divalent calcium cation that can compaction characteristics of lime stabilized
form calcium silicates and calcium aluminum tropical clays could be expected on increasing the
hydrates, which can form physical bonds compaction effort. The permeability substantially
between particles to increase soil strength, [2]. increased on adding the optimum lime content to
the three soils. Lime increased strength and
2.3 Curing stiffness of the treated soils and the amount of
Higher temperature and longer curing time lime needed to improve lateritic clay soils is less
improve the gain in strength for lime-treated than that needed to improve swelling soils.
soils. They have some influence on expansion Resilient modulus test results indicated an
potential as well. Reference [2] recommended a increase in stiffness of the lime stabilized
curing period of at least 10 to 14 days before kaolinitic clay soils compared to montmorillonitic
heavy vehicles are allowed on the lime-treated clays. The increase in salinity/ sodicity resulted in
soil. decrease of plasticity and increase in strength for
Reference [6] reported that the lime-clay the natural untreated and lime treated sodic soil
reaction takes place in two stages: tested.
1) The first stage is cation exchange reaction Reference [8] studied the effect of hydrated
whereas the sodium cations have exchange lime on behavior of expansive soil as subgrade of
with calcium cations. This will reduce the clay flexible pavement structural system, by adding
particles water absorption capacity and thus 2%, 4% and 6% of hydrated lime to an expansive
reduce swelling potential. soil cured within 24 hours. Their study outcomes
2) The second stage happened after complete of showed that the lime provides better physical
the stage one. At this stage the lime reacts properties in term of liquid limit, plastic limit and
with the clay particles and produce plasticity index and shows that the lime increases
cementitious material which produce the clay the CBR value to 52%, 27%, and 44% when adding
particles. The lime-clay reaction depends on 2%, 4%, and 6% lime respectively. Also, the lime
the soil mineralogy. The lime is more reactive decreases swelling from 4% of untreated soil to
with montmorillonitic clays less than illite and 1.20%, 0.01%, and 0.20% when adding 2%, 4%,
far less than carollite. and 6% lime respectively. The design of
pavement thickness shows that the adding of lime
3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
decreases the thickness from 92.5 cm when using
Reference [7] studied Lime Stabilization of untreated expansive soil as subgrade to 45 cm, 35
Tropical Soils from Sudan for Road Construction. cm, and 35 cm when using 2%, 4%, and 6% lime
They studied the effects of hydrated lime on the respectively in stabilization of expansive soil as
engineering properties of interest for road design subgrade. The results suggest that the lime
and construction for three tropical clays, two content 6% is optimum percentage that given a
highly plastic potentially expansive soils from highly strength, lowest swelling and small
Republic of Sudan and one red tropical “lateritic” thickness of pavement.
soil from Republic of South Sudan. Effects of
compaction energy on the material properties 4. MATERIALS AND EXPREMINTS
were studied. Also, effect of salinity/sodicity on Laboratory tests were performed on natural
plasticity and strength of lime stabilized swelling expansive soil and stabilized soil with varying
soils were studied. Their study results showed percentage of pozzolana only (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and
that lime efficiently reduces the plasticity of the 30%). Then by pozzolana-lime admixture as the
three soils considered and that for the same same percentages of pozzolana mixed with 5%
increment of lime content the reduction in quicklime as activator. Stabilizer materials were
plasticity is higher for montmorillonitic clays
compared to kaolinitic clays. Addition of lime to
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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

added to the soil to investigate their effects on soil swell index is more than 200%. The soil strength is
properties. very low (CBR = 1.1%)
4.1 Materials Used
b) Pozzolana
a) Expansive soil
The pozzolana sample used in this study was
Expansive soil is considered to be the most
brought from the volcanic field of Jebal Meidob in
problematic soil all over the world due to their
Northwest of Sudan. The volcanic field located in
swelling behavior when in contact with water
North Darfur with coordinates as N: 15.2606717°,
and shrink on removal of water. For this study,
E: 26.4276090°. Reference [9] reported that the
disturbed soil sample was collected from
volcanic field is formed by overlapping Lava
Al-Qadarif city. Buildings and roads there have
flows which cover 100 by 50 km and emanate
visible signs of cracks, settlements and damages
from 700 vents, mainly scoria cones. Lava domes,
due to expansive clay. Generally Al-Qadarif soils
fallout and pyroclastic flow deposits are also
are known as high plastic clay of weak strength.
common. The volcanic field has erupted rocks
The soil sample was collected from depth 0.5 to
ranging from Basanite to Trachyte and rises form
1.0 m of the pit hole. The soil is often black and
tectonic uplift known as Darfur dome.
stiff clay. The soil was initially air dried and
The sample was grounded, sieved and then
pulverized to pass through IS-425 Micron Sieve
characterized in the Industrial Research and
and then oven dried at 110° C before testing.
Consultancy Center in the Ministry of Industrial
TABLE II: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF THE SOILS in Khartoum. The chemical analysis tests were
Property Value performed using the international methods of
Gravel (%) 2.8 analysis (IS: 1727-1967). The sample has
Sand (%) 5.0 respectable signs as cementitious material can be
Silt (%) 16.3
used for expansive soil treatment. The sample
Clay (%) 75.9
was previously used by Reference [1] as cement
Specific gravity 2.712
replacing materials for use in blended cements.
Liquid limit (%) 80
Plastic limit (%) 32
The sample was shown good results indicated
Plasticity index (%) 48 that can be used as soil stabilizer. The basic
Free Swell Index (%) 205 constituents of this pozzolana used for soil
Swell percent at 1 psi (%) 5.3 treatment is given in Table III.
Swelling pressure (Kpa) 240
Optimum moisture content (%) 27.4 TABLE III: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF POZZOLANA USED FOR
TREATMENT
Maximum dry density (g/cm3) 1.3533
Chemical composition Percentage
CBR (%) 1.1
Silica (Si O2) 49.98
Kaolinite (%) 12.3
Illite (%) 1.3 Aluminum (Al2O3) 20.33

Montmorillonite (%) 86.2 Ferric (Fe2O3) 0.79

Chlorite (%) 0.2 Calcium (Ca O) 8.60

Magnesium oxide (Mg O) 3.47
Chloride (CI) 0.017
The engineering properties measured for the
Sulfite (SO3) 0.00
natural soil are presented in Table II. The soil
sample contains great amount of montmorillonite
mineral (86%). The more montmorillonite mineral c) Lime
deposited in a soil, the more volume changes The lime used in this study was quicklime,
exhibited. The soil sample grouped as clayey soil commonly known as burnt lime with the
in accordance to the gradation analysis (76% chemical formula calcium oxide (CaO). Quicklime
clay). According to the plasticity index category or calcium oxide is usually made by the thermal
the soil can be classified as expansive soil. The soil decomposition of limestone that contain calcium
demonstrated high swelling potential as free carbonate (CaCO3) in a lime kiln of heating

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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

energy of nearly 1000o C. This process known as Laboratory tests were conducted on soil samples
calcination or lime burning to release a molecule prepared by adding different percentages of
of carbon dioxide (CO2) and leaving quicklime as pozzolana and a fixed percent of quicklime (5%)
depicted in equation (1). to the expansive soil. The tests results are
CaCO3 + Heating = CaO + CO2…………… (1) presented and discussed. Table IV shows the
Quicklime as well as hydrated lime are known summary of tests results of the soil stabilized by
for their considerably increase the bearing pozzolana only while Table V shows the tests
capacity and reduce swelling of clay-containing results of the soil treated with various
soils. They do this by reacting with finely divided percentages of pozzolana combined with constant
silica and alumina to produce calcium silicates 5% quicklime.
and aluminates which possess cementing
properties. TABLE IV: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL TREATED WITH
POZZOLANA
The lime sample used in this study was Natural 5% 10% 15% 20% 30%
Property
obtained from Al-Giera lime sedimentary basin in soil Pozz Pozz Pozz Pozz Pozz
Kassala state. Al-Giera lime sedimentary basin is LL (%) 80 80 78 77 76 74
located next to the eastern boundaries of Sudan PL (%) 32 43 40 40 40 39
towards Eritrea and lying next to Al-Gash PI (%) 48 37 38 36 36 35
seasonal river. The basin is about 33 Km south of FSI (%) 205 190 180 160 100 98
Kassala downtown. The quicklime is widely used S% at
5.3 5.4 4.5 3.7 4.9 4.7
7Kpa (%)
as building material in Kassala. The lime sample
SP (Kpa) 240 194 172 105 116 160
used in this study satisfies the general
MDD
requirements for construction purposes. 1.408 1.385 1.395 1.392 1.365 1.376
(g/cm3)
The lime sample was produced by crashing the OMC (%) 27.4 31.5 30.6 30.6 32.2 31.0
limestone which obtained from Al-Giera lime CBR (%) 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.5 1.9
sedimentary basin. The limestone crashed locally
using crashing machines to sizes as aggregates TABLE V: THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL TREATED WITH
POZZOLANA AND CONSTANT CONTENT OF LIME (5%)
then sieved and pulverized to smaller sizes. Then
Natural 5% 10% 15% 20% 30%
the pulverized lime subjected to nearly 1000o C Property
soil Pozz Pozz Pozz Pozz Pozz
using local lime kilns. The form of the final LL (%) 80 61 58 59 60 60
produced lime is powder. PL (%) 32 38 41 44 49 48
PI (%) 48 23 18 14 10 12
4.2 Experiments
FSI (%) 205 140 100 90 80 60
A laboratory testing program was conducted on S% at
5.3 0.28 0.09 0 0 0
expansive soil which comprises common 7Kpa (%)
subgrade soil in Al-Qadarif. Soil samples (natural SP (Kpa) 240 122 49 0 0 0
and treated) were subjected to laboratory MDD
1.408 1.435 1.455 1.465 1.450 1.437
(g/cm3)
experiments to determine their engineering
OMC (%) 27.4 28.5 27.5 26 27 28
properties such as plasticity, free swell, swell
CBR (%) 1.1 58.7 60.0 102.5 98.0 96.8
percent, swelling pressure, compaction
characteristics, and CBR. The tests carried out on
From theses Tables, it seems that using the
the natural soil sample include specific gravity,
sieve analysis, Consistency limits.. These tests pozzolana only as stabilizer material have
were conducted according to the standard marginal changes in some engineering properties
procedures BS 1377. of the soil such as swelling properties. The use of
pozzolana and lime together as a stabilizer
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION improved the soil properties.
The primary objective of this study is to
5.1 Effect on Atterberg’s Limits
investigate experimentally the effect of pozzolana
Atterberg’s limits of soil treated with pozzolana
and pozzolana-lime admixture on soil properties.
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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

only and pozzolana combined with constant 5.3 Effect on Swell Percent
content of quicklime (5%) are presented in Tables The effect of additives on swell percent is
IV and V and plotted in Figures 2 and 3 depicted in Figure 5. It seems as shown in the
respectively. We observed from these figures that figure the use of pozzolana only as soil stabilizer
addition of pozolana only to the soil has marginal reduced the swell percent. However, the use of
effect on soil plasticity. Addition of 20% the combination of pozzolana and quicklime
pozzolana with 5% quicklime reduced the soil almost prevented soil swelling which evident the
plasticity to about 80% of the initial value. significant effect of quicklime on expansive soil
treatment.
We observed that adding 15% of pozzolana
only to soil reduced swell percent by 30% of the
initial value. Further addition of pozzolana (20
and 30%) resulted in increase of swell percent.
But when quicklime engaged together with
pozzolana free swell was remarkably reduced.
Addition of 5% pozzolana and 5% quicklime to
Fig. 2. Consistency limits of soil mixed with pozzolana only the soil reduced swell percent by 95% of the
natural soil value. Further addition of pozzolana
(10%) with the constant content of quicklime (5%)
reduced swell percent by 98%. More addition of
pozzolana with the constant content of quicklime
(5%) completely prevented soil swelling.

Fig. 3. Consistency limits of soil mixed with pozzolana and lime

5.2 Effect on Free Swell Index

Figure 4 shows effect of pozzolana and
quicklime on free swell index. Addition of 20% of
pozzolana alone has reduced free swell index by Fig. 5. Effect of soil additives on swell percent
almost 50% of the initial value. The use of
pozzolana with quicklime reduced free swell 5.4 Effect on Swelling Pressure
index. Adding 30% pozzolana with 5% quicklime The effect of additives on swelling pressure is
reduced free swell index by 70% of the initial graphically depicted in Figure 6. We remarked
value. that the use of up to 15% of pozzolana only
reduced the swelling pressure. Beyond that an
increments in swelling pressure was observed.
The use of 15% of pozzolana only reduced
swelling pressure by nearly 60% of the initial
value. On the other hand the use of the
combination of pozzolana and quicklime almost
prevented swelling pressure. Addition of 5%
pozzolana with the constant content of quicklime
(5%) to the soil reduced swelling pressure by 50%
Fig. 4. Effect of soil additives on FSI of the initial value. Further addition of pozzolana
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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

(10%) with the constant content of quicklime (5%) 5.4 Effect on CBR
reduced the swelling pressure by 80%. Further Effect of additives on CBR measured at
addition of pozzolana with the quicklime (5%) maximum dry density and optimum moisture
was completely prevented swelling pressure. content is plotted in Figure 9. We observed that
addition of pozzolana alone has inconsiderable
effect to CBR, while presence of 5% quicklime in
the soil pozzolana mixture is rapidly increased
the CBR. 5% quicklime when added to
soil-pozzolana mixture increased CBR value to
nearly 60%. When 15% pozzolana with 5%
quicklime was added to the soil, CBR value
becomes almost 100 times of the original value.
Fig. 6. Effect of soil additives on swelling pressure

5.3 Effect on Compaction Parameters

The variation of compaction parameters
(maximum dry density and optimum water
content) of the treated soil samples are
graphically plotted in Figures 7 and 8. We clearly
observed that the treatment of soil samples by
pozzolana only has inversely effect to the soil
strength, maximum dry density reduced and
optimum water content increased. However, Fig. 9. Effect of additives on CBR

presence of quicklime was greatly improved the

6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
soil strength.
From the Figures, it can be seen that addition of Expansive soils as roads subgrade are
15% pozzolana combined with 5% quicklime give undesirable due to swelling potential and weak
the maximum strength value. strength. It may be desirable and economical to
modify the properties of expansive soil by
reducing expansion and increasing strength.
Various techniques have been used to modify the
properties of expansive soils. In this study
chemical stabilization was conducted for the
availability, low cost and environmental friend
stabilizer materials in Sudan.
The basic properties of the soil sample was
measured. Liquid limit of the soil gives 80%.
Fig. 7. Effect of additives on maximum dry density Plasticity index of the soil is 48%. The soil has
high plasticity, so it was classified as highly
expansive soils. The chemical analysis test results
shown that the soil contains montmorillonite
mineral as 86%. This indicated that the soil has
high expansion potential.
The swelling characteristics of the soil was
measured as, free swell index (205%), swell
percent at 1 psi (5.3%), and swelling pressure (240
Fig. 8. Effect of additives on optimum moisture content
Kpa). The experimental results indicated that the
soil gives very low values of CBR (1.1%).
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FJES Omer S. M. Hamza et al.: Effect of Pozzolana and Lime on Expansive Soil Properties

Two stabilizers materials were engaged in this [3] Little, D. N., (1995), “Handbook for Stabilization of Pavement
Subgrades and Base Courses with Lime”, Lime Association of
study, pozzolana and quicklime. They were used Texas
as first, varying percentages of pozzolana alone [4] Mohamed, A. J. and Walker, R. D., (1963), “Effect of lime,
moisture and compaction on a clay soil”, Highway Research
(5, 10, 15, 20, and 30% by weight). Then,
Record Number 29, Highway Research Board, pp. 1-12
combination of pozzolana and quicklime, as [5] National Lime Association (NLA), (2004), “Lime-Treated Soil
constant content of quicklime (5%) added to each Construction Manual: Lime Stabilization and Lime
Modification”, Bulletin 326, National Lime Association
percentage of pozzolana. The pozzolana was [6] Mohammed A. M., (1983), “Effect of cement on swelling
obtained from Jebal Meidob in west of Sudan, potential on Sudanese black cotton soil”. M.Sc. thesis, BRRI,
University of Khartoum
while quick lime was obtained from local kilns in
[7] Elsharief A. M., Elhassan A. A. M. and Mohamed A. E. M.,
Kassala in east of Sudan. The use of pozzolana “Lime Stabilization of Tropical Soils from Sudan for Road
alone has marginal effect on free swell and Construction”, International Journal of Geomate, Vol. 4, pp.
533-538, 2013.
slightly reduced swell percent and swelling [8] Adam A., Ibrahim I., Alhardllo A.,Hadi A., and Ibrahim M.,
pressure. The free swell index was reduced by “Effect of Hydrated Lime on Behavior of Expansive Soil as
Road Subgrade of Flexible Pavement Structural System”,
50% when 20% pozzolana is added. However, the Workshop of sustainable Construction Materials, pp. 64-76,
use of the combination of pozzolana and China, 2012
quicklime almost prevented soil swelling. The use [9] Franz, G., Breitkreuz, C., Coyle, D., El Hur, B., Heinrich, W.,
Paulick, H., Pudlo, D., Smith, R., Steiner, G., (1997), “The
of pozzolana alone has inversely effect on alkaline Meidob volcanic field (Late Cenozoic, northwest
compaction parameters, whereas it has no effect Sudan”, Journal of African Earth Sciences. 25 (2): 263 – 291. doi:
10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00103-6. ISSN 1464-343X
on soil plasticity and CBR. When a constant
content of quicklime (5%) was added to
Dr. Omer S. M. Hamza was born in Kassala,
soil-pozzolana mixture swelling was reduced and Sudan, 21 July 1981. He received the B.Sc. and
then a remarkable increase on strength was M.Sc. degrees in Civil Engineering from
Omdurman Islamic University (2005) and
noticed. Addition of 15% pozzolana with 5%
University of Khartoum (2014). Now he is a
quicklime increased the CBR to almost 100 times Ph.D. holder (2020) from the University of
of the original value. It could be concluded that Khartoum, civil engineering department. He has published two
articles in 2014 and 2019 related to geotechnical engineering. He is a
the use of pozzolana-lime stabilizer to expansive member of Sudanese Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
soil is successful, environmental friend and more Engineering.

economical. Dr. Magdi Zumrawi was born in Omdurman,

As an alternative or supplement to the design of Sudan, 1963. He received the B.Sc. degree in Civil
Engineering and M.Sc. degree in Road
structures or pavement on expansive soil it is
Technology from University of Khartoum in 1987
recommended to alter the properties of the soil in and 1991, respectively. He achieved Ph.D. in
order to strengthen the soil and reduce its Highway and Railway Engineering, Chang'An
University, Xi'an, in Sept. 2000. Now he is Associate Professor in
expansion potential. Namely, Chemical Highway Engineering. His present occupation is Dean Deputy for
stabilization was suggested in this study as soil Academic Affairs, Faculty of Eng., Khartoum University, since Dec.
2019. He has published many articles in local and international
treatment method and it is recommended in journals and attended national and international conferences. He is a
Sudan where expansive soil exist. member of International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering. He is a senior member of the APCBEES.
Comprehensive studies of impact of expansive
soil on roads and buildings in Sudan and Dr. Awad E. M. Mohamed was born in Sudan.
worldwide should be conducted. He received the B.Sc. degree in Civil
Engineering and M.Sc. degree in Road
Technology from University of Khartoum in
REFERENCES 1980 and 1983, respectively. He achieved Ph.D.
[1] Ahmedai, Mutasim A., Ibraheim, El-sharif M., Ahmed, Salih A. in Civil Engineering from the University of
M., and Ahmed, Yousif H., (2018), “Characterization of Jebal Strathclyde in Glasgow, in 1986. Now he is
Medoub Volcanic ash and Pumice as Cement Replacing Associate Professor in Highway Engineering in Building and Road
Materials for Use in Blended Cements”, 2nd Conference of Civil Research Institute (University of Khartoum). He is a geotechnical
Engineering, Sudan, University of Khartoum, PP: 36-40 expert working with local and international consultant firms.
[2] Nelson, John D., Chao, Kuo Chieh, Overton, Daniel D. and
Nelson, Erik J., (2015), “Foundation engineering for expansive
soils”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, ISBN
978-1-118-41799-7 (pdf), USA

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