General Guidelines on Rainwater Harvesting & Artificial

Recharge to Ground Water

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER 2-3

3. RAINWATER HARVESTING 3
4. NEED FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING 3
5. MERITS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING 3-4
6. SOURCE OF WATER FOR RECHARGE 4
7. STRUCTURES SUITABLE FOR RAIN WATER 4-7
HARVESTING IN DIFFERENT TERRAINS

8. CALCULATION OF AMOUNT OF RAIN WATER 8

FROM ROOF TOPS FOR RECHARGING

9. ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES 9-15

10. IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE 16-17

11. MAINTENANCE OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE 18-19

STRUCTURES

12. RECOMMENDATION FOR TYPE OF RWH FOR 19-20

STATES

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INTRODUCTION

Water is a prime life-sustaining natural resource that cannot be created like

other commodities. We have about 18% of the total world population and a
large number of livestock which require water for their survival while we
have only 4% of potable water available. There are many water related
problems like frequent floods, soil-salinization, acid rain, water quality,
droughts, and sea-water intrusion in coastal aquifers due to over drafting etc.
It is estimated that for sustaining the needs of an increasing population and
environmental ecological needs of the country we are fast approaching the
scarcity situation. We already have situation of relative scarcity if we take into
account the affordability of real costs of supplies for purposes of irrigation
and domestic use.

To overcome the water scarcity problem considering the serious

limitations and the high cost involved in enhancing supply, the viable option
is to give priority to conservation of water. India also has a deep historical
roots and strong cultural traditions. These are reflected in our social fabric
and institutions of community life. One of the important traditions is
collecting, storing and preserving water for various uses.

The National Water Mission (NWM) of India focuses on ‚Conservation

of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its more equitable distribution
both across and within States through integrated water resources
development and management‛. The Goal 2 & Goal 3 under the NWM is
‘promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation, augmentation
and preservation’ and Focused attention to vulnerable areas including over-
exploited areas.

Rainwater Harvesting & Artificial Recharge to ground water can be an

effective tool for Water conservation, preservation & augmentation.

CONSERVATION OF GROUND WATER

Almost all the natural resources whether replenishable or non –

replenishable have to be conserved for sustainable development. Water is
important replenishable natural resources. Man has to be careful in the use of
water resources viz. ‚guarding against any willful waste and water
conservation means the elimination of waste not the curtailment of use.‛ In
other words, the requirement of conservation of ground water is to use the

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ground water efficiently and minimize the wastage of ground water so that
the draft from the basin is equal to the recharge and no adverse effects like
falling/ rising in ground water levels and deterioration in ground water
quality is noticed.

RAINWATER HARVESTING

Rainwater Harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of

rainwater at surface or in sub-surface water bearing zones before it is lost as
run off. Rainwater harvesting in India and elsewhere in world is as old as
civilization. This is still being practiced traditionally in some parts of the
country, like Rajasthan and north east states. Similarly majority of domestic
and drinking water supply in Mizoram is met through harvested rainwater.
However use of harvested rain water for artificial ground water recharge is
relatively new in India.

NEED FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Ever increasing population of the country and consequent increased

use of ground water to meet the domestic, irrigation and industrial
requirements, ground water resources were put under tremendous stress.
This has resulted in lowering of water levels in large parts of the country,
necessitating augmentation of ground water through artificial recharge by
means of rainwater harvesting.

MERITS OF RAINWATER HARVESTING

The following are the merits of rainwater harvesting:

a) Rainwater harvesting is an ideal solution to arrest the declining trend

of water levels.
b) The surface runoff, which goes waste to storm drains, is utilized.
c) Rainwater is bacteriological free, purest form of water, free from
organic matter and soft in nature.
d) It helps in reducing the flooding of roads and roundabouts.
e) The structures required for harvesting the rainwater are simple,
economical and eco-friendly.

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f) Rainwater can be harnessed at a time when it is surplus and utilized at

the time of need.
g) Energy can be saved on account of rise in water level.

SOURCE OF WATER FOR RECHARGE

i. Rainwater

ii. Roof top

Most common source of water within the control of common house

owner is roof top water. This rooftop rain water is directly collected in
storage tanks and used by the households.

iii. Run off

Most of the rainwater goes as surface runoff into the streams and
rivers and drains into the sea. Large proportion of rainwater goes unutilized
into the rivers. This water can be tapped in the drain beds by constructing a
series of recharge structures at the suitable locations.

In most of the urban areas, drinking water needs are largely met by
ground water resources. Because of paved and constructed area, a large
volume of runoff water is available. This water can be harvested and
recharged to the ground water by constructing artificial recharge structures
near the points of flooding and diverting the flood water into these structures.

STRUCTURES SUITABLE FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING IN

DIFFERENT TERRAINS

Primarily India can be divided into two major rock types on the basis
of type of sediment deposited as follows:

Alluvial Area: It is suggested that the recharge schemes should only be

taken up in those alluvial areas where depth to post monsoon water level is
more than 10 meter below ground level (mbgl) with yearly decline of more
than 20 cm. in pre monsoon period. In Alluvial Plain the aquifer parameters
are primary in nature which are associated with the original depositional
texture of the sediment and developed at the time of deposition of sediments.

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Hard Rock Terrain: The limit for depth to water level is reduced to 5
mbgl where recharge structures should be constructed because in hard rock
areas the aquifer parameter (porosity, permeability) are secondary in nature.

Secondary parameters are those parameters that developed after

deposition and burial of the sediment in the sedimentary basin. They may
results from dissolving of grains, cracks & fractures in the rocks due to
various natural processes like weathering, leaching etc.

The least permeable rocks are un-fractured intrusive igneous and

metamorphic rocks, followed by un-fractured mudstone, sandstone, and
limestone. The permeability of sandstone can vary widely depending on the
degree of sorting and the amount of cement that is present. Fractured igneous
and metamorphic rocks, and especially fractured volcanic rocks, can be
highly permeable, as can limestone that has been dissolved along fractures
and bedding planes to create openings in the rocks.

Table: Differentiation of Indian States in different Rock-Types:

Sl. No. Name of States/UTs Rock type in the area

1 Andaman and Nicobar Hard Rock, Alluvial Coastal area

Islands
2 Andhra Pradesh Hard Rock
3 Arunachal Pradesh Hard Rock, Alluvial Brahmaputra
Valley
4 Assam Alluvial Plain
5 Bihar Alluvial Plain
6 Chandigarh Alluvial Plain
7 Chhattisgarh Hard Rock
8 Dadra and Nagar Haveli Hard Rock
9 Daman and Diu Hard Rock
10 Delhi Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock
11 Goa Hard Rock
12 Gujarat Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain
13 Haryana Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock
14 Himachal Pradesh Hard Rock
15 Jammu and Kashmir Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain
16 Jharkhand Hard Rock
17 Karnataka Hard Rock
18 Kerala Alluvial Plain, Western Ghat Hard

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Rock
19 Lakshadweep Hard Rock
20 Madhya Pradesh Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain
21 Maharashtra Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain
22 Manipur Hard Rock
23 Meghalaya Hard Rock
24 Mizoram Hard Rock
25 Nagaland Hard Rock
26 Odisha Hard Rock , Alluvial Plain
27 Puducherry Hard Rock
28 Punjab Alluvial Plain
29 Rajasthan Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock,
30 Sikkim Hard Rock
31 Tamil Nadu Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain (Valley
Areas)
32 Tripura Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock
33 Telangana Hard Rock
34 Uttar Pradesh Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock
(Bundelkhand),
35 Uttarakhand Hard Rock, Alluvial Plain (Tarai
Area)
36 West Bengal Alluvial Plain, Hard Rock
(Darjeeling Area)

Rain water harvesting structures in rural areas

In rural areas due to large scale ground water development for

irrigation the withdrawal of ground water has far exceeded the natural
recharge. This has resulted in declining in water levels at fast rate. In some
low lying areas the water remains stagnant for days together during rainy
period. Sometimes due to flooding of areas the crops get damaged and
farmers are not able to grow Rabi crops. This water can be recharged under
gravity.

Following structures may be created for the artificial recharge & RWH
in rural areas.

1. Recharge Pit
2. Recharge Trench
3. Recharge Well / Injection Well

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4. Recharge Shaft
5. Ponds/ Reservoirs, Farm Ponds
6. Surface Storage
7. Recharge through Dug & defunct bore wells.

Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting in urban areas: Methods/ Techniques:

In Cities large scale ground water development is taking place and

water demand is increasing every year due to increase in population and
change in living style. In future there will be more stress on pumping of
ground water due to expanding urbanization, industrialization, increased
floating population and ultimately there will be tremendous pressure on
exploitation of ground water.

Following Structures may be created for the artificial recharge & RWH
for the recharge from the roof top & paved pavements in urban areas:

1. Recharge Pit
2. Recharge Trench
3. Recharge Well / Injection Well
4. Recharge Shaft
5. Ponds/ Reservoirs
6. Surface Storage

(The benefit of roof top rainwater harvesting can be assessed by the fact that from
Roof Top of 100 sq. meter area with annual rainfall of 1000 mm, 80,000 liter rain
water may be conserved / recharged every year)

Suggested Methods for Rain Water Harvesting In Industrial Areas

1. Recharge Pits
2. Recharge Trench
3. Surface Storage/Pond

*(In any case, ‘Recharge Well/ Injection Well’ method should not be adopted in the
industrial areas).*

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CALCULATION OF AMOUNT OF RAIN WATER FROM ROOF TOPS

FOR RECHARGING

The rain water available for groundwater recharging from the roof top
catchment can be computed as follows:

AxRxC
A = Roof Top area
R= Quantum of Rainfall
C = Run-off Co-efficient

Catchment Run-Off Co-efficient

Pucca Roof 0.80

Roof of Tin/ Asbestos shade 0.85

Surface pavement/ unpaved area 0.60-0.70

For Pucca Roof, following computation is made:

If Roof area is 100 sq. meter and rainfall is 1000 mm, the rain water harvesting
potential & available rain water can be computed as follows:-

Total availability of Rain Water = A x R = 100 x 1000 /1000

= 100 cubic meter,
or 1 Lakh Liter

Expected Recharge Potential = A x R x C = 100 x 1000 x 0.80 1000

= 80 cubic meter, or 80,000 Liter

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES

The artificial recharge techniques can be broadly categorized as

follows:

a. Direct surface techniques

• Flooding
• Basins or percolation tanks
• Stream augmentation
• Ditch and furrow system

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• Over irrigation

b. Direct sub surface techniques

• Injection wells or recharge wells
• Recharge pits and shafts
• Dug well recharge
• Bore hole flooding
• Natural openings, cavity fillings

c. Combination surface – sub-surface techniques

• Basin or percolation tanks with pit shaft or wells

d. Indirect Techniques
• Induced recharge from surface water source
• Aquifer modification

Recharge Well

A recharge well is one, which admits water from the surface to aquifer
The recharging well may be: (a) Abandoned open wells/tube wells (b)
Specially designed wells having vertical or horizontal intake slotted pipes (c)
Double purpose which can be used both for pumping and recharging.

Recharge Trench

The recharge trench is suitable for Ephemeral River, drains beds or

around a building using harvested rainwater. Recharge trench can be of any
dimensions, generally it is 2-3m deep, 3-4m wide and of any length. It can be
straight, zigzag, L-shaped, U-shaped and is filled with filter media which can
grade from gravel to boulder. The sides of the trench should slope at low
angle for stability.

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Important points for construction of Recharge Trench:

i) It is constructed when a permeable stratum of adequate thickness is

available at shallow depth.
ii) Recharge trench should be filled with gravel, pebbles and boulder for
filtration of water.
iii) These are constructed across the land slope.
iv) The trench may be 1.5 to 4m wide , 1 to 3m deep and 5 to 300m long
depending upon the availability of land , roof area and length of river /
drain bed.
v) It is suitable for the buildings having the roof area of 200 to 300 sq.m
vi) It is not constructed in the areas where water levels are very deep.
vii) Cleaning of trench should be done periodically.

Recharge shaft

This is like an open well but filled with filter media (graded boulder,
coarse gravel, fine gravel). These are of 1m to 3m diameter circular,
rectangular or square in shape and depth varies from 2m to 12m depending
on the sub-surface lithology of the area and water level. These are filled with
filter material to remove silt and other suspended particles.

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The following points are important while constructing recharge shaft:

i). A recharge shaft is dug manually or drilled by the reverse /direct

rotary drilling machines.
ii) Diameter of recharge shaft generally varies from 1 to 3m depending
upon the availability of water to be recharged.
iii) It is constructed where the aquifer to be recharged is located at shallow
depth
iv) Recharge shaft is back filled with boulders, coarse gravel and fine
gravel for filtration.
v) The recharge shaft should end in permeable strata (sand) to be
recharged.
vi) Depth of recharge shaft varies from 2 to 12 m below ground level as
construction of deeper shafts is difficult and is not economical.
viii) Recharge shaft should be constructed 10 to 15m away from buildings
for the safety of the building.
ix) The shaft should be cleaned periodically by scraping the top layer of
fine sediments deposited.

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Recharge Pit:

Recharge pit is constructed in areas where sandy formations occur

within 1-2 m from ground surface. It can be circular, square or rectangular in
shape.

The following points are important while constructing Recharge Pit:

i) Recharge pits are suitable for recharging very shallow aquifer.

ii) These are constructed generally 1 to 2 m wide and 2 to 3m deep.
iii) After excavation, the pits are refilled with pebbles and boulders.
iv) Water to be recharged should be silt free.
v) Cleaning of the pit should be done periodically.
vi) It is suitable for small buildings having the roof top area upto 100 sq.
meters.

Cavity Wells

Cavity wells are constructed by drilling boreholes with hand boring

and pipes are derived up to the bottom of clay beds. Cavity is formed within

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the underlying sand bed with the help of high capacity pump. Filter /screen is
not used in these wells and the bottom of the pipe is not closed but kept open
for entering water. The filtered water is recharged under gravity through
these wells.

The following points are important while constructing:

i) The cavity well can be constructed in the area where overlying aquifer
layer to be charged is hard and plastic in nature.
ii) The recharge capacity of cavity well is generally 5-10 liters per second.
iii) It is cheap structure as compared to recharge well.
iv) It can also be used as pumping well.
v) The water to be recharged should be silt free.
vi) The cavity should be developed periodically whenever it is found that
its recharge capacity is reduced.

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Dug cum Bore Well

There are number of abandoned dug wells all over the country which
have gone dry or covered with concrete slab for protection. These can be used
as artificial recharge structures after modifying them by constructing a
recharge well at the bottom. A filtration chamber may be constructed so that
water can be made free from silt before water enters into the dug well.

Dug cum Recharge Well

The following points are important for Dug cum Recharge Well:

i) A dry /unused dug well can be used as a recharge structure.

ii) The recharge water is guided through a pipe to the bottom of well to
avoid scouring of bottom.
iii) Before using the dug well as recharge structure, its bottom should be
cleaned and all the fine deposits should be removed.
iv) Recharge water should be silt free.
v) The well should be cleaned regularly.
vi) In order to enhance the rate of recharge, a borehole is drilled at the
bottom of the dug well and it is converted in to dug-cum bore well.

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vii) It is suitable for large buildings preferably having the roof area more
than 1000 sq. meters from where rainwater can be diverted and
recharged.

Abandoned Dug Wells/ Tube wells/ Running Hand Pump

These ground water abstraction structures (abandoned) act as good

recharge structures.

The following points are important for recharge through Abandoned Dug
Wells/ Tube wells/ Running Hand Pump:

i) An abandoned hand pump can also be used for recharge.

ii) The hand pump is suitable for the small buildings having the roof area
up to 150 Sq. meters.
iii) Water is diverted from roof top to the hand pump through pipe of
100mm dia.
iv) Recharge water should be silt free.

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IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE

Artificial Recharge should be taken up in only those areas where water

level is more than 10 m below land surface.
Long term post-monsoon trend should be declining
The aquifer to be recharged should be moderately thick and extensive.
It is essential to drill a 75mm (3‛) dia test borehole with hand boring to
know the sub-surface lithology of the site for construction of recharge
structures. The borehole should be drilled down to at least water level.
This will give an idea of thickness of unsaturated zone to be recharged.
In case of recharging of confined aquifer, the aquifers to be recharged
should be identified on the basis of strata chart of nearest borehole
drilled
In some of the areas, the water levels in unconfined shallow aquifer are
showing rising trend but in deeper confined aquifers these are
receding at fast rate. These are falling at alarming rates. In such areas
unconfined shallow aquifer should not be recharged. The recharge
wells should be constructed tapping only deeper water bearing zones.
The sand filter media should not be used at the top of trench as it does
not allow water to pass through it because it contains more percentage
of finer material, Hence fine gravel (Zeera Bajri) be filled at the top
surface. In case of roof top rain water harvesting the size of gravel
should be 2mm-4mm. If surface runoff is tapped, then it may be kept
1.5mm-3mm to remove the silt from the water to be recharged.
The uncased recharge wells (i.e. borehole filled with gravel ) are not
very effective recharge structures as intake capacity is much less as
compared to cased recharge wells. In case of uncased wells, the
hydrostatic pressure is not built up.
The recharge well will accept water if the water level in the well stands
at least below 32 feet i.e. one atmospheric pressure
The slotted pipes should not be wrapped with nylon net which is in
practice in case of pumping wells. It reduces the effective open area,
thus the intake capacity of the recharge well decreases considerably.
The Galvanized ‘V’ wire screen is more effective as compared to
conventional slotted pipes because 30% open area is available against
10% in M.S. slotted pipes.
The boreholes for construction of deep recharge wells should be
drilled with reverse circulation rotary method. However in case of
shallow recharge well drilling can be carried out with mechanized
hand boring.

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Direct Rotary method should not be deployed for drilling as it chokes

the formation with mud cake and thereby reduces the recharge
capacity of the structure.
The water should be made silt free before it enters into the recharge
well. For this purpose water should be allowed to pass through the
inverted filter media. The water loaded with silt, chokes the gravel
shrouded around the well and enters the sandy formations, thus
reducing the permeability of the formations.
The slot openings of the slotted pipes or ‘V’ wire screen used for
construction of recharging wells should be 1.5mm or 2mm as
percentage of open area is more as compared to pipes having finer slot
openings.
The gravel used for filling the annular space around the well should be
3mm –6mm. The finer gravel reduces the intake capacity of the well
and there are more chances of getting it choked with silt.
The recharge wells should not be constructed closely spaced as cone of
impression starts interfering with passage of time, Hence the recharge
capacity of the wells reduces gradually. However in case of confined
aquifers these can be constructed tapping different aquifers.
In areas where thin water bearing zones occurs, alternating with thick
clay beds the zones to be tapped should be deciphered with electric
logging. In case screen is not properly placed against the aquifers, the
intake capacity of the recharge well is likely to reduce considerably
The trench can be brick lined or it can be R.C.C. The walls of brick
lined trench sometimes collapse due to earth pressure. The life span of
R.C.C. trench is more as compared to brick lined trench.
The circular recharge structure can withstand more earth pressure. So,
it should be preferred where ever possible. The trench can be brick
lined or it can be R.C.C. The walls of brick lined trench sometimes
collapse due to earth pressure. The life span of R.C.C. trench is more as
compared to brick lined trench.
The recharge well should be pumped now and then but preferably
during the non-recharge times to maintain the efficiency of the well.
In case recharge well is not pumped the clay particles choke the screen
of the recharge well and surrounding formation material.

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MAINTENANCE OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STRUCTURES

Roof top rain water harvesting

The recharge structures tapping roof top rainwater does not require
much maintenance as it is silt free. However it has been experienced from the
studies that weed growth start spreading on the filter media and with
passage of time resulting reduction in the intake capacity of the structure. In
order to maintain the structures, periodic cleaning is required. In case it is not
cleared from weeds the recharge structures will not remain effective and its
recharge capacity will get reduced. This can result in making the structure
redundant and all the funds and efforts made on the construction of the
structure will go waste.

Surface Run off

It has been experienced that monsoon runoff during heavy rains

carries lot of silt and clay in colloidal form which gets deposited on the filer
media forming a thick layer obstructing the infiltration of water. This results
in reduction in efficiency of the structure. The growths of weeds and wild
grass also start growing on the silt layer with time, which further reduces the
intake capacity of the structure. Due to above factors, the runoff cannot be
fully utilized for recharge.

Drain Beds

The scheme in recharging ground water by drain beds will be effective

only if the drains are periodically cleaned and are kept free from deposition
of silt and weed growth. The trenches and shafts need periodic cleaning
before the onset of monsoon, during the monsoon period and after the
withdrawal of monsoon.

Run off from grassy land

The runoff generated from grassy lands does not carry much silt and
the filter system of the recharge structure does not get choked too frequently.
However, it has been experienced that runoff carrying dry grass gets
deposited on the filter media but it does not reduce the infiltration rate.
Nonetheless, it needs removal from the filter media now and then to maintain
the structure.

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Paved / Unpaved area

The runoff generated from the paved area can also be used for
recharging ground water by collecting that water in ponds or tanks & then by
artificial recharge. The runoff generated from the paved area carries filth like
tree foliage, used polythene bags, waste papers and other waste material
while the runoff generated from the unpaved area carries lot of silt and other
waste material, which chokes filter media thereby by reducing the infiltration
rate. So, filter media needs to be cleaned periodically for efficient
maintenance of the system.

Pond Water based schemes

Almost in all villages have ponds and they had been serving all these
years a very useful purpose by way of washing of cattle, drinking water for
cattle and other uses except human consumption. Monsoon runoff used to be
collected in these ponds. These ponds can be rejuvenated and can be used for
ground water recharge.

RECOMMENDATION FOR TYPE OF RWH FOR STATES

Template for the State wise data information for suggesting RWH, AR
& Water Conservations Methods

Name of Region: Northern Region

Name of State: Uttar Pradesh

Number of Districts: 75

No. of overexploited Blocks: 91

General Geology of the Area:

The state consists of two geomorphic units (i) Ganga plains (ii)
Bundelkhand plateau. The Ganga plain covers nearly 85% area and is
underlain by a thick pile of unconsolidated alluvial sediments of
Quaternary age overlying the Precambrian basement. These sediments
consist of sands of different grades with clay, silt and occasional gravel
and kankar. The southern part of the state comprises of hard rocks of

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Bijawar and Vindhyan groups. The alluvium forms a very rich

reservoir of ground water.

Agro-climatic zones:

Average Rain Fall: From an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to

84 cm in Western U.P.

Ground Water Level: 3.5 mbgl to 100 mbgl approx.

No. of Bore wells & Tube wells (if available):

Water conservation structures suitable for the area: Recharge Pit,

Recharge Trench, Recharge Well / Injection Well, Recharge Shaft,
Ponds/ Reservoirs, Surface Storage

--------------------------

**The State wise information in the above format is likely to be

received shortly from CGWB (under compilation) which will be
incorporated in the above report **

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