Driving Theory iKorkort

INTRODUCTION

⁃ Lanes : Fields where cars, trucks, buses and other motor vehicles drive
⁃ Carriageway : all the lanes put together
⁃ Hard shoulder : part of the road outside carriageway
⁃ Road : lanes + carriageway + hard shoulder

Road User
⁃ everyone travelling or staying on road
⁃ Vehicle drivers, Passengers, Pedestrians, Road workers, Cyclists, Horse
riders, skateboarders

Vehicle
⁃ means of transport which is used for transport on the ground and which does
not run on rails
⁃ See Car, Truck, Motorcycle, Bus, Cycle, Sidecar, Horse-drawn vehicle, Trailer,
Tower vehicle

Defensive Driving
⁃ drive calmly and calculatedly
⁃ plan several steps ahead
⁃ without taking unnecessary risks
⁃ with an adapted speed
⁃ drive with good safety margins
⁃ have good supervision both forwards and backwards
⁃ always ready to act
⁃ lower the risk of surprising others as well as being taken by surprise yourself
⁃ increased tra c safety

Order of priority
⁃ Police o cer's signal
⁃ Tra c signals
⁃ Road signs
⁃ General tra c rules

Speed
⁃ adapted to the tra c and does not exceed speed limit
⁃ take visibility, road surface conditions, car's condition, other road users and
general tra c conditions
⁃ have control of car
⁃ be able to stop within the part of the road that you can overlook
⁃ and in front of any obstacles that can be forseen

Speed limits
⁃ Basic speed limit
⁃ 50 km/h : Densely built-up areas
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 ⁃ 70 km/h : Outside of densly built-up areas
⁃ always apply until the next road sign with a changed speed limit
⁃ Maintain su ciently low speed
⁃ Densly built-up areas
⁃ Visibility impaired due to darkness or bad weather
⁃ Pedestrian crossings or similar
⁃ Cross tra c
⁃ Sharp turns
⁃ Hilltops or other places where visibility is obscured
⁃ Risk of dazzle (bright light make it harder to see)
⁃ Narrow roads
⁃ Slippery roads
⁃ Bus Tram or school shuttle that stopped to let passengers on or o
⁃ Approaching children on or beside the road
⁃ Livestock on the road
⁃ Roads work in progress
⁃ Accident scene
⁃ Dirty road where risk of splashing
Speed table
⁃ Speed limit board
⁃ Private car
⁃ Light truck
⁃ Motor cycle
⁃ Light bus of 3.5 tons max total weight
⁃ 100 : Heavy bus > 3.5 tons all passengers > 3yrs have access to seat belts
⁃ 90
⁃ Heavy bus >3.5 tons all passengers >3yrs do not have access to seatbelts
⁃ Heavy goods vehicle on motor way or clearway
⁃ 80
⁃ Private car with non-braking trailer whose total weight(or kerb weight) does
not exceed half of the car's kerb weight, maximum 750 kg
⁃ Private car with braking trailer or caravan
⁃ Motorcycle with trailer
⁃ Heavy truck (motorcar category vehicle) with trailer
⁃ Heavy truck (heavy goods vehicle) on roads other than motorway or clearway
⁃ 50
⁃ Motorised equipment (construction equipment) class 1
⁃ Tractor B
⁃ 45 : class 1 moped
⁃ 40
⁃ Private car with with non-braking trailer whose total weight exceeds halg the
car's kerb weight
⁃ Tractor A
⁃ 30
⁃ Motorised Equipment (Constructuion Equipment) class 2
⁃ Towing with other vehicle than tow truck
⁃ 25 : Class 2 moped
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 ##### Easy understanding ##############
⁃ Heavy Bus - 100, 90
⁃ Heavy Truck - 90, 80
⁃ Trailer - 80, 40
⁃ Moped - 45, 25
⁃ Tractor - 40, 50
⁃ Tow - 30

Exceptions
⁃ Police o cers
⁃ Doctors
⁃ Nurses
⁃ Veterinary surgeons
⁃ Midwives
⁃ Rescue service and coast guard personnel
⁃ Custom o cials etc.

Slow Moving Vehicles

⁃ vehicles designed for a maximum speed of 30, 40 or 45 km/h
⁃ LGF sign : orange-red triangular-shaped sign
⁃ Motorised equipment class 2
⁃ Tractors Class A
⁃ 3-4 wheels moped Class 1

Road signs
⁃ Warning signs (Triangle-Yellow-Black)
⁃ give warning and need to be extra careful and attentive
⁃ Triangular with red-border
⁃ Black motif against yellow background
⁃ Priority signs
⁃ inform about give way and duty to stop rules
⁃ di rent shapes and colors
⁃ Prohibitory signs (Round-Yellow-Black)
⁃ indicate that something is prohibited
⁃ applies from the sign to the next junction
⁃ another road sign or additional panel also cancel the prohibition
⁃ Round with red-border
⁃ Black motif against yellow background
⁃ Mandatory signs (Round-Blue-White)
⁃ what you must do
⁃ applies from the sign to the next junction
⁃ another road sign or additional panel can cancel
⁃ round with white border
⁃ white motif against blue background
⁃ Advisory signs
⁃ tell us about what applies to a particular location, raod or road section
⁃ speci c tra c rules apply
⁃ apply until a cancellation sign
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 ⁃ square or rectangle
⁃ Direction signs
⁃ shows the way to a town, place, establishment. facility or similar
⁃ vary in shape and appearance
⁃ Additional panels
⁃ provide additional information to the road sign above the panel
⁃ vary in appearance
⁃ have the same colors as the road sign they supplement
⁃ Time indication additional panels
⁃ Mon-Fri : Black or white numbers without brackets
⁃ Sat : Black or white numbers with brackets
⁃ Sun : Red numbers
⁃ Sat or day before public holiday
⁃ Sun or pubilc holiday
⁃ if time indication extends over midnight, the time period after midnight
applies the following day
⁃ if certain date or weekday is indicated, the regulation applies on that day
regardless its a weekday, weekend or holiday

Basic tra c rules

⁃ exercise caution and care
⁃ show consideration for road users
⁃ show particular consideration to children, disabled, elderly and other
vulnerable groups
⁃ Not interfere with or hinder other tra c without cause
⁃ police > tra c signals > road signs
⁃ make way for emergency vehicles with their sirens or blue lights on
⁃ Must not hinder procession
⁃ adapt ypur speed and pay particular attention to train or tram appraching
when passing a level crossing
⁃ must not pass a track area if
⁃ train or tram is approaching
⁃ light signal is red
⁃ audio signal is sounding
⁃ barrier is folding down or folded down or is folding up
⁃ if there is a risk that you must stop in the track area
⁃ Accident
⁃ remain at the scene of the accident even if you were not responsible
⁃ help injured persons to the best of your ability
⁃ state your name and address and provide information about incident if any
person involved in the accident ask for it
⁃ immediately move any vehicle that may be danger or obstacle to tra c
⁃ if someone dies or severly injured, the vehicle may only be moved if it poses a
danger to other tra c
⁃ must not erase tracks that may be of importance for the investigation of the
accident
⁃ contact property owner of damaged property if not possible then contact
police
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 ⁃ must not move or dislodge tra c devices
⁃ must immediately restore the device or if not possible, notify the police or the
installer of the device

THE CAR
⁃ rst line of protection in a car is the car's protective body
⁃ front and rear parts consist of so-called crumple zones
⁃ developed to collapse during a collision
⁃ so that sequence of events is slowed down
⁃ frontal collision: front crumple zone is compressed to absorb the energy from
the impact within the outer parts rather than being directly transferred to the
occupants
⁃ rear end collisions, the car's rear crumple zone is compressed
⁃ unfortunately side of the car dont have crumple zones, i.e.. we are much
more vulnerable in side-on collisions
⁃ if seat belts used
⁃ frontal collision upto 65-70 km/hr
⁃ side-on collision upto 45-50 km/hr
⁃ Driver's responsibility
⁃ ensure everyone uses a seat belt correctly
⁃ the head restraints and backrests are correctly adjusted
⁃ all the cargo is correctly positioned and secured
⁃ required by law to ensure children under 15 are properly protected in the car
⁃ failing to do so may lead to a ne
⁃ Seat belt
⁃ designed to minimize damage during a collision or a sudden stop by keeping
the occupants positioned correctly
⁃ ensures that the occupants are not thrown out of the car
⁃ or hit the dashboard or other parts of the car's interior
⁃ risk of being killed or seriously injured in a collision is halved
⁃ Fastening seat belt
⁃ should sit as close to the body and be as tight as possible
⁃ should be worn inside a jacket
⁃ shoulder strap should run close to the neck, over the chest and skeletal parts
⁃ lap belt should be as far down towards the hip as possible
⁃ Pregnant women: tighten the belt so that the lapbelt sits under the belly down
the thighs
⁃ seat belt must not be twisted
⁃ Wearing seatbelt is mandatory by law for everyone travelling in a car.
Exceptions
⁃ car is not moving
⁃ reversing
⁃ driving in parking lot, parking garage, petrol station, workshop area or similar
area
⁃ medical obstacle supported by a medical certi cate
⁃ Without seatbelt - manage collision at 7km/hr
⁃ 40% of all drivers and passengers killed in tra c accidents did not use seat
belt
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⁃ rear seat passenger at 40-50km/hr is enough to be slammed forward to kill
the driver or front seat passenger
⁃ Force of impace
⁃ 30kmph - 1st oor
⁃ 50kmph - 3rd oor
⁃ 70kmph - 6th oor
⁃ 90kmph - 10th oor
⁃ Whiplash injuries : occur when head is thrown voilently forward and then
backward, most common cause is rear-end collisions
⁃ maintain distance to the vehicle ahead
⁃ adjust the head restraint so that the head cannot be thrown backwards
(upper edge of the head restraint = top of your head height)
⁃ adjust the backrest to reduce the distance between the head and head
restraint
⁃ during collision, press your head against the head restraint and look straight
ahead
⁃ Airbags
⁃ protects against face and chest injuries
⁃ three places: drivers seat, passenger's seat and on the sides
⁃ complement to seat belt but not a replacement
⁃ without seatbelt in ation can cause serious and even fatal injuries
⁃ designed to deploy in collisions at 20-30 kmph
⁃ Driver should not sit closer than 25cm from the airbag
⁃ Passenger should not sit closer than 50cm from the airbag
⁃ chlidren under 140cm must never sit in a seat with airbag protection
⁃ Children in car
⁃ all children under 135 cm must sit in chlid safety device marked E or i-Size
⁃ never place a child safety device in a seat with frontal airbag protection
⁃ side airbags do not present a hazard to children
⁃ not by law but doctors and researches recommend children use booster
seats or booster cushions upto the age of 10-12
⁃ responsibility of driver passenger under 15 wear seatbelt or sit in the right
type of chils safety device
⁃ Baby seat : 0-9 months or until they can sit steadily
⁃ never place in a seat with frontal airbag protection
⁃ seat is too small if child's head clears the edge of the baby seat
⁃ do not lean it too much
⁃ secure child with baby seat's harness
⁃ secure baby seat with car's seat belt or ISOFIX attachment system
⁃ In the front seat, the baby seat should sit as far from the dashboard as
possible
⁃ In the back seat, the baby seat should sit as far from the seat in front as
possible
⁃ Backward-facing child seat - 7 months upto 4 yrs
⁃ never place child seat with frontal airbag protection
⁃ seat is small if head clears the edge of the seat
⁃ secure with child's seat harness or ISOFIX attachment
⁃ In front, the child's seat should rest against the dashboard
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 ⁃ In back, rest against the back of the front seat
⁃ Booster seat or Booster cushion - 4yrs to 135 cms
⁃ never with frontal airbag protection
⁃ without headrest then booster seat is better than booster cushion
⁃ secure with car's seat belt
⁃ safest position is back seat
⁃ 135-140 cms - as an adult with seatbelt but not in front of an activated airbag
⁃ Over 140cms - as an adult with seat belt
⁃ #### Exceptions ####
⁃ children below three may sit in the back seat without a child safety device
during short taxi journeys
⁃ children 3 or above but shorter than 135cm may sit with a seatbelt in the
back during temporary transit over short distances
⁃ LOADING Correctly
⁃ not to exceed max load stated in the car's registration certi cate (F.6 Maxlast,
kg)
⁃ driver does not count as load bu passengers do
⁃ place objects as low as possible against backrest and sides
⁃ Tightly secure
⁃ heavy items on oor
⁃ heavy items never above the backrest even if safety net or grill
⁃ use seatbelts to secure items on back seat
⁃ Passengers
⁃ Private car max 9 seats. No more than 8 passengers
⁃ passengers(not driver) weight is included in the car's max permitted load
⁃ Roof boxes
⁃ avoid loading heavy items, light and bulky
⁃ never more than 100 kg
⁃ secure the load so that it cannot move
⁃ roofbox rmly attached to the roof rack
⁃ Projectile loads
⁃ load must not diminish car's lighting or license plate or your visibility or
manoeuvrability of the car
⁃ Marked
⁃ projects more than 1m back and front
⁃ projects forwards and not clearly visible
⁃ sideways not marked
⁃ sideways not more than 20cm
⁃ total vehicle width not exceed 260 cm
⁃ Markings
⁃ Daylight : red-yellow ag at both front and the rear
⁃ Darkness: with light and white re ector at front and red light and red re ector
at the back
⁃ ##short cut### - 1m, 20 cm, 260cm, red-yellow. white-red night
⁃ DRIVING CHARACTERISTICS
⁃ Contributing factors: sideforce, weather, road surface conditions and the
condition of the road itself
⁃ side force - lateral force prodiced by the vehicle when taking a curve
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 ⁃ increates or decreases quadratically with speed
⁃ maintain appropriate speed in the curve
⁃ road holding
⁃ friction between the road and the tyres
⁃ grip reduced by rain, snow and ice or oil ar gravel
⁃ quality and the tyre conditions
⁃ BEST Road Grip : Dry Asphalt and then hard-packed gravel road
⁃ Kinetic Energy
⁃ a ected by both weight and speed
⁃ weight - directly proportional
⁃ speed - quadraically - 3-9
⁃ braking distance is directly proportional to the KE
⁃ UNDERSTEERING
⁃ Under - less -Car turns less than needed
⁃ Front tyres have bad grip
⁃ most modern cars esp with front wheel drive are somewhat understeered as
that is considered the safest because it requires less of the driver than OS
⁃ Reasons
⁃ Aquaplating Front tyres
⁃ car without ABS so that front wheels lock
⁃ engine brakes or accelarates too hard in a front wheel drive
⁃ too heavily loaded at the front
⁃ front tyres worn or insu cient air pressure
⁃ trailer or caravan connected
⁃ di erential locked
⁃ OVERSTEERING
⁃ Over - more : turns more than you want
⁃ Rear tyres do not have anough grip
⁃ can result in rear-end skidding
⁃ it could lead to side-on collisions
⁃ more common in rear wheel drive
⁃ Reasons
⁃ aquaplating rear tyres
⁃ braking hard
⁃ engine brakes or accelerates too hard in a rear wheel drive
⁃ too heavily loaded in the rear
⁃ rear tyres are worn or have insu cient air pressure
⁃ trailer or caravan is connected
⁃ strong side winds
⁃ uneven road surface
⁃ ESC : Electronic Stability Control such as ESP, ESC or DTSC, detect and
assist when the car is about to skid, automatically brakes individual wheels or
throttle the engine if required
⁃ ESC comes with a warning light that ashes when the system works actively
⁃ TYRES
⁃ best tyres in the rear axle even in winters
⁃ tyres older than 10 years should be replaced as tyre friction properties
deteriorate
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 ⁃ Summer Tyres
⁃ New tread depth 7-8 mm
⁃ 3-4 mm in wet conditions risk of aquaplating increases (should replace)
⁃ Must replace when 1.6mm
⁃ Winter Tyres
⁃ New tread depth 9-10 mm
⁃ in winter road conditions must have atleast 3mm
⁃ Best when replaced 4-5 mm
⁃ Tread depth gauge
⁃ ### Easy Tips ¤¤¤¤¤
⁃ Summer : 7-8, 3-4, 1.6
⁃ Winter : 9-10, 4-5, 3
⁃ Tyre pressure
⁃ check once a month
⁃ measure when tyres are cold
⁃ increase fuel consumption, shorten tyre life, legthen the braking
⁃ Stopping distance = Reaction distance + Braking distance
⁃ Reaction distance = (v/10)x3
⁃ Braking distance = ((v/10)^2)/2
⁃ Kmph = v/3.6 mps
⁃ 10 kmph = 3 mps
⁃ Lights
⁃ Full beam
⁃ most powerful light and must be used as often as you can
⁃ must not be used
⁃ when you meet another vehicle
⁃ drive close behind another vehicle (risk of dazzling)
⁃ risk dazzling of operator of a train, tram or ship or the road has satisfactory
illumination
⁃ satisfactory illumination : no dark parts on the road
⁃ su ciently lit so that you dont see better with full beam headlights than
dipped headlights
⁃ to avert dangerous situation in the dark use it as light horn by quickly ashing
on or
⁃ may be combined with any other lights
⁃ in the event of fog, heavy rain or snowfall you can be dazzled with your own
full beam headlights
⁃ Dipped headlights
⁃ are the car's main lights
⁃ are combined with parking lights
⁃ weaker than full beam and only illuminate a limited area in front of the car
⁃ must not be combined with either fog lights or Day time running lights
⁃ TIP
⁃ Dipped + Parking = Correct
⁃ Dipped + Fog/Daytime = Wrong
⁃ Fog lights
⁃ primarily intended to improve visibility in foggy conditions or heavy rainfall or
snowfall
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 ⁃ must not be combined with dipped or daytime
⁃ Daylight
⁃ can replace Fog with Dipped or Daytime
⁃ Darkness
⁃ only trplace dipped with fog in event of fog, heavy rain or snowfall
⁃ Daytime running lights
⁃ weaker than ful beam, dipped or fog
⁃ purpose is no to illuminate the road ahead but to make the car more visible to
other road users
⁃ may only be used in good visibility conditions instead of dipped or fog
⁃ Parking lights
⁃ very weak and energy e cient lights
⁃ maybe turned on while driving as long as they are combined with other
suitable lights
⁃ forbidden to drive with only parking lights on
⁃ may act as spare lights which mark the width of the car if stronger lights stop
working
⁃ switch when you have parked or stopped on road with poor visibility or
insu cient lighting
⁃ Auxialiary lights
⁃ used to amplify the full beam headlights
⁃ never be combined with any other lights
⁃ eg cornering light that improve visibility in curves
⁃ long-rnage light that improve visibility over longer distances
⁃ turn o automatically when ypu turn o full beam headlights
⁃ Rear fog lights
⁃ one or two strong red rear fog light
⁃ to make car visible from behing in case of fog, heavy rain or snowfall
⁃ very dazzling so turn o when spotted
⁃ Brake lights
⁃ two or three strong red lights on the rear
⁃ turn on automatically when you push the brake pedal
⁃ tap the brake pedal lightly a few times before hard braking
⁃ Rear lights
⁃ atleast two red lights
⁃ turn on automatically when parking, dipped beam or full beam headlights are
on
⁃ weaker thatn brake light
⁃ Reversing lights
⁃ consist of one or two white lights on the rear
⁃ turn on automatically when car is put in reverse
⁃ Indicators
⁃ ashing orange lights
⁃ turned on before turning or moving sideways
⁃ Hazard warning lights
⁃ all car indicators
⁃ pressing the buton with a red-triangle
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 ⁃ always turn on if forced to stop due to emergency where stopping or parking
is prohibbited
⁃ also when being towed
⁃ Rear registration plate light
⁃ THE ELECTRICAL SYSYEM
⁃ Alternator
⁃ converts mechanical energy to electrical energy and stores in battery
⁃ powered by a belt that should be checked occasionally
⁃ belt loose or misaligned can make a high-pitched squealing sound
⁃ battery light warning comes if alternator is not charging the battery
⁃ Fuses
⁃ protect the car's electrical system during short-circuit
⁃ placed either in a box in the engine compartment or under the dashboard
inside the car
⁃ battery
⁃ 100% charge : -65C
⁃ 80 : -45
⁃ 50 : -15
⁃ 10 : -7C
⁃ battery hazard - oxyhydrogen gas and sulfuric acid
⁃ Jump starting
⁃ cannot start due to discharged battery
⁃ jumper cables from another car with a charged battery
⁃ both batteries shd have same rated voltage
⁃ Steps
⁃ Positive terminal with red clips
⁃ Black clip to negative terminal of assisted battery
⁃ Attach other black terminal to unpainted metal surface far from battery
⁃ Start the assisting car and let the engine run for a few minutes
⁃ Start the car that needs assistance
⁃ Disconnect the jumper cables in revere order
⁃ OTHER SYSTEMS
⁃ The cooling system
⁃ control the engine's temperature
⁃ engine may overheat and be damaged
⁃ cars equipped with engone temperature guage
⁃ engine temperature light
⁃ Coolant uid
⁃ if engine temperature is too high, check the coolant level
⁃ consist of half water and half glycol
⁃ warning light on dashboard when its time to replenish the coolant
⁃ Glycol
⁃ protects against rust and prevents freezing
⁃ can withstand temperatures down to about -35 C
⁃ Environmentally hazardous and very toxic
⁃ can create toxic fumes so never mix di erent types of glycol
⁃ The FUEL system
⁃ combustion engines: powered by petrol, diesel and air
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 ⁃ combustion of fuel requires larege amounts of air so check air lter from time
to time
⁃ if clogged, it increases fuel consumption
⁃ replace air lter as its cheap and easy to obtain
⁃ Petroleum contains carcinozen benzene - aviod inhaling and getting petrol on
skin
⁃ The LUBRICATING System
⁃ reduces the friction between the engine's components
⁃ cools the engine by removing heat generated by friction and combustion
⁃ protects engine components against corrosion(rust)
⁃ reduces vibration and engine noise
⁃ cleans the engine by removing debris, dust and other components
⁃ make a habit of checking the engine oil level regularly using dipstick
⁃ Oil pressure warning light
⁃ stop the car as soon as it is safely possible and turn o the engine
⁃ it simply means that the engine is low on oil and should be topped up
⁃ OR low oil-warning light will be yellow in this case
⁃ Windshield and Washer System
⁃ to ensure good driving visibility despite rain, snow, dirt or sludge,washer uid
in the windshield washer system
⁃ windshield vipers should be replaced at regular intervals and washer uid
needs to be replaced when necessary
⁃ warning light on the dashboard to re ll the washer uid
⁃ Washer uid can be purchased diluted or concentrated
⁃ DIlute with water, mix one part concentrate with two parts water
⁃ Windshield defrosters
⁃ if the front or rear windshield fogs up on the inside or is covered with ice on
the outside
⁃ the windshield vipers will not help
⁃ check button
⁃ Warning Lights (Check the CAR - Warning lights)
⁃ ABS : sonething is wrong with the anti-locking braking system
⁃ ESC : if ashing, electronic stability control system is actively working. If its
on then system is either broken or disconnected
⁃ Exhaust : something is wrong with the exhaust exhaust system
⁃ Airbag : something is wrong with the airbag system
⁃ Battery : the alternator is not charging the battery as it should
⁃ Fuel : there is not much fuel usually not more than 5-10 litres
⁃ Brake : either rgotten to release the parking brake or the brake uid level is
too low
⁃ Rear Fog lights: Car's rear fog lights are on (yellow)
⁃ Full beam Headlights: Full beam headlights (blue)
⁃ Engine temperature: engine temperature is too high
⁃ Oil Pressure: stop the car as soon as safely possible
⁃ Power steering: something wrong with the power steering
⁃ Coolant : coolant level is too low
⁃ Frost warning: outside temp is +4 or lower i.e.. the road can be slippery
⁃ TRAILER
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 ⁃ B Class License
⁃ right to drive a private car or light truck with weight not exceeding 3,500 kg
⁃ tow a light trailer with a total weight not exceeding 750 kg
⁃ tow a trailer exceeding 750kg if the combined total weight does not exceed
3500 kg
⁃ Extended B
⁃ tow a trailer exceeding 750 kg if the combined total weight does not exceed
4250 kg
⁃ WEIGHTS
⁃ Car's Kerb weight: Weight of the car + driver + unloaded + fully
equipped(tools, spare wheel, fuel, fuel, engine oil and water)
⁃ Trailer's curb weight: weight of the trailer when unloaded
⁃ Gross weight: Actual weight at a certain moment. So it varies depending on
load and equipment
⁃ Maximum Load: maximum permitted load according to registration certi cate
⁃ Total weight: Kerb weight + maximum load
⁃ REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE
⁃ Trailer's total weight does not exceed O.3
⁃ Trailer's gross weight does not exceed O.1
⁃ Combined grossweight of car + trailer does not exceed F.3
⁃ Tow Ball weight
⁃ the weight a trailer coupling device exerts on a car's tow bar
⁃ correct tow bar weight between 50 to 100 kg
⁃ weight of the load and its position on the trailer determines the tow ball
weight
⁃ heavy loads at back of trailer lowers the ball weight
⁃ heavy load at the front increase the ball weight
⁃ Low tow ball weight
⁃ increases the risk of overturning
⁃ reduces traction on rear wheel drive cars
⁃ may result in driving ban
⁃ High tow ball weight
⁃ dipped headlights can become dazzling
⁃ reduces traction on front wheel drive cars
⁃ increases wear on the rear tyres
⁃ Securing Load
⁃ position, anchor and brace the load correctly so that it cannt be displaced or
fall o
⁃ immediately or mark if load falls o
⁃ distribute the load as evenly as possible
⁃ single heavy object right above or just in front of the trailer's axle
⁃ avoid placing heavy objects at the front or at the back of the trailer
⁃ use tensioning strap and brace, cover and secure with tarpaulin
⁃ Load Securing must withstand
⁃ 80% of load forwards
⁃ 50% of load backwards and sideways
⁃ load must not
⁃ diminish the car or trailer's lighting
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 ⁃ obstruct the view of license plates
⁃ obstruct your visibility or manoeuvring of the car
⁃ LENGTH WIDTH and HEIGHT
⁃ Length : 24 m
⁃ Width : 260 cm
⁃ Height : 4.5 m
⁃ BRAKE Requirements
⁃ Trailer weight > 750 kg - Service Brakes
⁃ Trailer kerb weight > 400 kg - parking brake
⁃ Speed limits
⁃ 80kmph : trailer with brakes
⁃ 80kmph : trailer without brakes if trailer < 0.5 car kerb
⁃ 40kmph : trailer without brakes if trailer > 0.5 car kerb
⁃ Lights abd re ectors
⁃ Front : Two white and two lights if trailer wider than 160 cm
⁃ Sides : Atlease on orange light and orange re ector on each side. More lights
and re ectors if > 6m
⁃ Rear
⁃ two red lights
⁃ brake lights
⁃ two red triangle re ectors
⁃ wihte light that illuminates registration plate and indicators on each side
⁃ TRAILER SAFETY CHECK
⁃ Coupling is secure : tow bar completely inside the coupling device and
locked on the ball
⁃ Towbar weight is correct (50-100 kg)
⁃ Safety wire is properly attached : leads to emergency brake activation
⁃ electrical plug is properly connected
⁃ all the car and trailer lights functioning
⁃ trailer's parking brake is fully released
⁃ jockey wheel is fully raised abd locked
⁃ rear-view mirrors of the car are correctly set
⁃ Towing your car
⁃ done on road's hard shoulder
⁃ on the far right of the carriageway(if there is no hard shoulder)
⁃ on motorway and clearway, towing must be done on the hard shoulder and
only to the rst suitable exit
⁃ 30kmph is the speed limit
⁃ hazard warning lights on the towed car but not on toowing vehicle
⁃ mark tow rope if it exceeds 2 m (no rules on how to mark)
VEHICLE INSPECTIONS
⁃ regular basis
⁃ reduce accidents caused by technical faults
⁃ to reduce pollution
⁃ to ensure that vehicles do not produce more noise or exhaust gases than
permitted
### RULES###
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 ⁃ First time: no later than 36 months after the month in which the vehicle was
rst licensed for use (May2019 - 31May2022)
⁃ Second time: no later than 24 months after the rst inspection month (Sep
2020- 30Sep2022)
⁃ Thereafter: no later than 14 months after the month of most recent
inspection(June2021-Aug312022
⁃ if not inspected in time, an automatic driving ban comes into e ect
⁃ ban is only lifted after the inspection has been completed
⁃ previously last digit of vehicle registration goverened when it was to be
inspected but changed on May,2018
⁃ Flying inspections
⁃ when vehicle is stopped and inspected on site
⁃ may be carried out by police o cers or vehicle inspectors appointed by
Polismyndigheten
REGISTRATION, TAX AND INSURANCE
⁃ comprised of two parts (blue and yellow)
⁃ Blue part (part1)
⁃ Who owns or uses the vehicle
⁃ Technical Information
⁃ Leasing abd Credit purchases Info
⁃ Authorization Code : for making applications to Transportstyrelsen
⁃ The part that should be used when making application to
⁃ license a vehicle for use
⁃ make o road noti cation
⁃ order license plates
⁃ Order part 2 (yellow)
⁃ Yellow part(part 2)
⁃ Current owner details
⁃ previous owners (no more than 3)
⁃ general info about vehicle
⁃ The part that is used when applying in writing for
⁃ ownership change
⁃ deregistration
⁃ You must posses Part 1 of the registration certi cate when driving outside of
sweden
⁃ Since part2 certi es the vehicle's owner. It is important to keep it in a safe
place and not in the vehicle
⁃ Part 2 should always be included when applying to transfer the vehicle
ownership
REGISTRATION INSPECTIONS
⁃ if you alter something on your vehicle so that the information in the RC is no
longer correct, it must undergo registration inspection within one month
⁃ Changes requiring registration inspection are
⁃ modi ed engine type
⁃ asssembly/disassembly of
⁃ Dual controls
⁃ Taxi equipment
⁃ Ethanol conversions
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 ⁃ Hand operated gas and brake controls
⁃ Sunroofs
⁃ A vehicle that was subject to an o road noti cation must undergo a
registration inspection within one week of it being licensed for use
Change of OWNERSHIP
⁃ Bought or Sold a vehicle
⁃ must make a noti cation of change of ownership to Transportstyrelsen
(online/app/vehicle registration certi cate)
⁃ In case of RC
⁃ the original of the latest RC must be signed by both new and previous owners
and sent to Transportstyrelsen within 10 days
⁃ If RC was issues after Sept 2004, the change of ownership must be noti ed
on Part2, the yellow part
⁃ the new owner must take out tra c insurance (third party insurance) that si
valid from the same date speci ed by the change of ownership
⁃ O road noti cations
⁃ not going to use your vehicle for a long period of time
⁃ you dont have to pay vehicle tax or tra c insurance
⁃ Deregisteration is not o -road
⁃ a vehicle should be deregistered after it has been dismantled, rebuilt or
exported
⁃ a vehicle is never subject to o road noti cation unless applied at
Transportstyrelsen
⁃ Apply for o road noti cation in follwing ways
⁃ Online
⁃ Mobile App
⁃ Telephone
⁃ In writing on your RC
⁃ vehicle subject to o road noti cation
⁃ cannot be towed
⁃ driven to the nearest vehicle inspection company
⁃ must have tra c insurance
⁃ there must not be any unpaid tax
VEHICLE TAX
⁃ pay tax to use vehicles on public roads
⁃ tax based on hw much co2 they emit
⁃ private cars of model 2006 or later
⁃ private cars that meet the requirements for
⁃ miljöklass 2005 (euro 5 standards)
⁃ miljöklass el(environmental class electricity)
⁃ miljöklass hybrid (environmental class hybrid)
⁃ for private cars that do not meet above requirements, tax based on car's tax
weight (kerb weight)
⁃ for trailers,light trucks, light buses and mobile homes based on total weight =
kerb weight + max load
⁃ Green cars enjoy a 5 yr excemption from vehicle tax
⁃ Person registered as the owner is liable to pay the vehicle tax
INSURANCE
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 ⁃ all licensed vehicles must have tra c insurance
⁃ it covers certains costs in case of accident but not all
⁃ to increase protection, you can take out
⁃ partial casco insurance and
⁃ vehicle damage insurance
⁃ Partial insurance covers
⁃ tra c insurance
⁃ partial casco insurance
⁃ Full comprehensive insurance
⁃ tra c insurance
⁃ vehicle damage insurance
⁃ partial caso insurance
⁃ gives you the best protection and covers most car damages, regardless of
the cause
⁃ Home insurance
⁃ No-claim bomus
⁃ Right of recourse
⁃ Tra c Insurance
⁃ covres many of the costs that may arise after an accident
⁃ personal injuries
⁃ damage to vehicles that you have collided
⁃ damage to property such as lamp posts and tra c devices etc
⁃ does not cover damage to your car
⁃ if not taken, you will be automatically reported to Swedish Association of
Motor Insurers ans will have to pay a penalty fee
⁃ Partial casco insurance
⁃ collective term for variety of insurance policies to increase protection
⁃ Cover
⁃ Breakdowns
⁃ Glass repairs
⁃ Theft and damage resulting from theft
⁃ Legal Expenses
⁃ Fire Damage
⁃ Roadside assistance and recovery
⁃ Vehicle Damage Insurance
⁃ provides compensation for road-tra c accident damages, even if you are at
fault eg driving o the road or collide with a deer
⁃ compensation for salvage costs and vandalism eg if someone breaks a
window of your car
⁃ Insurance claim forms
⁃ always carry in the car
⁃ always be lled in at the site of the accident

## Chapter 2 PEOPLE ##########

Learning Types
⁃ Probability Learning
⁃ you learn from your experiences in tra c and make decisions based on that
experiences
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 ⁃ for most people it is something positive (probably lower speed and raise
readiness for action)
⁃ something negative since learning process is subconscious
⁃ its important that you actively think about the decisions you make and not
just drive out of habit
⁃ Learning by imitation
⁃ adapting the behavior of others is called imitation
⁃ Subconsious process that can be both positive and negative
⁃ if you know that a peraon close to you is driving irresponsibly, it is important
that you do not take on that person's behavior
⁃ Deep, over and surface learning
⁃ Deep learning, over learning and surface learning deal with how you take on
new theoritical information and practical knowledge
⁃ especailly important during your driver's license theory training
⁃ keep these concepts in the back of your mind in the future as well
⁃ Deep learning
⁃ something positive means that you strive to truly learn and understand the
context and causes of a tra c rule rather than just memorizing the rule
⁃ able tp better understand tra c rules and why they are designed the way
they are
⁃ causes you to retain new knowledge in a much better way than just for
passing
⁃ Over learning
⁃ something positive and means that you practice manoeuvring the car until it
becomes second nature
⁃ required in order for the technical part of your driving to become more or less
automatic
⁃ Practicing changing gears until you can do it quickly and smoothly without
having to think about it and without taking your eyes o the road
⁃ Surface learning
⁃ something negative and occurs when you only try to memorize cartain facts
and knowledge with the aim of passing the theory and driving test
⁃ ignorance and uncertainty this leads can have serious consequences at a
later time
Development Types
⁃ Phase 1 - Immature and Sel sh
⁃ act sel shly and without thinking about the consequences
⁃ Often annoy, surprise and frighten other road users with their impulseive
behavior
⁃ Phase 2 - Small Minded rule follower
⁃ follow the rules blindly and disregard the fact that some road users require
extra consideration and some situations require a little common sense
⁃ they become angry and may act erractically when other road users violate the
rules
⁃ Phase 3 - Mature and Considerate
⁃ Follows the rules but can if required to avert dangerous situation
⁃ they rely on their experience and common sense
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 ⁃ have understanding of other drivers even when they voilate the tra c rules or
do something wrong
YOUNG DRIVERS
⁃ 18-19 years old
⁃ 5-6 times more likely to be involded in a accident
⁃ Factors
⁃ Bad Role Models
⁃ Poor self-knowledge
⁃ Insu cient tra c experience
⁃ Unrealistic concept of reality
⁃ Poor self-control
⁃ Lack of maturity
⁃ Young men
⁃ overestimate their own driving skills and reaction abilities to greater extent
than any other group
⁃ especially common for who have had DL for a couple of years
⁃ self-con dence can make them feel immortal, which leads them to drive too
fast and take unnecessary risks
⁃ Young women
⁃ underestimate their own driving skills
⁃ in recent years have started takng more risks and driving higher speeds
Accident Prone Drivers
⁃ only constitute 15% of the population yet involved in about 50% of all tra c
accidents
⁃ Common behavior
⁃ Impulsive and take risks without thinking about the consequences
⁃ Never learn from their mistakes
⁃ Prestige minded and become o ended when overtaken, honking etc
⁃ get very angry and react in dangerous ways when others make mistakes (self-
assertion)
⁃ are reserved and keep a low pro le in everyday life but opposite behind the
steering wheel (reaction formation)
⁃ do not perceive obviously dangerous situations as risky or simply ignore risks
esp when stresses (repression)
Older Drivers
⁃ over the age of 75
⁃ as likely to be involved in accident as 18-19 yrs i.e.. 5-6 times more likely than
avg driver
⁃ because of impaired senses, poorer reaction abilities and cannot perceive
and interpret information as quickly as younger drivers
⁃ more likely to su er accidents at junctions, changing lanes or entering or
lraving motorways or clearways
⁃ fail to stop at red lights and forget to indicate before they turn
BRAIN
⁃ constatly works to analyse and process all the impression that senses
produce - Perception
⁃ able to pay attention to the right things rather than all things - Selective
Perception
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 ⁃ Beginners - brain has not yet learnt which impressions are the most important
⁃ Scanning
⁃ Inexperienced drivers
⁃ insu ciently short and narrow eld of observation
⁃ x their eyes on static objects such as roadside, central barrier or parked cars
⁃ Experienced Driver
⁃ have a longer and broader eld of observation
⁃ better than paying attention to moving objects whthout xing their eyes on a
object longer than necessary
⁃ able to perceive, sort and priorotise information both consciously and
subconsciously
⁃ Tip : Be active and consciously thinking about moving your eyes and looking
far ahead of the car. Do not x your eyes on anything longer than is necessary
⁃ Tip : Field od observation becomes narrower at high speeds (tunnel vision),
important that you are active and moving your eyes when driving fast
⁃ Reaction ability
⁃ Brain determines the reaction ability and impacts reaction time
⁃ Avg driver's reacting time is 1s
⁃ Reaction ability is determined by experience and not speed
⁃ Experienced drivers react quicker than young drivers
⁃ Crutial factors
⁃ Readiness for action
⁃ Defensive driving style
⁃ High risk awareness
⁃ Lot of experience
⁃ Drivers aged between 45 and 54 have best reaction ability
⁃ Over 75 years have worst reaction ability
⁃ Fatigue, inattention, alcohol, drugs and illness can impair reaction ability
⁃ Assessment ability
⁃ humans can judge distances to a certain extent but are considerably worse at
judging speeds
⁃ poor at determining the speed of oncoming vehicles but betterat judging the
speed of vehicles approaching from side
⁃ assesing meeting points
⁃ meetings with oncoming vehicles occur much earlier than we think they will
⁃ overtaking another vehicle or turning left on a country road
⁃ always expect meeting with oncoming vehicle to come earlier than you think
⁃ Optical illusions
⁃ a car with a broken headlight : motorcycle
⁃ Heavy snowfall and fullbeam headlights : disoriented causing to drive o the
road
⁃ Curvy and hilly road : misinterpret a slope or misjudge a turn
⁃ A motorcycle can be confused with a moped
⁃ Alcohol drugs and fatigue
⁃ optical illusions under normal driving conditions
⁃ lead to hallucinations - perception of something that is not there
⁃ Eyesight
⁃ provides the brain with about 90% of the information needed for driving
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 ⁃ Field of view - 180 degrees
⁃ Direct vision - 1-2%
⁃ focussing on something
⁃ Peripheral vision : 98-99%
⁃ detects movement
⁃ Class B licence : visual accuracy of atleast 0.5
⁃ e ects of visual defects are most noticeable in the dark
⁃ Alcohol
⁃ impairs vision
⁃ reduced ability to assess distances
⁃ glare sensitivity increases
⁃ peripheral and night vision impaired
⁃ enhances in darkness
⁃ Hearing
⁃ honking, accelerating and braking
⁃ sirents on emergency vehicles
⁃ poorly tensioned alternator belt
⁃ drift into shoulder
⁃ road surface condition changes
⁃ shifting wrong gear
⁃ Touch and sense of balance
⁃ selecting the correct gear without having to look
⁃ slippery road
⁃ steering wheel shakes
⁃ drift on a shoulder rumble
⁃ Smell
⁃ exhanust gases enter into the car
⁃ leakage or re furthure down the road
⁃ clutch is overheated
STRESS
⁃ experience plays a big part when stressful
⁃ new drivrs constantly faced with new situations and challenges
⁃ get to know yourself and and understand what causes stress and how to
react
⁃ Moderate stress levels enhance performance
⁃ High stress levels drastically lower performance
⁃ Most common reactions to stress
⁃ Panic
⁃ Tunnel vision
⁃ cant think clearly
⁃ Blackout
⁃ Freeze and just give up
⁃ Resting and defensive driving
⁃ having lot of time when driving somewhere
⁃ choice of time : avoiding rush hour/dark
⁃ ensure that car and its equipment are reliable and in good condition
⁃ practice the manoeuvres and exposing to situations that cause stress under
controlled circumstances
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Peer Pressure
⁃ change our behavior and act in a way when alone
⁃ more for people with low self con dence because they want to be accepted
by group
⁃ causes them to stop trusting their own judgement
⁃ usually negative but can also be positive
⁃ Negative if persuaded to
⁃ drive after driniking alcohol
⁃ drive too fast
⁃ take unnecessary or stupid risks
⁃ Positive if passenger persuades to
⁃ slowdown
⁃ drive within speed limit
⁃ Young driver + Young male passengers : Very high risk
⁃ Drivers bears responsibilty even if passenger incites
⁃ Unlawful driving
⁃ Person without DL asks to test drive / borrow car
⁃ both risks penalty : unlawful driving and permitting unlawful driving
⁃ person with DL incites person without DL when drunk
⁃ to gain respect and acceptance
⁃ make your own decisions
⁃ take responsibilty for group's safety
⁃ dare to speak up for yourself
⁃ As a passenger
⁃ never incite driver in a manner thet he/seh is not comfortable with
⁃ dont hesitate to speak up if you feel insecure with the driving
Fatigue
⁃ 20% of all tra c accidents
⁃ Most common are single car accidents
⁃ 40% of single car accidents happen in darkness or at dawn
⁃ Fatigue and Alcohol - highest factors causing accidents
⁃ reaction time as poor as 0.8 per mile of alcohol when without sleep for 24 hrs
⁃ driving with fatigue is prohibited and the law equates alcohol or drugs
⁃ Fatigue impairs
⁃ Concentration
⁃ Reaction abilities
⁃ Decision making abilities
⁃ PErception
⁃ Coordination
⁃ Sight and hearing
⁃ Judgement
⁃ Early signs of fatigie
⁃ sluggish and indi erent feeling
⁃ slow and unfocussed thinking
⁃ course-keeping ability deteriorates
⁃ yawn deeper and more often
⁃ dry mouth
⁃ Cold feeling
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 ⁃ consider whether it is appropriate to continue driving
⁃ Late signs of Fatigue
⁃ heavy eyelids
⁃ relaxed neck muscles
⁃ double vision
⁃ disoriented feeling
⁃ Hallucination and start imagining things
⁃ totally absent without sleeping
⁃ eyelids close involuntarily
⁃ head falls forward
⁃ stop the car as soon as possible
⁃ increased risk of fatigue when driving at night, in the dark and when start
getting close to your destination
⁃ risk of falling asleep highest between 03:00 - 05:00
⁃ reduced metabolic activity
⁃ body temperature
⁃ blood pressure
⁃ last stretch of journey risk due to tendency to relax
⁃ alcohol makes both tired and less attentive to signs of fatigue, very common
that fatigie-based accidents caused by drunk drivers
⁃ Monotonous driving
⁃ driving loang distances without resting inreases risk of fatigue espacially
driving is monotonous and doesnt require full attention
⁃ monotonous noise from the car's tyres and engine also increases fatigue
⁃ fatigue is one of the biggest causes of fatal accidents on motorways
Microsleep
⁃ biref involuntary episode of sleep that is generally causee by lack of sleep
often combined with repititive monotonous task such as watching TV or
driving
⁃ the light from an oncoming vehicle or the sound of a rumble strip can awaken
a microsleeping driver
⁃ if you allow yourself become so tired you must stop the car as soon as
possible and refrain from driving until it is safe to do so again
⁃ risk not only microsleeping again but also falling into a deep sleep and driving
o the road or into something or someone
⁃ Preventive measures
⁃ good night's sleep the night before driving
⁃ avoid alcohol the day before driving
⁃ regular breaks : stop and step outside the car
⁃ limit the amout you drive in a day
⁃ limit individual periods of driving to no more than 1-1.5 hrs
⁃ avoid eating heavty foods before driving
⁃ keep temperature of the car cool
⁃ if you feel fatigue creeping up on you, ypu must stop and rest
⁃ temp fatigue:
⁃ take a nap for about 20mins
⁃ more than 30 mins you go to deep sleep and feel groggy and disoriented
⁃ combine nap with short walk and cup of co ee (on bene t without nap)
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 ⁃ once you have started feeling fatigue, the risk of happening again is high
ALCOHOL
⁃ vehicles must not be driven by anyone who, due to illness, fatigue, the
in uence of alcohol, other stimulating or anaesthetic substances or for other
reasons, cannot drive the vehicle in a safe manner
⁃ atleast 15,000 car journeys per day under the in uence of alcohol
⁃ 20-30% of all drivers killed in tra c accidents have alcohol in their blood
⁃ 50% of all drivers killed in single car accident have alcohol in their blood
⁃ 0.5 - 1.0 per mille : 13 times more likely to be involved in a tra c accident
⁃ 1.0 - 1.5 : 100 times more likely to be involved in an accident
⁃ 0.5 per mille and aged 18.24 : 900 times greater risk of accident
⁃ per mille : one part per alcohol per 1,000 parts blood
Drunk Driving Limits
⁃ 0.2 per mille blood alcohol : Drunken Driving
⁃ guilty even if less than 0.2 and not been able to drive in a safe manner
⁃ ne or imprisonment for max 6 months
⁃ driving license revoked normally for 12 monthd
Aggravated Drunk Driving
⁃ 1.0 per mille blood alcohol
⁃ guilty if less than 1.0 and caused an accident or has been driving dangerously
and risking an accident
⁃ imprisonment for a maximum 2 yrs
⁃ driving license reviked for 24 months
Shortcut
⁃ Drunken Driving : 0.2
⁃ Aggravated : 1.0
Alcohol Interlock
⁃ for people who have risk of revoked DL dure to drunk driving
⁃ driving license with condition on alcohol interlock
⁃ Breath alcohol ignition interlock device (BAIID)
⁃ prevents vehicle being started by a non-sober driver
⁃ may only drive a car equipped with a personal alcohol interlock
⁃ not available if drunk driving caused by narcotics, or for anyone using
narcotics
⁃ conditional period is one or two years.
⁃ ne or prison sentence carried as usual
E ects of Alcohol
⁃ 0.1 - 0.4 : less inhibitions, overcon dence, longer reaction time
⁃ 0.4 - 1.0 : impaired vision and coordination
⁃ 1.0 -2.0 : double vision, clumsiness and balance problems
⁃ 2.0 - 3.5 : fall into deep sleep
⁃ 3.5 - 5.0 : go into a coma or die
⁃ medications like sedatives or tranquilisers combining with alcohol can impair
driving or even fatal
The day after
⁃ body metabolises about 0.15 per mille alcohol per hour
⁃ equivalent to about two centilitres of alcohol drink of 40% strength
⁃ burn rate is individual
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 ⁃ not possible to increase the pace at which our body burs o alcohol
⁃ process takes place in liver and cannot a ect the rate
⁃ taking sauna, exercising, drinking co ee or anyother miracle cure might make
you feel better but dont a ect the burning rate
⁃ driving ability can be reduced by up to 20% the day after drinking even after
metabolised all the alcohol
⁃ not uncommon for drivers to be arrested for drunk driving the day after
drinking alcohol
Alcohol volumes in beer and wine (40%)
⁃ Beer
⁃ 33cl 2.3% = 1.8 cl spirits
⁃ 50cl 3.5% = 4.3 cl spirits
⁃ 33 cl 5.5% = 4.5 cl spirits
⁃ 50cl 7.2% = 9cl spirits
⁃ Wine
⁃ 15cl 13% = 4.9 cl spirits
⁃ 75cl 13% = 24.3 cl spirits
MEDICATIONS
⁃ driving a ected is always prihibited
⁃ your responsibility to know whether you are a ected or not
⁃ found guilty of drunk driving in case of misjudgement or daggerous drive
even if doctor prescribed
⁃ guilty if taken medication containing narcotic classi ed substances even if not
driven dangerously or not involved in an accident
⁃ refrain from driving if you get following symptoms after medication
⁃ sluggish, tired, dizzy or groggy
⁃ unusually slow reaction
⁃ trouble seeing or hearing
⁃ trouble keeping up with conversations
⁃ hard time performing ordinary, everyday tasks
⁃ impaired judgement
Shortcut
⁃ Narcotic classi ed medication + No doctor's prescription = Guilty
⁃ narcotic classi ed medication + Doctor's prescription + Driving dangerously =
Guilty
⁃ Medication without Narcotic-classi ed substance + Driving Dangerously =
Guilty
NARCOTICS
⁃ zero limit: prohibited to drive regardless of a ected or not
⁃ illegal and legal drugs and certain medications
⁃ can remain in the blood for upto two months - found guilty seven weeks later
⁃ exception : medication prescribed by doctor and only if not a ected by the
medication
⁃ Cocaine and Amphetamines cause hypercativity and greatly increase self-
overestimation
⁃ remove feelings of fatigue but not fatigue itself
⁃ driver may suddenly collapse behind the wheel without feeling tired
⁃ Hashish and Marijuana
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 ⁃ induce hallucinations
⁃ skewed perception of reality
⁃ strong self-overestimation
⁃ impair orientation and ability to absorb external impressions
⁃ a ect for atleast a week
⁃ can stay in the blood for upto two months
ILLNESS
⁃ prohibited to drive if cant be done in a safe manner
⁃ equates driving dangerously due to fatigue or alcohol or drugs
Strong Emotions
⁃ a ect in a negative way
⁃ doesnt mean you must refrain from driving but be aware that driving can be
a ected
⁃ can lead you to making foolish decisions in worst case
⁃ angry, upset or crying behind the wheel 10 times more likely involded in
accidents
Mobile Phone
⁃ prohibited to drive with phone in hand
⁃ not allowed to
⁃ talk on phone without hands-free
⁃ write text messages
⁃ surf the web
⁃ or do anything else with a mobile in your hand while driving
⁃ permitted to talk on phone if you use hands-free device but vaoind for safety
reasons
⁃ talking to mobile phone vs passenger
⁃ phone call not automatically adapted to prevailing tra c situation
⁃ driver can delay the answer and focus on driving during a complicated tra c
situation
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