– TITRATIONS CURVES –

REACTIONS BETWEEN ACIDS AND

BASES

Practice Questions:
16.15, 16.31, 16.85, 16.87, 16.89, 16.93, 16.107, 16.109, 16.119, 16.121,
16.135, 16.143.

1
 – TITRATIONS CURVES –
REACTIONS BETWEEN ACIDS AND
BASES
MODULE 24

1. General Remarks
Recall the 3 types of Acid-Base reactions that we will consider:
(i) Strong Acid + Strong Base: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq) → 2 H2O(l) Keq =

(ii) Weak Acid + Strong Base: HA(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) + A–(aq) Keq =

(iii) Strong Acid + Weak Base: H3O+(aq) + B(aq) → H2O(l) + BH+(aq) Keq =

1.1 Equivalence Point

When will the reaction (titration) be complete when we are adding Acid to a solution of Base?

At that time we will observe a sudden ________ of the pH as the solution becomes ______
When will the reaction (titration) be complete when we are adding Base to a solution of Acid?

At that time we will observe a sudden ________ of the pH as the solution becomes ______

This will be called the EQUIVALENCE POINT

1.2 pH right at Equivalence point

What is the pH at Equivalence Point for each of these reactions

2
(i) Strong Acid + Strong Base: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq) → 2 H2O(l)
pH at Equivalence Point =

(ii) Weak Acid + Strong Base: HA(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) + A–(aq)

pH at Equivalence Point =

(iii) Strong Acid + Weak Base: H3O+(aq) + B(aq) → H2O(l) + BH+(aq)

pH at Equivalence Point =

2. Colored Indicators
We will use colored indicators when we do not have a pH meter to determine the equivalence point.
 To be accurate, these indicators must change color as close as possible to the time we reach the
equivalence point. In other words we need these to change color at the pH value expected at the
equivalence point.
 Thus, we will need to choose the right indicator! Since this pH will vary depending on the species
titrated (see above what we just discussed).
 Colored Indicators are organic dyes which are _________________ and thus can be converted to
their organic conjugate base following the equation:
In(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + In–(aq)
For successful use, HIn & In–must be brightly and differently coloured.

Indicator HIn Colour In– Colour

Methyl Orange red yellow
Bromothymol Blue yellow blue
Phenolphthalein colourless bright pink

ethyl Orange (HIn): Bromothymol Blue (HIn): Phenolphthalein (HIn):

3
2.1 When do indicators change color: i.e. how do they work?
Reaction Equation:
HIn(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + In–(aq)
At any time we have a mixture of both HIn and In– but depending on the ratio of the two we see the

color of the acid HIn or the color of the base In–.

Our eyes will easily detect a 1/10 ratio.

[In–] 1
= = 0.1 We see HIn (in that case red)
[HIn] 10
If

[In–] 10
= = 10 We see In– (in that case blue)
[HIn] 1

How can we assess ths ratio

[H3O+]×[In–] Ka(HIn) [In–]

Ka(HIn) =
[HIn]
⇒ [H3O+]
=
[HIn]

From this equation you can understand that the color that we see depends both on the [H 3O+] (or pH) and
Ka(HIn) (or pKa) of the colored indicator.

For example: Let’s assume that we have a colored indicator with Ka(HIn) = 10–7
 At [H3O+] = 10–6 M (i.e. pH = 6):
[In–] Ka(HIn) 10–7 1
= = = 10–1 = 0.1 = we SEE HIn
[HIn] [H3O+] 10–6 10

 At [H3O+] = 10–8 M (i.e. pH = 8):

[In–] Ka(HIn) 10–7 10
= = –8 = 10 = we SEE In–
[HIn] [H3O+] 10 1

So if one has an indicator with a Ka(HIn) = 10–7 i.e. pKa (HIn) = 7

 we see the HIn colour at pH 6 and below i.e. when pH ≤ pKa(HIn) – 1

 we see the In– colour at pH 8 and above i.e when pH ≥ pKa(HIn) + 1

4
 The effective colour change of our indicator will happen at pH = pK a (HIn)  1

 at pH ≤ pKa(HIn) –1 (acidic) we see HIn

 at pH ≥ pKa(HIn) +1 (basic) we see In–

Remember that the pH of the solution at the equivalence point depends on the species that is being titrated

(go back to section 1.2), thus in order to successfully determine the equivalence point

we must choose an indicator whose

pKa(HIn) = pH at equivalence point ± 1
We define

 EQUIVALENCE POINT: the point in a titration when _________________________ of acid and

base have been added or mixed together. (Also known as ________________________________)
 END POINT: the pH at which the indicator _________________________ which ranges from
[pKa(HIn) –1] to [pKa(HIn) + 1].

Pay Attention!!! The equivalence point and end point have nothing to do with each other, unless we
intentionally choose the proper indicator! We must choose the indicator carefully so that the pK a of the
indicator is close to the pH anticipated at the equivalence point.
The end point pH & equivalence point pH should be as close as possible.

For instance recall:

a. When we react a Strong acid with a Strong Base what do you think the pH will be at Equivalence?

b. When we react a Weak acid (e.g. HAc) with a Strong Base what do you think the pH will be at
Equivalence?

Question 1: Consider the titration below and answer the questions a-c (next page)

5
 a. What type of titration are we looking at?

b. What is the volume of acid added at equivalence point?

c. What is the pH at equivalence point?

d. Which is the best Indicator to follow this titration (Ans B)

A) thymol blue (pKIN = 2.0) B) methyl red (pKIN = 5.3)
C) bromothymol blue (pKIN = 6.9) D) phenolphthalein (pKIN = 9.2)
E) alizarin yellow 66 (pKIN = 11.0)

3. Strong Acid - Strong Base Titrations

Consider 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl to which you add 0.100 M NaOH.
Plot pH versus volume of base added.

Rxn: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → H2O(l)

NIE: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq) → 2 H2O(l) K = Kw–1 = 1.0×10+14 >>> 1

The reaction lies well over the

Let’s calculate the pH at various points during the titration

Point 1: 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl
No NaOH added
Solution of HCl 0.100 M
[HCl] = [H3O+] =
pH = – log [H3O+]  pH = 1.000
We now start adding the base: calculations from this point on are all the same:
6
One has to find the limiting reagent and then determine how much excess of the other is present to
determine the final pH.
Point 2: Add 5.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl
mmoles HCl = 0.100 mmoles/mL  25.00 mL =
mmoles OH– = 0.100 mmoles/mL  5.00 mL =
New volume = 5.00 mL + 25.00 mL = 30.00 mL (or 0.03000L)
H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l) K =1/Kw
I 2.50 mmol 0.50 mmol
C
E
[H3O+] =
pH = – log [H3O+] =  pH = 1.176

CALCULATE pH FOR POINT 3-6 BY YOURSELVES go page 8 (see results in table below)

Point 3: Add 15.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl

mmoles HCl = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
mmoles OH = 0.100 mmoles/mL 
–
mL =
new volume =

Rxn: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l)

I 2.50 mmol 1.50 mmol
C
E
[H3O+] =  pH = 1.602

Point 4: Add 20.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl

mmoles HCl = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
mmoles OH– = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
new volume =
Rxn: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l)
I 2.50 mmol 2.00 mmol
C
E

[H3O+] =  pH = 1.95

etc., etc.,
7
Point 5: Add 24.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl (pH = 2.69)

Point 6: Add 24.50 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl (pH = 3.00)

Point 7: Add 25.00 mL of 0.100 M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl

mmoles HCl = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
mmoles OH– = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
new volume = 50.00 mL (volume has now doubled).
This is the _____________________________________ in the titration!

Rxn H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l)

I 2.50 mmol 2.50 mmol
C
E
What we have in solution:
2 H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq) KW = [H3O+][OH–] =
[H3O+] =  pH = –log[H3O+] = 7.00
Point 8: Add 25.10 mL of 0.100M NaOH to 25.00 mL of a 0.100 M HCl
mmoles HCl = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
mmoles OH– = 0.100 mmoles/mL  mL =
new volume =
Rxn: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l)
I (mmol) 2.50 mmol 2.51 mmol
C
E

[OH-] = pOH = – log[OH-] =

pH = 14 – pOH = 10.3
8
TITRATION CURVE:
# Base added (mL) [H3O+] pH
14.0
1 0 0.100 1.00
12.0
2 5.00 0.0667 1.18
10.0
3 15.00 0.0250 1.60
8.0
4 20.00 0.0111 1.95

pH
6.0
5 24.00 0.00204 2.69
4.0
6 24.50 1.0×10–3 3.00
2.0
7 25.00 1.0×10–7 7.00
0.0
8 25.10 5.0×10–11 10.30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Volume of NaOH added (mL)

For ANY SA + SB: H3O+(aq) + OH–(aq)  2 H2O(l) Keq =1.010+14

 pH at the equivalence point will be equal to 7.00: we have a neutral solution (spectator cations &
anions). Refer to Figure 16.12 (pg. 693) in your text for the titration curve of a strong base titrating
a strong acid.

 Pick an indicator whose pKa  7 or Ka  10–7, so that the End Point of the indicator is at the
same pH as the Equivalence Point for the Titration.

Question 2:

1. What “type” of Acid is titrated by NaOH?

9
2. What is the original concentration of acid? (Ans C)
A. 10 M C. 0.10 M
B. 1.0 M D. 0.010 M

3. If the concentration of NaOH is 0.10 M, what was the starting volume of acid? (Ans D)
A. 1.0 mL C. 10 mL
B. 1.5 mL D.15 mL

END OF MODULE 24

PLEASE COMPLETE ACTIVITY 24

10
 – TITRATIONS CURVES –
REACTIONS BETWEEN ACIDS AND
BASES
MODULE 25
4. Weak Acid (WA) + Strong Base (SB)

Consider 50.00 mL 1.0 M of Cyanic Acid NCOH [Ka(NCOH) = 3.5 × 10–4, pKa(NCOH) = 3.46] and titrate
this with 1.0 M NaOH.
Calculate the pH as titration proceeds.

Rx: NaOH(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCONa(aq) + H2O(l)

NIE: OH–(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)

Keq = “Total Reaction” totally toward the products.

As long as there is some strong base it will react with the weak acid. Then once all the OH – has been reacted

we will have in solution NCO– and NCOH: ie. a conjugate acid/base pair in equilibrium with one another

Let’s calculate the pH at various points during the titration

Point 1. No NaOH added, initially we have 1.0 M NCOH Ka(NCOH) = 3.5×10–4
Recognise what type of problem this is:

NCOH(aq) H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NCO–(aq)

+
Eq 1.0 M –x +x +x

[H3O+] × [NCO–]
Ka(NCOH) =
[NCOH]

11
 CNCOH 1.0 M
= =
Ka(NCOH 3.5×10–4
x= ⇨ [H3O+] =

⇨ pH = = 1.73

Let’s check that indeed:

x
× 100 > 5 % ⇒ × 100 = %
CNCOH

Point 2. Add 10.00 mL of 1.0 M NaOH to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH

n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  10.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 10.00 = 60.00 mL
OH– is the ___________________________

Rxn: OH–(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)

I 10 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End

What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both NCOH & NCO – present in non-trivial amounts.

What is the ratio of NCOH to NCO–?

What do we call this kind of solution?

Buffer equilibrium:

NCOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NCO–(aq)

Equilibrium 40 mmol – x x 10 mmol + x

nNCO–
pH = pKa(NCOH) + log
nNCOH

12
Point 3. After 25.00 mL of 1.0 M base added to 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH:
n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  25.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 75 mL
What point in the titration have we reached?
Rxn: OH–(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)
I 25 50 0 (mmol)
C
E

This is a

nNCO–
pH = pKa(NCOH) + log
nNCOH

We are half way to the equivalence point pH =

DYI Point 4. After 40.00 mL of 1.0 M base added to 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH (Ans: pH = 4.06)
n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  40.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 90 mL

Rxn: OH–(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)

I 40 50 0 (mmol)
C
E

This is a
nNCO–
pH = pKa(NCOH) + log
nNCOH
Point 5. After 49.00 mL of base added to 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH (Ans: pH = 5.15)
n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  49.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 99 mL

13
 Rxn: OH–(aq) + NCOH(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)
I 49 50 0 (mmol)
C
E

Not an effective buffer at all, but we can still use the H-H equation, because we still have both conjugates
present in the solution.
Remember the H-H equation was derived from the K a expression for the equilibrium:
NCOH(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NCO–(aq)
Equilibrium 1 –x x 49+ x

x <<< 1 and 49: x is still much smaller than 1 mmol and 49 mmol- we can therefore still use the H-H
equation to calculate the pH, even though this is no longer a buffer!

nNCO–
pH = pKa(NCOH) + log
nNCOH
Point 6. After 50.00 mL base added to 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH
n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 100 mL
What point in the titration have we reached?

Rxn: NCOH(aq) + OH–(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)

I 50 50 0 (mmol)
C
E

We are left with NCO–, ii.e. a solution of a basic Salt NCONa

n(NCO–) = 50 mmol, Volume = 100 mL  CNCONa = 50 mmol/100 mL = 0.5 M

We need to calculate the pH of a 0.5 M solution of a weak base (NCONa)

NCO–(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NCOH(aq) + OH–(aq)
Equilib 0.5–y y y

Kw 10–14
Kb(NCO-) = = = 2.86 × 10–11
Ka(NCOH) 3.5×10–4

14
 CNCONa 0.5 M
= =
Kb(NCO–) 2.86 × 10–11

[OH–] = y = Kb×Cb =
pOH = –log [OH–] =
pH = 14.00 – pOH =
To verify the approximation (5% rule) calculate %Prot =
Point 7. After 51.00 mL strong base added to 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NCOH
n(NCOH) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(OH–) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  51.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 101 mL
NCOH(aq) + OH–(aq)  NCO–(aq) + H2O(l)

I 50 51 0 (mmol)
C
End

We now have SB + WB. What to do?

Rxn: NCO–(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NCOH(aq) + OH–(aq)

CNCO– – y +y COH– + y

⇨ The amount of OH– produced from the reaction of NCO– with H2O is INSIGNIFICANT. So when we
have SB + WB, we can IGNORE the WB contribution because the y value is so small in comparison.
y <<< COH- ⇨ [OH-]  COH-
COH– = 1 mmol/101 mL = 0.01 M

pOH = = 2.0 ⇨ pH = = 12.0

15
Summary for the Weak Acid + Strong Base Titration:
Base
Pt. added pH Comments
(ml)
1. 0 1.73
2. 10 2.86
3. 25 3.46
4. 40 4.06
5. 49 5.15
6. 50 8.58
7. 51 12.0

(Refer to Figure 16.13,

14.000 pg. 694)

12.000

10.000

8.000
pH

6.000

4.000

2.000

0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Volume NaOH Added (mL)

END OF MODULE 25

PLEASE COMPLETE ACTIVITY 25

16
 – TITRATIONS CURVES –
REACTIONS BETWEEN ACIDS AND
BASES
MODULE 26

5. Weak Base (WB) + Strong Acid (SA) Titration

Let’s take 50 mL of 1.0 M NH3 titrated with a 1.0 M solution of HCl
Rx: HCl(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4Cl(aq) + H2O(l)

NIE: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

Kb(NH3) = 1.8  10–5, pK b(NH3)= 4.74
Let’s calculate the pH at various points during the titration
Point 1. No HCl added, initially we have 1.0 M NH3 Kb(NH3) = 1.8  10–5
Recognise what type of problem this is:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) OH–(aq) + NH4+(aq)

Eq 1.0 M –y +y +y

y2
Kb(NH3) =
1.0 – y

CNH3 1.0 M
= =
Kb 1.8 × 10-5
y= ⇨ [OH–] = ⇨ pOH =  pH =

17
Let’s check that indeed:
y
× 100 > 5 % ⇒ × 100 = %
CNH3

Point 2. Add 10.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3

n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  10.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 10.00 = 60.00 mL
H3O+ is the ___________________________

Rxn: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

I 10 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End
What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both NH 3 & NH4+ present in non-trivial amounts.

What is the ratio of NH3 to NH4+?

What do we call this kind of solution?

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)
Equilibrium 10 mmol – x x 40 mmol + x
pKa(NH4+) = 14.00 – pKb(NH3) = 14.00 – 4.74 = 9.26
n(NH3)
pH = pKa(NH4+) + log
n(NH4+)
Point 3. Add 25.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3
n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  25.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 25.00 = 75.00 mL
H3O+ is the ___________________________

H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

Rxn:
I 25 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End

What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both NH 3 & NH4+ present in non-trivial amounts.
18
What is the ratio of NH3 to NH4+?
What do we call this kind of solution?
n(NH3)
pH = pKa(NH4+) + log
n(NH4+)

We are half way to the equivalence point pH =

DYI: Point 4. Add 40.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3 (Ans: pH = 8.65)
n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  40.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 40.00 = 90.00 mL
H3O+ is the ___________________________

Rxn: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

I 40 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End

What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both NH 3 & NH4+ present in non-trivial amounts.
What is the ratio of NH3 to NH4+?
What do we call this kind of solution?
n(NH3)
pH = pKa(NH4+) + log
n(NH4+)

DYI Point 5. Add 49.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3 (Ans: pH = 7.57, Not an
effective buffer)
n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  49.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 49.00 = 99.00 mL
H3O+ is the ___________________________
Rxn: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)
I 49 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End
What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both NH 3 & NH4+ present in non-trivial amounts.

19
What is the ratio of NH3 to NH4+?
Not an effective buffer at all, but we can still use the H-H equation, because we still have both conjugates
present in the solution.

n(NH3)
pH = pKa(NH4+) + log
n(NH4+)

Point 6. Add 50.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3

n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 50.00 = 100.00 mL
What point in the titration have we reached?

Rxn: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

I 50 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End

We are left with NH4+(aq), i.e. a solution of an acidic Salt NH4Cl

n(NH4+) = 50 mmol, Volume = 100 mLCMNH4+ = 50 mmol/100 mL = 0.5 M

We need to calculate the pH of a 0.5 M solution of a weak acid NH 4Cl

NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
Equilib 0.5–x x x

Ka(NH4+) = 10–9.26

CNH4+ 0.5 M
= =
Ka
[H3O–] = x = Ka×Ca =
pH =

To verify the approximation (5% rule) calculate %Deprot =

20
Point 7. Add 51.00 mL of 1.0 M HCl to initial 50.00 mL of 1.0 M NH3
n(NH3) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  50.00 mL = mmol
n(H3O+) = 1.0 mmoles/mL  51.00 mL = mmol
new volume = 50.00 + 51.00 = 101.00 mL

Rxn: H3O+(aq) + NH3(aq)  NH4+(aq) + H2O(l)

I 51 mmol 50 mmol 0
C
End

What we end up with: we now have is a solution with both H 3O+ (SA) & NH4+ (WA) present in non-trivial
amounts.
Rxn: NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH3(aq) + H3O+(aq)
CNH4+ – x +x CH3O+ + x
⇨ The amount of H3O+ (x) produced from the reaction of NH4+ with H2O is INSIGNIFICANT. So when
we have SA + WA, we can IGNORE the WA contribution because the x value is so small in comparison.
x <<< CH3O+ ⇨ [H3O+]  CH3O+
CH3O+ = 1 mmol/101 mL = 0.01 M = 10–2 M
pH =

Points HCl pH Comments

added
(ml) 12.0

1. 0 11.63 10.0

2. 10 9.86 8.0
pH

6.0
3. 25 9.26
4.0
4. 40 8.65
2.0

5. 49 7.57 0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
6. 50 4.78 Volum e of Acid Added (m L)

7. 51 2.00
8. 55 1.32
(Refer to Figure 16.14, pg. 696)

21
Summary: Weak + Strong Titrations

 FOUR KEY SECTIONS:

• Before titration – Weak Acid or Weak Base Problem
• Buffer Region – Use ICE + H-H Equation
• Equivalence Point – Salt Problem (conjugate present)
• After Equivalence Point – Excess OH– or H3O+

 Titration curve non-symmetrical

 Weak acid + strong base - pH at E.P. > 7
 Indicator: e.g., use phenolphthalein (pK In=9.4)
 Weak base + strong acid - pH at E.P. < 7
 Indicator: e.g., use methyl red (pKIn=5.0)

END OF MODULE 26

PLEASE COMPLETE ACTIVITY 26

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