The Speech Writing Process Causal -Presents cause- effect relationships.

Audience analysis entails looking into the profile of Chronological -Presents the idea in time order.
your target audience.
Comparison/contrast-Presents comparison/contrast
demography (age range, male-female ratio, of two or three points.
educational background and affiliations or degree
program taken, nationality, economic status, Problem-solution-Presents an identified problem, its
academic or corporate designations) causes, and recommended solutions.

situation (time, venue, occasion, and size) An outline is a hierarchical list that shows the
relationship of your ideas.
psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences,
cultural and racial ideologies, and needs) -Table format

The purpose for writing and delivering the speech can -List format
be classified into three—to inform, to entertain, or The body of the speech provides explanations,
to persuade. examples, or any details that can help you deliver
An informative speech provides the audience with a your purpose and explain the main idea of your
clear understanding of the concept or speech.

idea presented by the speaker. -Present real-life or practical example

An entertainment speech provides the audience The introduction is the foundation of your speech.
with amusement. -Use a real-life experience and connect that
A persuasive speech provides the audience with experience to your subject.
well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs The conclusion restates the main idea of your speech.
and decisions. Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the
The topic is your focal point of your speech, which message, and calls for action.
can be determined once you have decided on your -begin your conclusion with a restatement of your
purpose. message
Narrowing down a topic means making your main Editing/Revising your written speech involves
idea more specific and focused. correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar,
Data gathering is the stage where you collect ideas, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and
information, sources, and references relevant or others.
related to your specific topic. Edit for focus.-Ensure that everything you have
Writing patterns, in general, are structures that will written, from introduction to conclusion, is related to
help you organize the ideas related to yourtopic. your central message.
Examples are biographical, categorical/topical, Edit for clarity- Make all ideas in your speech clear
causal, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem- by arranging them in logical order (e.g., main idea
solution, and spatial. first then supporting details, or supporting details first
writing patterns from which you can select the one then main idea).
that best suits your topic and/or purpose. Edit for concision. Keep your speech short, simple,
Biographical and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and
sentenced and by using simple words.
-Presents descriptions of your life or of a person,
famous or not. Edit for continuity- Keep the flow of your
presentation smooth by adding transition words and
Categorical/Topical -Presents related categories phrases.
supporting the topic.
Edit for variety. Add spice to your speech by Tools for Effective Speech Delivery
shifting tone and style from formal to conversational
and vice-versa, moving around the stage, or adding To be effective in your delivery, watch and emulate
humor. people who speak in public excellently. While
observing, take note of the following:
Edit for impact and beauty- Make your speech
memorable by using these strategies: surprise the • How they approach their audience (formal, informal,
personal, conversational, intimate, among others)
audience, use vivid descriptive images, write well-
crafted and memorable lines, and use figures of • How they connect with their audience (using eye
speech. contact, body movements, and facial expressions)

Rehearsing gives you an opportunity to identify • How they present themselves (stage presence: how
what works and what does not work for you and for they look, stand, walk, use nonverbal cues, act on and off
your target audience. Keep your speech short, simple, the stage)
and clear by eliminating unrelated stories and
• How they use their voice in terms of volume
sentences and by using simple words. (loudness or softness), pitch (highness or lowness), rate or
Speech Delivery speed, pauses to show emphasis and strengthen the clarity
of the message, vocal variety (effective changes in volume,
Types of Speech According to Purpose pitch, rate and pauses), and pronunciation.

1. An informative speech provides the audience with More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery
a clear understanding of a concept or idea. The
1. Use a conversational style more often.
lectures of your teachers are the best examples of this
2. Look your audience members in the eye so
type.
they will feel that they are part of your
2. An entertainment speech amuses the audience. speech.
The humorous speeches of comedians and performers 3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size
are the best examples of this type. of the audience and the venue.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your
3. A persuasive speech seeks to provide the audience audience interested and to avoid a monotone
with favorable or acceptable ideas that can pattern.
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level
influence their own ideas and decisions. The
(high or low).
campaign speeches of the running candidates for
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most
government posts are the best examples of this type.
important words, phrases, or sentences.
Types of Speech According to Delivery 7. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute
actual words in your speech because these
1. Extemporaneous words are distracting. Examples of fillers are
“like,” “um,” “ah,” “uh,” and “er.
2.Impromptu
8. Breathe in and out to relax before your
3.Manuscript speech. Most importantly, have fun.

4.Memorized Manuscript Speech

As a public speaker you need to be ready to deal with
the most common challenges in different speaking When speaking from a manuscript, you
environments. Below are some of them. write and deliver a speech word for word.
The question is, for whom is the manuscript
1. Speaking to a specific audience size method most advantageous?
2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a
building 1. Public figures. Since public figures are
3. Speaking in different venues always constrained by a hectic schedule,
4. Speaking with a microphone they need host writers. Consequently, they
5. Speaking with a podium or lectern would have to read the text of the speech as
 it is. The President’s State of the Nation 1. You might forget what you are supposed to say.
Address (SONA) is a concrete example of Long pauses can create a very awkward moment
this situation. between you and your audience.
2. Media personalities. Speakers on radio
and television always battle with time limits. 2. You might memorize the speech mechanically.
For example, TV anchors This can result in a very unnatural delivery.
3. Spokespersons for government and 3. You might focus on content. Consequently, groping
private organizations. This public speaking for the right words might make you look uptight and
role requires a great deal of contemplation stiff.
and preparation.
4. You might be too tied to remembering your script.
Potential Problems with the Manuscript This will give you no chance to pay attention and
Method respond to audience feedback
1. Since this type of speech follows a word-
Advantages of Delivering a Memorized Speech
for-word method, you might be tempted to
skip practicing 1. You do not need notes anymore.
the speech.
2.In relation to the previous point, if you fail 2. You can plan gestures, facial expressions, and
to practice your speech and decide to read it movement.
during the time of delivery itself, you might
3. You can concentrate on visual aids and props
be glued to the speech all throughout.
3. Lastly, because everything is planned 4. You will feel more confident.
based on the time allotted, you will surely
want to cover everything in your speech Tips in Memorizing a Speech
before you run out of time.
Break it down - if naay one paragraph dapat tag
Strategies in Organizing and Delivering
one sentence at a time lang ang memorized once na
the Manuscript Speech
memorized n animo pwede naka mo proceed .
1. Practice! Practice delivering the speech
several times. Mark the text. Build it up- recite the first and second paragraphs
2. Adapt! Even if you have a manuscript, and move on to the third if na memorized na
feel free to modify the text when the nimo.
situation demands it. If you observe that
your audience is bored, you may use Speak out - pag ma memorized ka need nimo isturya.
shorter yet more vigorous words. Identify keys - Identify a key point in every
Tips in Using the Manuscript Method paragraph.

1. Prepare! Have a break - After memorizing some parts of your

2. Mark! speech, take a break for some hours or for a day.
3. Practice! After this, recite the speech again.
4. Practice some more! Record and listen - Record yourself delivering the
5. Concentrate! speech and listen to it over and over again. Like a
6. Act it out! song, the speech will get stuck in your head.

Memorized Speech Use note cards - Write one key point on one note
card.
A memorized speech requires you to commit the
speech to memory so that you do not bring your notes Impromptu Speech
when delivering it.
-Impromptu speeches are delivered with little or
Disadvantages of the Memorized Speech no time for preparation.
Strategies in Organizing and Delivering an Is it a question of policy?
Impromptu Speech
It is focused on what policy or rule should be
1. Past, Present, Future followed.
2. Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point
a. Bridging. This entails building a 2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your topic.
connection between what you do know 3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and
and what you do not know . angles of the problem.
b. Reframing. This means rephrasing or
redefining the topic into something that Steps in Preparing for a Successful
you want to talk about. Extemporaneous Speech:
c. Playing Devil’s Advocate. This refers to
1. Reinforce! You may explore other main points, but
you standing on the opposite side.
always refer back to your thesis. This will greatly
Some Useful Tips in Effective Impromptu Speech help your audience remember your message.
Delivery. [provide your own definition]
2. Capture! State the central idea of your
Before the Speech and After the speech extemporaneous speech in one declarative sentence.
Keep your sentence specific. Ask yourself what you
want your audience to know exactly.

3. Develop! Now that you have a clear central idea,

you are ready to map out the supporting points in an
outline.

4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure you:

• grab the attention of the audience with a striking

one-liner.

• give a short background by explaining why they

have to listen.
extemporaneous speech
• state your thesis.
An extemporaneous speech is a planned and
prepared speech. Unlike memorized or manuscript 5. Check! Develop at least three main points and
speeches which are delivered word-for-word, an check each of them with these questions:
extemporaneous speech is delivered with the help of
short notes and a clear outline. • Does each point have one single idea?

Three Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous • Does each point reiterate the thesis statement?
Topic: • Does each point prepare the discussion of the next
1.Identify the type of extemporaneous question that main point?
you have to answer. 6. Supply! Make sure that each main point has
Is it a question of fact? enough examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases. In
doing this, you give the audience new information or
This type of question is typically answerable by views to learn from.
“Yes” or “No.” It revolves around whether something
is true or not, existent or not. 7. Conclude! Reinforce your introduction by coming
up with a closing attention-getter that is related to
Is it a question of value? your opening. Connect the needs and interest of your
audience with the theme of your speech. Restate your
It is centered on whether a topic is good or bad, moral thesis or review your main points.
or immoral, just or unjust.
Entertainment Speech
An entertainment speech aims to share goodwill, joy, Speech about concepts-This focuses on beliefs,
and pleasure to the audience. The purpose of an knowledge, theories, principles or ideas.
entertainment speech is not to educate, inform, or
inspire because the primary goal is to make the Organizational Patterns
audience relax, enjoy, and even laugh. An informative speech can follow different patterns
of organization to arrange and frame the details
effectively.
How to Make your Speech Entertaining To make
your speech entertaining, you may: A. Chronological Pattern. This can be used if you
want to present the history, evolution, or development
• tell jokes; • share funny stories; • dramatize of your topic in a sequential order, from past to
experiences; and• recall a scary story. present or beginning to end.

Steps in Writing an Entertaining Speech B. Spatial Pattern – this pattern is used when you
want to talk about the physical structure of an object
1. Choose! Choose a light topic. Remember, you are or the way things fit together in a certain space
there to give the audience a good time. (Glendale Community College; University of
2. Enjoy! If you exude confidence and you obviously Washington Tacoma). Topics that deal with
enjoy the moment, the audience will enjoy your geography fit this pattern best.
presence, too. C. Topical/Categorical Pattern. This can be used if
3. Simplify! Simplify the flow of your speech. Your you want to inform your audience about the main
audience does not need a mentally exhausting features, descriptions, or categories of your topic.
message. D. Cause-Effect Pattern. This can be used if you
4. Visualize! Your words should be highly want to show the causal relationship of events or
descriptive. Use vivid words and keep them flowing phenomena.
to make your audience feel as if they were in your Your outline may follow different patterns of
story. organization depending on the relationship
5. Surprise! Astonish your audience with unexpected between the causes and effects of the event.
twists in your presentation. The more you surprise Single cause -multiple effects
them, the more entertaining your speech will become.
Single effects -multiple cause
Informative Speech
Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects
Types of Informative Speeches
Domino Effects
Generally, there are four types of informative
speeches which vary depending on the topic. Comparison-Contrast. This can be used if you want
to compare objects, events, or concepts underscoring
These are speech about objects or people, speech their similarities and differences.
about processes, speech about events, and speech
about concepts. Your outline may follow either a block or point-by-
point format.
Speech about objects or people- This focuses on
tangible[can be touched] items like gadgets, products, Block -
structures, or people. Visual aids may be necessary.
Point-by-point -
Speech about processes-This focuses on a process or
sequence of events. Visual aids are necessary. Persuasive speaking is the form of communication
that people of diverse backgrounds mostly engage in.
Speech about events- This focuses on an event that
happened, is happening, or might happen in the types of Claims in Persuasive Speech
future. 1. Speech that Questions Fact
This type questions the existence of a particular event (2) Provide a solution, which will show the
or happening. the persuasive speaker poses questions practicality of your proposal.
of fact, derives conclusions from different sources of 3. Problem-Cause-Solution
information, and attempts to convince the audience to Below are the rules in applying this
believe in his/her ideas. pattern.
(1) Identify the problem.
2. Speech that Questions Value (2) Analyze the root causes of the problem.
This type focuses on questions of value regarding (3) Provide a solution to the problem.
topics on the self, family, friendship, religion, 4. Comparative Advantages
government, freedom, love, and money, among Below are the rules in applying this pattern.
others. In this case, the persuasive speaker (1) makes a (1) Identify the problem.
statement or claim which reflects his/her judgment, (2) (2) Present at least two solutions to the
attempts to convince his/her audience of his/her judgment, problem.
and (3) justifies it based on standards. (3) Compare the two in terms of practicality
and feasibility.
3. Speech that Questions Policy
5. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
This type questions the current state of things which
can impact the future. the persuasive speaker asks Alan Monroe, a professor from Purdue University,
relevant questions that can help in making a decision created an outline for making speeches based on the
on whether or not something should be implemented, psychology of persuasion (Ehninger, Monroe, &
observed, or done. Granbeck, 1978).

Organizational Patterns This outline is known as Monroe’s Motivated

Sequence.
The following are some of the suggested patterns that
you can use to organize your persuasive speech. Here’s how to apply this technique.

1. A. F.O.R.E.S.T. (anecdotes, facts and 1. Grab the attention of the audience by identifying
figures, opinion, rhetorical questions, the challenge you plan to confront, or the problem
emotive language, superlatives, tripling) you plan to address.
Below are the rules in applying this
pattern. 2. Establish the need or urgency to address the
(1) Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a identified challenge or problem.
personal story, observation, or experience. 3. Present possible solutions to your audience to
(2) Facts and figures. Provide striking satisfy the need.
statistics that can support your ideas.
(3) Opinion. Add in your opinion. Like “I 4. Help your audience visualize. Use vivid words to
believe that…”. convince your audience about the benefits they can
(4) Rhetorical questions. Think of and add gain from the solutions you presented.
engaging rhetorical questions (i.e., questions
which do not intend to elicit answers, but to 5. Engage the audience to participate in promoting
make a point). change through a call for action.
(5) Emotive language. Appeal to your Methods of Persuasion
audience’s emotion.
(6) Superlatives. Use superlatives to Consider what Lucas (2011) writes about how the audience
exaggerate an idea. can be persuaded by a speaker. The audience can be
persuaded by the following reasons.
(7) Tripling. The rule of three in the English
writing principle simply entails using three • They perceive that the speaker has credibility.
words together to reinforce your point.
2. Problem-Solution • They are convinced by the evidence presented by
Here’s how: the speaker.
(1) Identify the problem.
• They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning.
• Their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas reputable or credible sources for your
or use of language. evidence.
3. How to use reasoning
1. How to enhance your credibility Avoid logical fallacies or errors in
a. Explain how you became an expert on reasoning.
the topic. You can do this by sharing how You can do this by studying the types of
well you read, investigated, or researched logical fallacies. The following are some of
the topic. the most common errors in reasoning.
b. Connect your experiences, beliefs, • Ad Hominem: This happens when you
values or attitudes with your audience’s. attack the character of a person instead of
You can do this by telling your audience that his argument.
you have the same experiences, beliefs, • Circular Argument: This happens when
values or attitudes. the idea of a stated argument is repeated.
c. Practice more often so you can deliver • False Analogy: This happens when two
your speech with conviction. things, which might be alike in some
You can do this by exposing yourself more respects, are compared and assumed to be
often to speaking situations such as reciting similar in other ways.
and reading announcements in class, • False Authority: This happens when a
introducing people in a program, hosting statement of someone who is not an expert
events, participating in debates, or acting as in the field in question is being used in an
a spokesperson of a group. Also, simply argument.
practicing more often before your actual • False Cause and Effect: This happens
speech performance will increase your when the connection between two
confidence and help you deliver your speech consecutive events are not clear.
with conviction. • Hasty Generalization: This happens when
2. How to use evidence a conclusion is drawn from insufficient
a. Specify evidence. evidence.
You can do this by citing statistics, research • Red Herring: This happens when the
studies, and other valid and credible answer does not address the question.
information. 4. How to use emotional appeal
For example: When stating a fact, do not a. Internalize what you are saying.
simply say a general detail The audience will be more convinced of
b. Avoid outdated evidence. your message if you also show conviction in
You can do this by reading and digging new what you are saying.
evidence to keep yourself updated on the b. Use emotion appropriately.
significant facts and figures. Although a well-executed emotional appeal
c. Choose reputable or credible sources can be used as a strong weapon in
for your evidence. persuasive speech, take note to use it only
You can do this by carefully identifying and when appropriate to the message. Use it as
evaluating your sources. an accessory only; make sure not to replace
For example: You are persuading your evidence and reasoning with pure emotion.
audience that your solution in improving the
interest of readers in Philippine literature is
the most efficient method, but you cite
sources such as fan sites, Wiki answers,
Yahoo answers, or blogs. This creates a bad
impression, as it might come off that your
arguments and points are based on filler words – expressions that substitute
unreliable facts. As a guide, Google, Yahoo, actual words in your speech, such as like,
or any search engine can provide you a uhm, or ahh
wealth of
reframing – an impromptu speaking
strategy which means rephrasing or
redefining the topic into something that you
want to talk
about