Thanks to visit codestin.com
Credit goes to www.scribd.com

0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views9 pages

Chapter 3

This document discusses fault location estimation methods for power systems. It provides an overview of faults, symmetrical components, and the impedance-based fault location estimation method. This includes calculating the line impedance per unit length and using voltage and current measurements to determine the fault distance. The document also describes how this method will be simulated using an Arduino model.

Uploaded by

Aung Myat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
32 views9 pages

Chapter 3

This document discusses fault location estimation methods for power systems. It provides an overview of faults, symmetrical components, and the impedance-based fault location estimation method. This includes calculating the line impedance per unit length and using voltage and current measurements to determine the fault distance. The document also describes how this method will be simulated using an Arduino model.

Uploaded by

Aung Myat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Chapter 3

Fault Location Estimation and System Design

3.1 Overview of the Project

A fault is defined as flow of a large current which could cause equipment damage. Faults in a
power system can be created by natural events such as falling of a tree, wind, and an ice storm and
sometimes by mechanical failure of transformers and other equipment in the system. If the
current is very large, it might lead to interruption of power in the network. Moreover, voltage
level will change, which can affect equipment insulation. Voltage below its minimum level could
sometimes cause failure to equipment. It is important to study a power system under fault
conditions in order to provide system protection and maintenance. A power system condition can
be analyzed by calculating the system operating voltages and currents under normal and abnormal
states. One of the methods used in real world application to find fault location is impedance based
fault location estimation and we will discuss it later. In our testing model with Arduino, we will
apply Ohm’s law based voltage division method for simulation. In order to understand how to
calculate the fault distance on a transmission line, the use of symmetrical components in power
system must be defined first.

3.2 Symmetrical Components

Power systems are always analyzed using per-phase representation because of its
simplicity. Balanced three-phase power systems are solved by changing all delta connections to
equivalent wye connections and solving one phase at a time. The remaining two phases differ
from the first by 120°. To analyze an unbalanced system, the system is transformed into its
symmetrical components for per-phase analysis. Converting a set of unbalanced phasors into sets
of balanced components is helpful in performing fault calculations, power flow studies, and
stability studies. They are represented by “+”, “-” and “0” or “1”, “2”, and “0” for positive, negative
and zero sequence respectively.

1. Positive Sequence: It consists of three phasors with equal magnitudes and 120° apart
from each other. The phase sequences are in the same order of original phasors.
2. Zero Sequence: It consists of three phasors with equal magnitudes and zero phase
displacement.
3. Negative Sequence: It consists of three phasors with equal magnitudes and 120° apart
from each other. The phase sequence are in the opposite order of original phasors

Figure; 1
Let’s take an arbitrary set of three phasors Ia, Ib , and Ic . It can be represented in terms of nine
symmetrical components as follows:
I a = I0a + I1a + I2a
I b = I0b + I1b + I2b
I c = I0c + I1c + I2c
Where I0a, I0b, I0c are zero sequence set, I1a, I1b, I1c are positive sequence set and I2a, I2b, I2c are
negative sequence set. Now to find the nine symmetrical components, taking 𝜶 = ej2p/3 =
1∠𝟏𝟐𝟎° . Multiplying phase sequences I by 𝛂 gives the magnitude unchanged but increased the
angle by 𝟏𝟐𝟎° which means it rotates I according to the phase angles.
To find positive sequence components of each phase by using operator 𝜶 ;
I1a = I1a
I1b = 1∠120° I1a
I1c = 1∠240° I1a
To find negative sequence components of each phase by using operator 𝜶 ;
I2a = I2a
I2b = 1∠240° I2a
I2c = 1∠120° I2a
The zero sequence set has equal magnitude phasors with zero phase displacement.
I0a = I0b = I0c

In matrix form;

𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎0
[𝐼𝑏 ] = [1 1∠120° 1∠240° ] [𝐼𝑎1 ]
𝐼𝑐 1 1∠240° 1∠120° 𝐼𝑎2

3.3Methods of fault distance calculations


Currently, there are many methods for detecting and eliminating faults in transmission networks.
Some of the commonly used techniques to find fault location are
1. methods of artificial intelligence
2. travelling wave method
3. impedance based method
The main idea of this project with Arduino is inspired by the impedance-based methods that
estimate the fault location based on the measured impedance during fault incidence. So, the
detail estimation of impedance method and voltage division based fault location estimation with
Arduino will be discussed below.
3.3.1Impedance based Method
Impedance based method uses the fundamental frequency of voltage and current phasors from
installed transducers such as numerical relays and fault recorders. Under this technique, phasor
voltage and current can be taken from both terminals or from single terminal of a transmission
line. Impedance based method is widely used because of its simplicity and low cost. After
calculating the line impedance per unit length, the fault distance on the line is calculated. To
illustrate the principle of one-ended methods, consider a single-line-to-ground fault is occurred at
point F as shown in figure.

Figure; Transmission network


The voltage-drop from the sending terminal to the fault location by using symmetrical components
can be expressed as;
VR1 = mZ1IR1 + VF1
VR2 = mZ2IR2 + VF2
VR0 = mZ1IR0 + VF0
The summation of the three equations results in;
VRa = mZ1IR1 + mZ2IR2 + mZ1IR0 + VF1 + VF2 + VF0
Assume, m = the location of distance from relay, Z1 and Z2 are usually equal.
VF = VF1 + VF2 + VF0 = IFRF
From above assumption,
VRa = mZ1 (IRa + kIR0) + IFRF
𝑍0 −𝑍1
Where k= 𝑍1

VRa = VR
IR = IRa + kIR0
VR = mZ1IR + IFRF
The apparent reactance measured at the terminal R is obtained by dividing the above equation by
IR,
𝑉𝑅 𝐼
= mZ1 + RF( 𝐼𝐹)
𝐼𝑅 𝑠

To compensate the effect of fault resistance, only the imagery part of equation is computed.
𝑉𝑅 𝐼
Im ( )= m. Im ( Z1 ) + Im ( RF( 𝐼𝐹) )
𝐼𝑅 𝑠

𝑉
𝐼𝑚( 𝑅⁄𝐼 )
𝑅
After neglecting the real part of impedance, m = 𝑋1

Step by step calculation process is created by a system model using ETAP software where faults
will be simulated. The fault information from the simulation will be used in the fault location
calculation.
66 kV
Bus 1
R
CB

Transmission line
3.72723 +j20.6122

Bus 2

From this network, a single line-to-ground fault at Bus2 will be simulated. The voltages and
currents at Bus1 will be used to represent ‘VR‘ and ‘IR‘, respectively.
Transmission Line Impedance Parameters:
R1 = 3.72723 ohms
X1 = 20.6122 ohms
R0 = 13.5151 ohms
X0 = 62.0961 ohms
The measured voltage VR at faulted phase from relay = 37.93∠ − 0.04 kV
The measured current IRa at faulted phase from relay = 1.079∠ − 78.57 kA
To find IR , IRa = 3IRo
𝑍0 −𝑍1 𝐼𝑅0
IR = IRa + kIR0 = IRa + ( )
𝑍1 3

(13.5151+𝑗62.0962)−(3.72723−𝑗20.6122) 1079∠−78.57
= 1079∠ − 78.57 + [ ]
3.72723+𝑗20.6122 3

= 1810.26∠ − 79.79 A
𝑉
𝐼𝑚( 𝑅⁄𝐼 )
𝑅
The location of faulted point from relay, m = 𝑋1
37930∠−0.04
𝐼𝑚( )
1810.26∠−79.79
m= 20.6122

m = 1.0003
By multiplying ‘m‘ by the transmission line length of 50 km, we can get the estimated fault location
of 50.02 km.

Working principle of Project model

The single phase AC 230V voltage is step-down through step down transformer which is an
electrical device that transfers electrical energy from high voltage to low voltage or vice vasa
through electromagnetic induction. This step-down voltage goes to rectifier which is used to
convert an AC supply into DC supply. AC supply is converts into 12V DC supply and then moves
to the regulator unit. Regulator is an electrical device which is used to maintain a constant voltage.
Voltage regulator 7812 and 7805 are used to maintain 12V and 5V DC supply. 12V is enough to
operate relay unit and 5V is used to handle LCD and Arduino kit. Arduino is the advanced version
of embedded system. These Arduino has many types but we selected Arduino UNO. These
Arduino UNO helps to develop many advanced versions user friendly environment. It easily to
adopt other devices using serial port.
The project uses four sets of resistors in series representing cables i.e. R 1R2R3R4 , R5R6R7R8,
R9R10R11R12(one set for each phase) and R13R14R15R16 for ground. Each series resistors represents
the resistance of the cables for a specific distance thus 4 such resistances in series represent 1-
4kms (i.e. each resistor is placed 1km’s from each other). Three relays are used to check the cable
through R1, R5 and R9 and Arduino digital pins 2,3,4 are connected to operate relay through relay
driver. Twelve switches are placed between the R, Y, B cables and ground cable to demonstrate
the ground fault. If any of 12 switches is closed that means there is a fault between a phase and
ground, then Arduino digital pins will check which phase is in faulted saturation and Arduino ADC
analog pin reads the voltage drop from ground cable and execute as written in the program. Finally,
it sends the distance of the fault from the relay to LCD. Therefore, in order to write a program to
detect the distance of the fault, the following calculations need to be executed first.
Arduino Analog ADC pins
An analog signal is one that can take on any number of values, unlike a digital signal which has
only two values: HIGH and LOW. To measure the value of analog signals, the Arduino has
multichannel, 10bits analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC turns the analog voltage into a
digital value. This function converts the value of the voltage on an analog input pin and returns a
digital value from 0 to 1023, relative to the reference value.
Calculation of short circuit voltage at 4km which is between R phase and ground;

1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ


LG
R
Fault
1kΩ

Vdrop
5V dc
1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ
G

Supply voltage, Vs = 5 V
Vdrop = ?
By voltage division rule or Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
8×103
Vdrop = 5 x 9×103

= 4.44 V
4.44
By converting the analog voltage 4.44V to digital value = × 1023
5

= 908.42
Due to some tolerance, set maximum and minimum limit of voltage at 4km; 890≥ 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ≤ 920

Calculation of short circuit voltage at 3km which is between R phase and ground;

1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ


1kΩ

Vdrop
5V dc
1kΩ 1kΩ 1kΩ
Supply voltage, Vs = 5 V
Vdrop =?
By voltage division rule or Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
6×103
Vdrop = 5 x 7×103

= 4.28V
4.28
By converting the analog voltage 4.44V to digital value = × 1023
5

=875.68
Due to some tolerance, set maximum and minimum limit of voltage at 3km; 850≥ 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ≤ 890

Calculation of short circuit voltage at 2km which is between R phase and ground;

1kΩ 1kΩ
1kΩ

Vdrop
5V dc
1kΩ 1kΩ

Supply voltage, Vs = 5 V
Vdrop = ?
By voltage division rule or Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
4×103
Vdrop = 5 x 5×103

= 4V
4
By converting the analog voltage 4.44V to digital value = 5 × 1023

=818.4
Due to some tolerance, set maximum and minimum limit of voltage at 2km; 750≥ 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ≤ 850
Calculation of short circuit voltage at 2km which is between R phase and ground;

1kΩ

1kΩ

Vdrop
5V dc
1kΩ

Supply voltage, Vs = 5 V
Vdrop = ?
By voltage division rule or Kirchhoff’s voltage law,
2×103
Vdrop = 5 x 3×103

= 3.33 V
3.33
By converting the analog voltage 4.44V to digital value = × 1023
5

=681.31
Due to some tolerance, set maximum and minimum limit of voltage at 1km; 600≥ 𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 ≤ 750

You might also like