LIGHT
NAME :- PRATIK SANJAY CHAVAN
SUBJECT:- SCIENCE (PHYSICS)
ROLL NO :-13
GRADE :- 10 TH
SCHOOL:- AURANGABAD PUBLIC SCHOOL
content
• This chapter includes :
• Properties of light
• Reflection of light
• Spherical mirror
• Refraction of light
• Spherical lenses
Properties of light
• The speed of light in vacuum is 299,792,458m/s (3x108 m/s).
• It is a non mechanical wave as it doesn't require any medium to travel.
• Light travels in straight line in vacuum or in a homogenous transparent medium.
• Light consists of electromagnetic waves which are tranverse in nature.
• REFLECTION OF LIGHT
REFLEC TIO N OFLIGHT
• The phenomenon of bouncing of light into the same medium
after striking a surface is called reflection. On reflection of light
from a surface, the speed, wavelength and frequency of light
does not change. This is because the light stays in the same
medium.
• Some basics terms of reflection:
• Incident ray : the ray which strikes any surface is called incident
ray.
• Point of incidence : it is the point at which incident ray falls on
the reflecting surface.
• Reflected ray : The ray of light which is bounded
back by any reflecting surface is called reflecting ray.
• Normal : it is drawn perpendicular to the reflecting surface at
the point of incidence.
• Angle of incidence : Angle made by incident ray with the normal
point of incidence.
• Angle of reflection: angle made by reflected ray with the
LAWS OF REFLECTION
• First law:-
the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence, all lies
on the same plane.
• Second law :-
the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Image
• An image of an object is formed when light rays coming from the object meet or appear to meet at a
point after reflection from a mirror or reflection from a lens.
• Types of image:
1. Real image:- Real image is an image form by the actual intersection of light rays.
e.g. the image formed on cinema screen i.e. image formed by a projector.
2. Virtual image:- If the rays of light responsible for an image formation do not intersect actually but
appears to meet at same point, then the image is known as a virtual image.
e.g. image formed by a plane mirror of a real objects is virtual.
• TYPES OF MIRROR :
SPHERICAL MIRROR
• It is simply a piece cut out of a glass sphere whose either of the side is made reflecting. The reflecting
surface mirror may be inwards or outwards
• Concave mirror:-
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards. Facing towards the centre
of the sphere is called concave mirror.
• Convex mirror:-
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is bulging (or curved) outwards,
opposite to the centre of the sphere is called convex mirror
REFLECTION AT PLANE MIRROR
• PLANE MIRROR:- A mirror is a highly polished surface
used to reflected the light falling on it. Mirror are
usually made by depositing a thin layer of sliver metal
on one side of a plane glass sheet.
• Image formed by plane mirror
the image formed by a plane mirror is always erect,
virtual, of same size and is at the same distance
behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
• Lateral Inversion
Though every part of a mirror forms a
complete image of a object, we usually see
only that part of it from which light after reflection
from mirror reaches our eye.
Consider the following important terms regarding spherical mirror:
• Centre of curvature(C) :- It is the centre of hollow
sphere of glass, of which the spherical mirror is a
Consi decons ider t hefolow ing impor tant t erms r egarding spher ical mir ror :
part.
• Radius of curvature(R) :- it is the radius of
hollow sphere of glass, of which the spherical
mirror is a part.
• Pole (P) :- it is the geometric centre of
the reflecting surface of the spherical mirror.
• Principal axis:- it is the line joining the centre of
curvature and the pole of the mirror.
• Aperture (d) :- it is the effective diameter of the light
reflecting area of the mirror.
• Principal focus :- If rays close and parallel to
the principal axis are incident on a spherical
mirror, then after reflection pass or seem to come
from a point on the principal axis.
• Focal length:- it is the distance from the pole (P) of
the principal focus (F) of the mirror. Focal length of
a spherical mirror is half of the radius of curvature of
the mirror. e. g ., f = R/2.
Laws of image formation in spherical mirror :
• In case of reflection at spherical surfaces such as spherical mirrors (concave mirror and convex mirror0.
Image Formation by a Concave Mirror :
• Following figures show image formation by a concave mirror for the different positions of an object.
Image Formation by a Convex Mirror:
• Following figures show image formation by a convex mirror for different positions of an object:
Sign convention for Reflection by spherical Mirror :
• While dealing with the reflection of light by spherical
mirrors, we follow a set of sign conventions called the new
cartesian sign convention. In this convention, the pole (P)
of the mirror is taken as the origin. The principal axis of the
mirror is taken as the x-axis (X'X) of the coordinates system.
The conventions are as follows :
(1). The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. This
implies that the light from the object falls on the mirror from
the left-hand side.
(2). All distances parallel to the principal axis measured from
the pole of the mirror.
(3). All the distances measured to the right of the origin
(along+ x-axis) are taken as positive, while those measured to
the left to the origin (along – x-axis)taken as negative.
(4). Distances measured perpendicular to and above the
principal axis (along+ y-axis)are taken as positive. Distances
measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis
(along- y-axis)are taken as negative.
MIRROR FORMULA & MAGNIFICATION:
• MIRROR FORMULA: The distance of the object from the pole of a spherical mirror is called object
distance (u) and the distance of the image from the pole of the mirror is called the image distance
(v).The relation between object distance (u), image distance (v) and focal length (F) is known as mirror
formula. 1/F = 1/V + 1/U
• MAGNIFICATION : the ratio of height of image(h2) to the height of object (h1) is called magnification.
m = h2/h1
Also, magnification can be further expressed as,
m = h2/h1= -v/u
REFRACTION OF LIGHT
• The phenomenon of bending of light or the change in the path of light as it passes from one
transparent medium to another is called Refraction of light.
Note:
Greater the difference in speed of light in two medium,
greater will be the bending of refracted ray.
LAWS OF REFRACTION
• Following are the two laws of refraction:
1. The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the of incidence, all lies on the same plane .
2. The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant, for the light of a given
colour and given pair of media. This is known as Snell's law of refraction. If 'I' is the angle of incidence
and 'r' is the angle of refraction, then Sini/Sinr = constant = n21
SPHERICAL LENSES
A lens is a piece of transparent refracting material bound by two spherical surfaces or one spherical and
other plane surface. A lens is the most important optical component used in microscopes, telescopes,
cameras, projectors, etc.
Basically there are two types of lenses :
• Convex Lens or converging lens :- a lens which is thick at the centre and thin at the edges is called a
convex lens.
• Concave Lens or diverging lens:- a lens which is thin at the centre and thick at the edges is called a
concave lens.
• Types of convex and concave lenses:
Basics terms related to lens
• Centre of Curvature(C) :- the centre of curvature of the
surface of a lens is the centre sphere of which it forms a
part. Because a lens two surfaces, so it has two centres of
curvature.
• Radius of curvature(R):- the radius of curvature of the
surface of a lens is the radius of the sphere of which the
surface forms a part.
• Principal axis :- it is the line passing through the
two centres of curvature of the lens.
• Optical centre:- if a ray of light is incident such that it
goes undeviated through the lens then the point of
intersection of principal axis and the incident ray inside
the lens is the optical centre.
• Principal focus:- the point on the principal axis of a lens
where all the rays parallel to principal axis converge or
appear to diverge after refraction is called principal focus.
• Aperture:- it is the diameter of the circular boundary of
the lens.
Rules For Image Formation By Convex & Concave lenses:
• The positions of the image formed by a convex & concave lens:
Image Formation by Convex lens:
• Images formed by a thin convex lens for different positions of an object :
Image Formation by Concave lens:
• Images formed by a thin concave lens for different positions of an object :
Lens Formula & Magnification:
• Lens formula :- The relation between object distance (u), image distance (v), and focal length(f) of
a lens is called lens formula.1/f = 1/v - 1/u
• Magnification :- the ratio of the size (or height) of the image to the size (or height) of the object is
known as the Magnification. m = h'/h where,
h'= height of image
h= height of object
it can also shown that magnification of a lens as : m = h'/h = v/u
• Magnification (m) is positive if the image produced by a lens is virtual.
• Magnification in case of a concave lens is always positive as it always forms a virtual image.
• Magnification in case of a convex lens is positive when it forms a virtual image but magnification in case
of a convex lens is negative when it forms a real image.
Sign Convention for lens:
• All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.
• The distances measured from optical centre in the same direction as the incident light are taken as
positive
• The distances measured from optical centre in the direction opposite to the direction of the incident
light are taken as negative.
• Heights measured upwards and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as positive.
• Heights measured downwards and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken as negative.
Power of Lens
• Power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens (expressed in meters). It is
denoted by P.
i.e P = 1/f (in m) or P = 100/f (in cm)
• Unit of power of a lens is dioptre (D).
• Definition of dioptre (D)
Power of a lens is 1 dioptre if its focal length is 1 metre.
Power of convex lens is positive
Power of concave lens is negative.
