Filter Medium (Characteristics of filter medium) In case of cake filtration, the choice of a filter medium is often the most important consideration in assuring satisfactory operation of a filter. The filter medium in any filter must meet the following requirements 1. Itshould retain the solids to be filtered, giving a reasonably clear filtrate Unit Operations-1 5.0 Filtration and Sedimentation 2. It should not plug or blind (low rate of entrapment of solids within its interstices). 3. Itshould be mechanically strong to withstand the process conditions. 4. It should be resistant to the corrosive action of fluid. 5, It should offer as little resistance as possible to the flow of filtrate. 6. Itshould possess ability to discharge cake easily and cleanly = 7. Itshould have acceptable resistance to mechanical wear. 8. Itshould be cheap. 9, Ishould have long life. In cake filtration, the filter medium is frequently a textile fabric. Canvas cloth, woolen cloth, metal cloth of monel or stainless steel, glass cloth and synthetic fibre cloth - nylon, polypropylene, etc., are commonly used as filter media in industrial filtration practice depending upon the process conditions. For an alkaline slurry, nylon cloths are used while for an acidic slurry, polypropylene cloths are used as a filter medium, Filter Aids Filtration of slurties containing very finely divided solids or slimy, deformable floes is very difficult due to formation of a dense, impermeable cake that quickly plug the filter media. In such cases the porosity of the cake must be increased to allow passage of the filtrate at a reasonable rate. This is achieved by adding a filter aid to the slurry before filtration A filter aid is a granular or fibrous material which packs to form a bed of very high voidage. Because of this, they are capable of increasing the porosity of the filter cake. A filter aid should be of fow bulk density, should be porous, should be capable of forming a porous cake, and must be chemically inert to the filtrate. The commercial filter aids are diatomaceous earth - almost pure silica prepared from deposits of diatom (marine organisms) skeletons, expanded pearlite, and asbestos fibres. The filter aids are used for sludges that are difficult to filter and the use of filter aids is normally restricted to filtration technique in which the filtrate is valuable and the cake is the waste product. ‘Methods of using filter aids (i)_ adding a filter aid to the slurry before filtration, and (i) precoating, i.c., by depositing a layer of a filter aid on the filter medium before filtration. Scanned with CamScannerUnit Operations-1 51 Filtration and Sedimentation © Precoats prevent gelatinous solids from plugging the filter medium and give a clear filtrate. The precoat is a part of the medium rather than that of the cake. When the filter aid is directly added to the slurry before filtration, the presence of it increas the porosity of the sludge, decreases its compressibility and reduces the resistance of cake during the filtration operation, FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF FILTRATION The rate at which the filtrate is obtained in a filtration operation, i.e., the rate of filtration depends upon the following factors 1. Pressure drop across the feed inlet and far side of the filter medium. Area of the filtering surface. Viscosity of the filtrate, Resistance of the filter medium and initial layers of cake. Resistance of the filter cake. The rate of filtr directly proportional to the pressure difference across a filter medium. Therefore, higher the pressure difference across a filter medium, higher will be the rate of filtration. © The rate of filtration is directly proportional to the square of the area of a filtering surface. Therefore, higher the area of a filtering surface, higher will be the rate of filtration, © The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the viscosity of the filtrate. Therefore, higher the viscosity of the filtrate, lower will be the rate of filtration. © The rate of filtration is inversely proportional to the resistance of a cake or filter medium. Therefore, higher the resistance of a cake or filter medium, lower will be the rate of filtration. TYPES OF FILTRATION EQUIPMENTS (a) Filters are generally divided into two major groups based on the function or goal of filtration (.e., based on whether to produce a cake or sparkling liquid). (i) Cake filters. (ii) Clari *© Filters that retain appreciable quantities of filtered solids on the surface of the filter medium are referred to as cake filters. eae ing filters, © Filters that remove small amounts of solids to produce sparkling clear liquids are referred to as clarifying filters or deep bed filters. These filters are commonly employed in water treatment. Filters may be classified according to the method of operation or operating cycle as (i) Batch filters (ii) Continuous filters (c) Filters may be classified based on the driving force used for separa pressure, vacuum or centrifugal. (b) ion, &.g., gravity, Scanned with CamScannerUnit Operations-1 5.12 Filtration and Sedimentation In filtration operation, the filtrate is forced to flow through a filter medium by virtue of a pressure difference across the medium. The pressure difference may be created by gravity, superatmospheric pressure on the upstream of the filter medium, sub- atmospheric pressure on the downstream of the filter medium or centrifugal force across the medium. Therefore, filters may be classified as (i) gravity filters, Gi) pressure filters, (iii) vacuum filters, (iv) centrifugal filters. Industrial cake filters are usually classified as follows 1. Batch (discontinuous) pressure filters e.g. filter press - plate and frame press, pressure leaf filters. Continuous pressure filters e.g., pressure filter-thickener, continuous rotary pressure filters. Batch vacuum filters e.g. vacuum nutsches, vacuum leaf filters. Continuous vacuum filters e.g., rotary drum filters, vacuum precoat filters. Centrifugal filters (batch and continuous) e.g., suspended basket centrifuge - top driven or bottom driven, continuous filtering centrifugals. The most important cake filters which will be referred to are : plate and frame filter press, rotary drum filter, and basket centrifuge In many cases, in the chemical industry, it is the solids that are wanted. ‘The factors to be considered while selecting equipment for filtration and operating conditions are : 1. Properties of the fluid such as vi reactivity, ity, density and corrosiveness/chemical 2. Nature of the solid which includes particle size, size distribution, particle shape and packing characteristics of solid particles. 3. Concentration of solids in slurry, ie., feed slurry concentration. 4. Quantity of slurry to be handled and its value. 5. Valuable product of operation. 6. Necessity of washing the solids. 7. Initial investment. 8. Necessity of pretreatment of the slurry for ease in filtration. 9. Cost of labour and power. Primary Filter - Sand Filters Sand filters (clarifying filters) are used for water treatment and water purification. The medium of this filter is sand of varying grades. When we have to remove taste and odour, the sand filter may include a layer of activated carbon. There are several kinds of sand filters : rapid (gravity) sand filters, slow sand filters, pressure sand filters and upflow sand filters. Scanned with CamScanneree jt zhe betes tone Plate and Frame Filter Press Construction : © It consists of plates and frames arranged alternately and supported on a pair of rails. The plate is a solid piece having a ribbed surface. The frame is hollow and provides the space for the filter cake, The altemate arrangement of plates and frames results in the formation of chambers. The plates and frames are square or rectangular in shape and can be made of cast iron, stainless steel, nickel, aluminium, monel, hard rubber or plastics (polypropylene). Coated materials are also used (rubber or lead or epoxy resin covered). Feed Channel t Filter cloth Lower part of plate | Open channel for Fig. 5.4 : Plate and frame filter press (sectional view) Scanned with CamScannerFeed inlet Hollow Frame Plate Fig. 5.5 : Plate and frame ¢ Filtercloths are placed over each plate to cover the plate surface on both sides so that hollow frame is separated from the plate by the filter cloth. The plates and frames have circular holes on the comers for feed and discharge as shown in Fig. 5.5. The filter cloths are also having holes that match the holes on the plates and frames. The filter cloths themselves act as gaskets. * When the press is closed by means of a hand screw or hydraulically, a continuous channel is formed along the whole length of the press out of the corner holes in the plates, cloths, and frames. The frames have openings in the interior from the comer holes so that the slurry channel opens into the interior of frame (i.e., in the chamber formed between each pair of successive plates). At the bottom of the plates, holes are cored which connect the faces of the plates to the outlet cocks. Working : © Slurry to be filtered is pumped through the feed channel. It runs into the chambers formed and fills the chamber completely (i.e., frames). As the feed pump continues to supply the slurry to be filtered, the pressure goes on increasing. Because of this, the filtrate passes through the cloth, runs down the faces of plates and finally leaves the filter through discharge cocks. (Fig. 5.4). The solids are deposited on the filter cloth. The two cakes are formed simultaneously in each chamber and these join when the frame is full and no more slurry can enter into it. The press is then said to be jammed. Wash liquid may be introduced in the press to remove soluble impurities from the solids and the cake is then blown with air to remove the residual liquid from it. The press is then dismantled, and the cake of solids scrapped off from each plate. © In simple washing, the wash liquor is introduced through the feed channel and leaves the filter through the outlet cocks (i.e., it follows the same path as the slurry and filtrate). It is suited when the cake is uniform and permeable. * In open discharge type, the filtrate is discharged through cocks into an open launder, so that the filtrate from each plate can be inspected and any plate can be isolated Scanned with CamScannerfrom the service by shutting off the cock if it is not giving a clear filtrate. Hence, it is used when absolutely clear filtrate is required. In closed discharge, the filtrate channel runs the entire length of press into a discharge pipe at one end. The closed technique is used when toxic or volatile materials are to be filtered. In many presses, arrangement is done for steam heating. Due to this, the viscosity of the filtrate is reduced and a higher rate of filtration is achieved. These units are made in plate sizes ranging from 100 x 100 mm to 1500 x 1750 mm. Operating pressures upto 700 kPa are common. The press may be operated at pressure upto 7 MPa by using a suitable material of construction. Washing Press Washing of the precipitate is more easy in the plate and frame press than in the chamber press. Two methods of washing are simple washing and thorough washing. The simple washing is ineffective when the frame is completely full. In thorough washing, which is a more effective technique, the wash liquor is admitted through a separate channel behind the filter cloth on alternate plates. These plates are called washing plates. The wash liquor thus passes through the entire thickness of the cake and is discharged through the drain cocks. Wash inlet Three buttons ‘Two buttons ez Feed inlet Washing plate Non-washing plate Fig. 5.6 : Plates and frames of washing press Scanned with CamScanner&. § & & & &§ §, § 3@ 52 S2 Se 32 Se 32 32 BG Bg 2a Ba Bg Ba BE Ba ak af af 28 af oa af 28 | | Wash water inlet passage/wash channel a : 0 , Filter cloth Filter cloth [ : =| =z cod Cake Cake Cake Cake 4, Cake my. LILI Ge Closed ohn Closed Open Fig. 5.7 : Section through Washing Press (Washing cycle) L feos [ The plates and frames of the washing press are shown in Fig. 5.6. For ease in identification and quick proper assembling the press, it is common practice to cast buttons on the sides of plates and frames. The non-washing plate is having one button, the frame is having two buttons, and the washing plate is having three buttons. The press is assembled in such a way as to give the order of plate and frame in the form 1-2-3 -2~1...... etc. (See Fig. 5.7). The various channels lead to connections on the fixed head. During the filtration run, a wash channel is closed by a valve on the head of the press. Filtration is carried out as in the non-washing plate and frame press described earlier. When the frames are filled (by solids retained on filter cloths), the feed channel is closed, the outlet cocks on all three button plates are closed, and wash liquor is introduced into a wash channel. As the wash channel has cored openings connecting with both faces of three botton plates, wash liquid enters between the plate and the cloth on all these plates. The wash liquid passes through the cake, down the faces of one botton plates, and out through the cocks on the one button plates as cocks on one bottom plates are open and that on three botton plates are closed. Scanned with CamScannerAfter washing, the excess liquid from the cake is removed by compressed air for easy discharge of the cake, In this pr the filtrate (during filtration) p: added resistance of the cake ca faces of three botton plates s, the wash liquid passes through the whole thickness of the cake whereas s through only half the thickness of cake. The the liquid to distribute itself uniformly over the and thus, to pass through the cake uniformly. Recessed Plate or Chamber Press : Itis similar to the plate and frame filter press except that the use of frames is avoided by recessing the ribbed surface of the plates. The filter chambers are formed in recesses between the successive plates. The fed is generally located in the centre of the plate. Filter cloth on the recessed surface of each side of the plate is sealed around the feed opening by two cloths sewn together at the hole or by clip nuts. The slurry containing relatively large solid particles can be easily handled in this press as there are no chances of blocking the feed channels. When the slurry is pumped in the press, it will fill all the opening between the cloths and afterwards as pumping continu the filtrate passes through the cloths, runs down the ribbed surface of the plates and finally leaves through the outlets provided on each plate. This press washing of the cake. is not adopted for Recessed plate Slurry Fig, 5.8 : Recessed plate and chamber press The plate and frame press is widely used, particularly when the cake is valuable and relatively small in quantity. It can handle slimy material. Scanned with CamScannerAdvantages of Plate and Frame press : 8. TAYE Simple in construction. Low first cost. Maintenance cost is low. It provides a large filtering area per unit area of floor space occupied. High operating pressures are easily developed. It is possible to alter the capacity. The majority of joints are external, so leakage is easily detected. Flexibility. Disadvantages of Plate and Frame press : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 Labour requirement is very high. Discontinuous in operation. Periodic manual dismantling results in high wear on the cloths. So the filter cloth life is relatively short. Not suitable for high throughputs. Presses frequently drip and leak, making housekeeping in the area a problem. Washing of cake is likely to be imperfect. Scanned with CamScannerRotary Drum Filter * A rotary drum filter is the most common type of continuous vacuum filter. In this filter filtration, washing, partial drying and discharge of cake all take place automatically. Construction : * A rotary drum filter is shown in Fig. 5.9 (B). It consists essentially of a cylindrical sheet metal drum mounted horizontally. It may be from 50 to 400 cm in diameter and 50 to 800 cm long. ¢ — The outer surface of the drum is formed of perforated plate. A filter medium such as canvas covers the outer surface of the drum which turns at 0.1 to 2 r/min in an agitated slurry trough, Inside the outer drum, there is a smaller drum with a solid surface. ¢ The annular space between the two drums is divided into number of compartments/sectors by radial partitions and separate connection is made between the compartments and a special type of rotary valve. As the drum rotates, vacuum and air are alternately applied to each compartment. ¢ Apart from cast iron, the other materials of construction of this filter include stainless steel, titanium, plastics such as PVC, etc. These materials give much improved corrosion res for many slurries. Wash spray ——+2%@ Cloth covered outer drum Slurry trough Fig. 5.9 (B) : Rotary drum filter Scanned with CamScannerWorking : Wash water —>4 The drum is immersed to the desired depth in the slurry which is mildly agitated to prevent the settling of the solids. Vacuum is then applied to the portion of drum which is submerged in the slurry through the rotary valve. Because of this, the liquid (filtrate) is sucked into the compartment and solids get deposited on the cloth to form a cake of the desired thickness which can be regulated by adjusting the speed of the drum. With higher speeds, thinner cake will be formed and consequently, high rate of filtration will be achieved. The filtrate from the compartment then goes to a filtrate collecting tank through the internal pipe and rotary valve. As the portion of the drum on which the cake is formed comes out of the slurry, the is washed by spraying wash liquid. The wash liquid leaves the filter through the rotary valve and is collected separately in a separate tank. After washing, the cake enters into a drying zone as the drum rotates where the cake is partially dried by sucking air through the cake of solids, Afier the cake of solids has been sucked as dry as possible, vacuum is cut off and the cake is removed by scrapping it off using a adjustable doctor's knife. A little air is blown in under the cloth to aid the removal of the cake. Once the cake is removed from the drum sector, it re-enters the slurry and the cycle is repeated. Wash sprays Air connection Continuous rotary fitter ‘Cake Moisture trap. Dry vacuum pump Vacuum receivers. Barometric seal Fig. 5.10 : Flow sheet for continuous vacuum filtration Scanned with CamScannerUsually, one-third of the cycle is used for filtration, one-half for washing and air drying and one-sixth for cake removal Advantages of Rotary drum filter : 1. 2. It is entirely automatic in action and thus the man-power requirement is very low. With cake consisting of coarse solids, it is possible to remove most of the liquid from the cake before discharging It has a large capacity for its size. Therefore, it is widely used for the filtration of large quantities of free filtering material. By changing the speed, it is possible to built up cakes of varying thickness. With fine solids, the thickness of cake is small and is large with coarse solids. Disadvantages of Rotary drum filter : 1. 2. 4. The maximum available pressure difference is limited to less than one atmosphere. As it being a vacuum filter, a difficulty is encountered in the filtration of hot liquids due to their tendency to boil. It cannot be employed for materials forming relatively impermeable cakes or cakes that cannot be easily removed from cloth Initial cost of the filter and vacuum equipment is high. |CENTRIFUGAL FILTRATION In case of slurries containing coarse granular or crystalline solids forming a porous cake, the filtration operation can be carried by using centrifugal force rather than the pressure force, Centrifugal filters can be operated batchwise or in a continuous fashion. In these filters, the slurry is fed centrally to a rotating basket. The perforations in the walls of the basket are covered by a filter medium. The slurry is forced against the basket sides by pressure resulting from the centrifugal action, ie., by centrifugal force. The liquor passes through the filter medium and the solids are retained by the medium. After building the cake to a predecided thickness, the feed is stopped and the cake of solids is spun for a short period to remove residual liquid from the cake. The principles of centrifugal separation and filtration are illustrated in Fig. 5.11. In Fig. 5.11 (a), a stationary cylindrical bowl contains a slurry (liquid + particulate solids of greater density than liquid), Since the bowl is not rotating, solids will settle at the bottom with a horizontal liquid surface above the solids. Scanned with CamScannerFig. 5.11 (b) shows that the bowl is rotating about its verti se, the liquid and solids are acted upon by two forces — the gravity force acting downward and the centrifugal force acting horizontally. Normally, the centrifugal force is very large as compared to the gravity force and hence, the same may be neglected in comparison with the centrifugal force. Under the action of the centrifugal force, the solid particles are tightly pressed against the vertical bowl wall and the liquid layer assume the equilibrium position with an almost vertical inner surface as shown in Fig. 5.11 (b). If the wall of the bowl is perforated and perforations are covered with a filter medium such as a fine wire screen as shown in Fig. 5.11 (c), the liquid is free to flow outward but the solids are not. Almost all the liquid quickly flows out of the bowl, leaving behind the cake of filtered solids. | Solids | Solids fa) (b) (c) Fig, 5.11 : Principles of centrifugal separation and filtration (a) Bowl stationary, (b) Sedimentation in rotating imperforated bowl, (c) Filtration in rotating perforated basket Centrifugal Filters A centrifuge or centrifugal is any rotating machine that utilises a centrifugal force for the separation of liquid from solids as well as for the separation of immiscible liquids of different densities. The essential components of a centrifuge machine are: 1. a rotor or bowl! in which centrifugal force is applied to the contents of bowl, a drive shaft, » a drive mechanism e.g. electric motor, a frame for support, and align these and = >» acasing Scanned with CamScannerCentrifugal Filters Solids that form a porous cake can be separated from liquids in a filtering centrifuge. Slurry is fed to a rotating basket having a slotted or perforated wall covered with a filter medium such as canvas or metal cloth. Pressure resulting from the centrifugal action forces the liquor through the filter medium, leaving the solids behind. If the feed to the basket is then shut off and the cake of solids spun fora short time, much of the residual liquid in the cake drains off the particles, leaving the solids much “drier” than those from a filter press or vacuum filter. When the filtered material must subsequently be dried by thermal means, consider- able savings may result from the use of a centrifuge. The main types of filtering centrifuges are suspended batch machines, which are discontinuous in their operation; automatic short-cycle batch machines; and continuous conveyor centrifuges. In suspended centrufuges the filter media are canvas or other fabric or woven metal cloth. In automatic machines fine metal screens are used; in conveyor centrifuges the filter medium is usually the slotted wall of the basket itself. SUSPENDED BATCH CENTRIFUGES. A common type of batch centrifuge in industrial processing is the top-suspended centrifuge shown in Fig. 30.11. The perforated baskets range from 750 to 1200 mm (30 to 48 in.) in diameter and from 18 to 30 in deep and turn at speeds between 600 and 1800 r/min. The basket is held at the lower end of a free-swinging vertical shaft driven from above. A filter medium lines the perforated wall of the basket. Feed slurry enters the rotating basket through an inlet pipe or chute, Liquor drains through the filter medium into the casing and out a discharge pipe: the solids form a cake 50 to 150mm (2 to 6 in) thick inside the basket. Wash liquid may be sprayed through the solids to remove soluble material. The cake is then spun as dry as possible, sometimes a higher speed than during the loading and washing steps. The motor is shut fe and the basket nearly stopped by means of a brake. With the basket slowly Scanned with CamScannerMotor Feed inlet Wash valet cesing + “Solids coke Perforoted hoor? “bathe! FIGURE 30.11 Top-suspended basket centrifuge. turning, at perhaps 30 to 50 r/min, the solids are discharged by cutting them out with an unloader knife, which peels the cake off the filter medium and drops it through an opening in the basket floor. The filter medium is rinsed clean, the motor turned on, and the cycle repeated. Top-suspended centrifuges are used extensively in sugar refining, where they operate on short cycles of 2 to 3min per load and produce up to 5 ton/h of crystals per machine. Automatic controls are often provided for some or all of the steps in the cycle. In most processes where large tonnages of crystals are separated, however, other automatic or continuous conveyor centrifuges are used. Another type of batch centrifuge is driven from the bottom, with the drive motor, basket, and casing all suspended from vertical legs mounted on a base Scanned with CamScannerMECHANICAL SEPARATIONS 1013 plate. Solids are unloaded by hand through the top of the casing or plowed out through openings in the floor of the basket as in top-suspended machines. Except in sugar refining, suspended centrifuges usually operate on cycles of 10 to 30 min per load, discharging solids at a rate of 300 to 1800 kg/h (700 to 4000 Ib/h). AUTOMATIC BATCH CENTRIFUGES. A short-cycle automatic batch centrifuge is Scanned with CamScanner‘SOLVED EXAMPLES) cample 5.1 : For a sludge filtered in a washing plate and frame the filtration equation V = Kr holds good, where Vis the volume of the filtrate obtained in time 1. When the pressure is constant, 30 mt of filtrate is obtained in 10 h. (i) Calculate the washing time if 3 m’ of wash water is forced to the cake at the end of filtration. (ii) the fitering arealsurface is doubled keeping all other things constant, how long would it take to obtain 30 m’ of filtrate ? Given : The rate of washing is one-fourth the final rate of filtration. Solution : The filtration equation provided/given for a constant pressure filtration is V= Kt where V is the volume ofthe filtrate obtained in time t Differentiating the above equation, we get wav = Kat wlk anv 533 Filtration and Sedimentation Given ‘The final rate of filtration is given by (avy _ K __ 90. , (Ge) = av =zaa5n 1S Given: Rate of washing = 3 (Final rate of filtration) fx (15) = 0375 mh 0m Volume of wash water (Volume of wash water user Rate of washing = “Washing ime Volume of wash water 3, : Washing time Rate of washing "03757 84 ‘Ans. (i) (i). Filtering surface is doubled, We know ; Rate of filtration 2 A* Rate = A\ Rate = cA” (Rate, (Rate ithe rate with surface Ay (Rate), = © A2 co with fice Ap Given: me of filtrate Time (Rate), Rate); Rate); (Rate) A 5 XGayre 12 mh We have to find the time required to obtain 30 m' filtrate when the surface is doubled eo Ans. (i) Scanned with CamScanner Volume of fitae Time required = Yume or TtvateExample 5.2 : A filter press is used to filter a sludge forming a nonuniform compressible cake. Ata constant pressure difference, 6000 | of filtrate is obtained in 1 h. Washing is done with 1200 | of water, it proceeds exacily as filtration. The filtrate has the same properties as the wash water. Neglecting the resistance of filter cloth, calculate the washing time requit Given : Rate of washing = I/4 (final rate of filtration) for a filter press. Solution : For a constant rate filtration, neglecting the cloth resistance, we have dt av = KV which on integration gives v t= Ky 2 K. = 2vV? Given :t=1h=60min ... V=6000/ 2x40 60 Ke = (6Q00)2 = 3:33 x 10 min/? IV Wehave: wl, The final rate of filtration is (4) Ry, there V;= 6000 1 dt), = KVjr Where Vi= 1 = 333 x 10x 6000 = 50 min 1 Given: Rate of washing = q (final rate of filtration) 1 50 = 12.5 /min Volume of wash water used = 1200/ Volume of wash water used Washing time required Volume of wash water 1200 . Rate of washing = 50 = 24min + Ans. Example 5.3 : A plate and frame filter press when filtering a sludge gave 8 m of filtrate in 1800 s and 11 m’ of filtrate in 3600 s when filtration was stopped. Calculate the wahsing time if 3 m’ of wash water is used to wash the cake. Neglect the resistance of a filter cloth and assume a constant pressure filtration. Given : Rate of washing = 1/4 (final rate of filtration) Solution : For a constant pressure filtration, neglecting the filter cloth resistance, the filtration equation is Rate of washing = Washing time = dt av = KV wt dt ~ KV Scanned with CamScannertime if 3 m’ of wash water is used to wash the cake, Neglect the resistance of a filter cloth and assume a constant pressure filtration. Given : Rate of washing = 1/4 (final rate of filtration) Solution : For a constant pressure filtration, neglecting the filter cloth resistance, the filtration equation is ae av = KV dv lt dt ~ KV Unit Operations-| 5.35 Filtration and Sedimentation Integrating, we get as K. 2t Ko = Let us find K,. 2x 1800 Given: V = 8m’ and t= 1800s, K.= Ey = 56.25 s/im® The filtration was complete at t = 3600 s during which 11 m' of the filtrate was collected/obtained. Thus, the final rate of filtration is given by dv) __1_ 3 (©) gh. vettm 1 ~—! _ _ py ns = 5625xi1 = 162% 10 m/s L Given: Rate of washing = 3 [final rate of filtration] 1 7 = gX 1.62 x 10% = 4.04 x 10% m/s Volume of wash water Rate of washing = yp Washing time Washing ti Volume of wash water 3m giime — Volumeof wash water _ __dm ashing time Rate of washing 4.04 x10 m/s = 7428s vac Ans, Scanned with CamScanner