SCIENCE

CH-1 Components of
Food
1. Nutrients of Food:

(i) Carbohydrates are energy-giving compounds like sugar.

(ii) Fat are energy-giving compounds and provide more energy than carbohydrates.

(iii) Proteins are body-building compound.

(iv) Vitamins are protective compounds having no food value, important for proper
body-functioning.

(v) Minerals are protective foods having no energy value; important for body functions.

2. Sources of nutrient:

(i) Potato, bread, rice, wheat, honey, sugar, jaggery (gur) etc. are sources of
carbohydrates

(ii) Soyabean, pea, milk, egg, meat etc. are sources of proteins.

(iii) Butter, cheese, nuts, meat, vegetable oils (like groundnut oil, coconut oil, mustard
oil) etc. sources of fats.

(iv) Milk, cheese, green leafy vegetables, pulses, meat, egg etc. are sources of minerals.

(v) Green leafy vegetables, fruits, milk, eggs, cheese, etc. are sources of vitamins.

(vi) Vegetables, fruits, beans and cereals are sources of roughage. Roughage is essential
for proper functioning of the digestive system.

3. Deficiency diseases:

(i) Occur due to undernutrition or due to the lack of some essential component.

(ii) Goitre: Disease due to the deficiency of iodine.

(iii) Deficiency of carbohydrates leads to (i) body weakness and (ii) loss of stamina.

(iv) Protein-deficiency results in kwashiorkor and marasmus.

4. Diseases due to imbalances in the diet:

 (i) Undernutrition (less quantity of food).

(ii) Overnutrition (excess of food).

(iii) Excessive body weight due to overnutrition.

(iv) Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is a form of malnutrition that results from diets
which lack proteins and carbohydrates.

5. Balanced diet:

It is a diet containing all the essential components of food in proper and correct
quantities.

CH-2 Food : Where Does It

Comes from
1. Food:

(i) Substances from which an organism derives energy and materials for its growth and
maintenance.

(ii) There is a lot of variation in the food items eaten in different regions of our country.

2. Food habit:

(i) Living organisms may be producers (plants) and consumers (animals).

(ii) Animal that eats only plants is a herbivore.

(iii) Animal that eats other animals (or meat) is a carnivore.

(iv) Animal which eats both plants and animals is an omnivore.

(v) Green plants that manufacture their own food are known producers.

3. Source of Food:

Both plants and animals are important sources of food materials to us.

4. Plants as a source of food:

(i) Wheat, rice and maize are cereals.

(ii) Pea, bean, gram, and soybean are pulses.

(iii) Carrot, radish, potato, onion, cabbage, tomato, and spinach are vegetables.
 (iv) Banana, apple, mango, and grapes are fruits.

(v) Ginger (adrak), turmeric (haldi), pepper (kali mirch), chillies (mirch), etc. are spices.

(vi) Cotton, groundnut, mustard, coconut, soyabean, sunflower, etc. are sources of oil.

5. Animals as a source of food:

(i) Milk-yielding animals are cow and buffalo;

(ii) Meat-yielding animals are sheep, goat, pig, etc;

(iii) Poultry animals (providing both meat and egg) are birds like hen, duck, and turkey.

(iv) Honey is obtained from honeybees.

6. Apiculture:

(i) Apiculture is the maintenance of bee colonies, commonly in man-made hives.

(ii) Rearing of honeybees on a large scale.

CH-3 Fibre to Fabric

1. Fibre :

(i) The thin strands of thread which are used to make yarns are called fibres.

(ii) The fibres that we get from plants and animals are called natural fibres. For
example, Jute, silk.

(iii) The fibres which are not obtained from plants or animal sources and are made from
chemical substances are called man-made or synthetic fibres. For example, Nylon,
polyester and rayon.

(iv) Wool and silk fibres are obtained from animals.

(v) Yarn is commonly known as thread which is formed by twisting the fibres. This
brings the fibres together to form a yam.

2. Spinning cotton yarn :

The process of making yarn from fibres is called spinning.

3. Yarn to fabric :

(i) The process in which a single yarn is used to make a piece of fabric is
called knitting.
 (ii) The industry in which fibres are used to make clothes is called the textile industry.

4. Some plant fibre :

(i) Cotton yarn is extremely useful in making garments, bedsheets, towels and other
textile items.

(ii) Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of the jute plant by a process called retting. In
this process, the stem of the jute plant is soaked in water to separate jute fibres from the
stem.

(iii) Jute fibres are used for making gunny bags, cheap rugs, carpets, curtains, ropes, etc.

(iv) Fabric means a woven material, a textile or other material resembling woven cloth.

(v) Fabrics are made by the two main processes known as weaving and knitting.

(vi) Cotton plants are usually grown at places having black soil and warm climates.

(vii) Cotton is grown in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Punjab and
Madhya Pradesh.

(viii) The fruit of the cotton plant is known as cotton boll.

(ix) Fibres are separated from the seeds by combing the cotton balls. This process is
called the ginning of cotton.

(x) Charkha is a device used for spinning cotton.

(xi) The compressed cotton bundles are called bales.

(xii) Raw cotton is cleaned, combed and straightened and finally converted into a rope-
like structure called sliver.

(xiii) The process of arranging two sets of yarns together to make a fabric is
called weaving.

5. Uses of cloths :

(i) Clothing is necessary for protection against wind and weather, maintenance of body
temperature and to enhance our personality.

(ii) Woollen and cotton clothes are rough to touch, but clothes made up of synthetic
fibres such as rayon, nylon or polyesters are smooth to touch

CH-4 Sorting Materials into

Groups
1. Object around us :

(i) The substances which are used in making different objects are called materials.

(ii) Man-made materials are not found in nature but have been made by man on
combining two or more natural materials.

(iii) Naturally occurring materials are naturally occurring substances which have been
used by man directly for his needs and requirements.

(iv) Placing similar things together is called grouping.

(v) Grouping of different materials on the basis of their size, shape, colour, smell, use,
etc., is known as classification of materials.

(vi) Substances which disappear completely upon mixing into water are called water-
soluble and those which do not are called water-insoluble. Salt is soluble in water
whereas sand is insoluble.

2. Properties of materials :

(i) A material which is difficult to compress or scratch is said to be hard.

(ii) Materials that are shiny, or their freshly cut surfaces are shiny are called lustrous
materials and their shine is called lustre.

(iii) Metal is a hard, shiny, solid material which is able to be shaped and can conduct
electricity and heat.

(iv) The materials through which things can be seen clearly and light can pass through
them are said to be transparent.

(v) The materials through which objects can be seen but not clearly and light can pass
partially through them are said to be translucent.

(vi) The materials through which we are not able to see or light cannot pass through
them to be opaque.

(vii) An object having an uneven or irregular surface, not smooth or levelled or polished
is said to be rough. Ex: Sandpaper.

(viii) Those objects that do not have any bumps or ridges such as silk are smooth.

(ix) Non-metals are commonly soft, broken into pieces on being beaten e.g., carbon,
sulphur, oxygen.

(x) A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances such as a mixture of sugar and
water is called a solution.
CH-5 Separation of
Substances
1. Substances :

(i) Substances which contain only one type of constituent particle either of an element
or a compound are known as pure substances. For example, copper, iron, water,
common salt and sugar.

(ii) Substances that contain two or more than two types of elements or compounds in no
fixed ratio are called impure substances. For example, Air (the constituents of air are
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, dust, water vapour).

(iii) A mixture is a material made by mixing two or more substances which can be
easily separated.

(iv) The constituents of a mixture do not lose their original properties such as particle’s
size, density, melting point, boiling point, etc.

2. Solution :

(i) Solute is a substance that dissolves in another substance, e.g. salt, sugar.

(ii) Solvent is a substance in which solute dissolves, e.g. water.

(iii) A mixture of solute and solvent is called solution.

(iv) A solution in which more of a substance can be dissolved is called an unsaturated

solution.

(v) A saturated solution is one in which no more of a substance can be dissolved at a

fixed temperature.

(vi) The quantity of a substance that can be dissolved in a fixed amount of another
substance at a given temperature is fixed and is called the solubility of the substance.

3. Methods of separation :

(i) Handpicking is the simplest of all methods. Ex: Small pebbles are picked up from
rice or wheat.

(ii) Winnowing is used by farmers for separating lighter husk particles from heavier
grains of wheat.

(iii) The process used to separate grains from stalks is called threshing.

(iv) A sieve has a fine net or gauze fixed on a wooden or metal frame. It is used for
separating fine particles from the bigger ones. This process is known as sieving.
 (v) When the heavier component of a mixture settles down in the container, it is
called sedimentation.

(vi) The process of increasing the rate of sedimentation in a suspension, by adding

chemicals, such as alum is called Loading.

(vii) Decantation is the process of pouring the upper clear liquid into another container
without disturbing the sediments.

(viii) Decantation is used for purifying river water containing sand. This is also used for
the separation of mud or sludge from sewage (waste water of cities).

(ix) Separating funnel is a funnel provided with a tap, used for separating two
immiscible liquids.

(x) In filtration the mixture is dropped on a porous material known as filter. The liquid
passes through the filter and comes down as filtrate. The insoluble solid left behind is
known as residue.

(xi) The principle of centrifugal force is applied for separation of solids and liquids.
This method is called centrifugation.

(xii) The process of conversion of water into vapour form is called evaporation.

(xiii) The process of conversion of vapour of a liquid to its liquid form is

called condensation.

(xiv) The process of removing impurities and obtaining a pure substance is

called purification or refining.

(xv) A substance is a type of matter that cannot be separated into other types of matter
by physical method.

(xvi) The process of separating the components of a liquid by agitating it vigorously is

known as churning

CH-6 Changes Around Us

1. Changes and their Types

(i) Changes mainly are of two types: physical change and chemical change.

(ii) When a substance undergoes a change in shape, size, colour or state without the
formation of a new substance, then it is called a physical change.

(iii) In a physical change, generally no new substance is formed.

(iv) When a substance undergoes a change in its composition, it is called a chemical

change.
 (v) In a chemical change, new substance is formed.

2. Chemical Reaction

(i) A chemical change is also called chemical reaction.

(ii) In any change heat, light, radiation or sounds may also be produced. In a change,
new colour or smell may appear.

3. Crystallisation

The process of separating a soluble solid from the solution on heating is called
crystallisation.

4. Galvanisation

The process of depositing zinc on any metal is called galvanisation.

CH-7 Getting to know Plants

1. Plants, on the basis of height:

(i) A herb is a small plant with fleshy or juicy stem.

(ii) A shrub or bush is a small- to medium-sized perennial.

(iii) A tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk.

2. Root system:

(i) Tap root and fibrous root are types.

(ii) Tap root system consists of a single main root (called the tap root) from which
lateral roots develop, as in mustard and pea.

(iii) Roots perform several functions: fix the plant to the ground, absorb water and
minerals from the soil, and also bind the soil particles together.

3. Shoot system:

(i) The shoot system consists of stem, leaves, flowers and fruits.

(ii) The stem is divided into nodes and internodes and bears apical buds and axillary
buds.

(iii) The stem provides support, helps in conduction of water and minerals.

(iv)The leaf is a green flattened structure, meant for manufacturing food for the plant
body by the process of photosynthesis.
 (v) The pattern of veins on the leaf is called venation.

(vi) A leaf, typically, consists of three parts – leaf base, stalk or petiole and leaf blade or
lamina.

(vii) Leaves are attached to the stem at places called nodes. The part of the stem
between two nodes is called internode.

(viii) Besides performing the function of photosynthesis, leaves also carry out
respiration and transpiration.

4. Reproductive part of plant:

(i) The reproductive part, flower, consists of four sets of floral parts, arranged in whorls.
These are calyx, corolla, stamen and pistil.

(ii) Stamens represent the male reproductive organs, while pistil is the female
reproductive organ.

(iii) The pistil consists of ovary, style and stigma.

(iv) Pollen grains are the fine dust-like particles produced inside anthers of a flower which
take part in sexual reproduction.

CH-8 Body Movements

1. Movement and Locomotion:

(i) Movement is the change in position of only a part of the body.

(ii) The act of moving the body from one place to another is called locomotion.

(iii) Locomotion in humans is brought about by skeletal and muscular systems.

2. Human skeleton:

(i) Skeleton is the framework of the body formed by bones and cartilages.

(ii) Skeleton system performs the functions of protection, movement and providing
shape to the body.

(iii) Endoskeleton are the internal skeleton, made of bones, as in humans.

(iv) Exoskeleton are the external skeleton, as found in insects and snails.

3. Joints and its types:

(i) Joint is the place where two or more bones meet.

 (ii) Ligament: Tough structures which hold the bones together at a joint.

(iii) Different types of joints occur in the human body; the type of joint determines the
direction of movement.

(iv) Hinge joint, ball and socket joint, pivotal joint are some examples of different types
of joints.

4. Muscles:

(i) Muscles work by contraction and relaxation. Muscles work in pairs - one contracts
and the other relaxes.

(ii) Two muscles have to work together to move a bone.

5. Gait of Animals:

(i) Birds fly with the help of wings.

(ii) Fishes move in water with the help of fins.

(iii) An earthworm does not have bones. It has muscles which help to extend and
shorten the body during movement.

(iv) Cockroaches walk and climb as well as fly in the air. They have three pairs of legs. These
help in walking. There are two pairs of wings attached to the body behind the head.

CH-9 The Living Materials

1. Habitat and Adaptation:

(i) The place where an organism lives is called its habitat.

(ii) Habitats consist of two components — Biotic (living) and Abiotic (non-living).

(iii) Living components include plants, animals including humans and decomposers.

(iv) A number of abiotic factors influencing the habitat and survival of organisms are
temperature, light, water, air and soil.

(v) Plants and animals show features which help them to survive in specific habitats.
This is called adaptation.

2. A journey through different habitats:

(i) Organisms living in water are called aquatic, while those on land are terrestrial.

(ii) On the basis of habitat, animals may be aquatic (living in water), terrestrial (living
on land), amphibious (living both on land and in water), or arboreal (living on trees).
 (iii) Decomposers : Organisms, like bacteria and fungi, responsible for the decay of
plants and animals.

(iv) Heterotrophic organisms : Organisms which cannot prepare their own food, like
animals.

3. Characteristics of Organisms:

(i) Living things exhibit certain characteristics that distinguish the living matter from
non-living matter. These characteristics include cellular organisation, nutrition,
respiration, growth, excretion, reproduction, movement and response to stimuli.

(ii) Life cycle is the cycle of birth, growth, reproduction and death.

(iii) Lifespan is the period in which an organism completes its life cycle.

(iv) Nutrition is the process of obtaining food materials by living organisms, needed for
their growth and development.

(v) Photosynthesis is the process of food manufacture in green plants.

(vi) Phototropic movement is the movement of organisms towards light.

(vii) Respiration is the process of taking in oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide; it
produces energy from the breakdown of food.

(viii) Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce young ones of
their own kind.

(ix) Responsiveness is the ability of living organisms to respond to stimuli or changes in

their surroundings.

(x) Stimulus is anything which produces a response in an organism.

CH-10 Motion
1. Introduction to Motion:

(i) Rest: When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change
with time.

(ii) Motion: When the position of a body with respect to a reference point changes with
time, the body is said to be in motion.

(iii) Uniform motion: When a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time
along the same straight line.

(iv) Non-uniform motion: When a body covers unequal distances in fixed intervals of
time along the same straight line.
 (v) Periodic motion: A repetitive motion, which repeats itself after fixed intervals of
time.

(vi) Examples of oscillatory motion and vibratory motion are collectively called
examples of periodic motion.

(vii) Non-periodic motion: A motion which does not repeat itself after regular intervals
of time.

(viii) A football player running in a field, a cricket ball rolling down the ground,
slowing down of a railway train on the application of brakes are the examples of non-
periodic motion.

(ix) Oscillatory motion: A motion in which an object describes to and fro or back and
forth motion along the same path.

(x) A boy on a moving swing, a pendulum of a clock moving to and fro about its mean
position, a needle of sewing machine moving up and down, etc., are the examples of
oscillatory motion.

(xi) Rectilinear motion: A motion described by a body along a straight line.

(xii) A freely falling stone, a car moving on a straight road, a train moving on a straight
rail track are the examples of rectilinear motion.

(xiii) Curvilinear motion: Motion of a body in a curved line.

(xiv) A ball thrown upward at an angle or a car moving along the curved part of the road
are the examples of curvilinear motion.

(xv) Circular motion: A motion in which a body moves about a fixed axis without
changing the position of this axis.

(xvi) Rotational motion: A body is said to be in rotational motion when every particle of
that body is in circular motion about a fixed axis.

(xvii) A spinning wheel, a charkha, a spinning top, a spinning potter's wheel, a rotating
ceiling fan and a spinning wheel of a bicycle, etc., are the examples of rotatory motion.

(xviii) Vibratory motion: A kind of oscillatory motion in which the moving object
undergoes a change in shape and size.

(xix) The strings of the musical instruments such as guitar, violin, sitar, etc., produce
vibratory motion.

(xx) Sometimes a body can have translatory and rotatory motion at the same time. For
example, the moon going around the earth or the earth going around the sun, or a screw
when driven in a piece of wood.

2. Measurements of Length:
 (i) Length: Actual distance between two points.

(ii) Cubit: Arm length, which is 40 cm40 cm to 45 cm45 cm.

(iii) Hand span: Length in between the thumb and index finger of an outstretched palm.

(iv) Horizontal: Anything parallel to the surface of the earth.

3. Units of Measurement:

(i) A unit which is acceptable to a majority of people as a basic unit of measurement is

called a standard unit.

(ii) The SI unit of length is metre. One metre is ten-

millionth (1/10,000,000)1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to the north
pole, along the longitude passing through Paris in France.

(iii) One of the multiples of metre is kilometre. It is equal to 10001000 metres.

(iv) Sub-multiples of metre are centimetre and millimetre. One centimetre is equal to
one hundredth (1100/)1100 part of a metre. One millimetre is equal to one
thousandth (11000/)11000 part of a metre.

CH-11 Light
1. Transparent, Opaque and Translucent Objects:

(i) Light is an invisible energy which causes in us the sensation of vision.

(ii) Luminous body: A body which emits light by itself is called a luminous body.

(iii) Non-luminous body: A body which does not emit light of its own but becomes
visible in light is called a non-luminous body.

(iv) Optical medium: Any material or non-material through which light passes wholly or
partially.

(v) Opaque body: A body which does not allow light energy to pass through it.

(vi) Transparent medium: A medium which allows most of the light energy to pass
through it.

(vii) Translucent medium: A medium which partially allows the light energy to pass
through it.

2. Shadows:

(i) Shadow: A dark patch formed behind an opaque body, when placed in the path of
light.
 (ii) Light always travels in straight lines.

(iii) For the formation of shadow there must be

(a) a source of light

(b) an opaque body to obstruct light and

(c) an opaque screen to receive shadow. Pinhole camera is based on the principle
of rectilinear propagation of light.

(iv) Images of the objects show all the details of object, whereas the shadows are dark
outlines of the objects.

3. Pinhole Camera:

(i) The image formed in a pinhole camera is real, inverted and diminished in size.

4. Mirrors and Reflections:

(i) Reflection: The phenomenon due to which beam of light bounces off from a smooth
polished surface in some other direction.

CH-12 Electricity and Circuits

1. Electric Cell:

(i) Electric cell: A device which converts the energy of chemicals into electric energy.

(ii) Battery: A combination of two or more electric cells.

(iii) Terminals: The ends of an electric cell or any other electric device are called
terminals.

(iv) The central terminal (metal cap) of an electric cell is its positive terminal.

(v) The base of an electric cell is its negative terminal.

2. Bulb Connected to an Electric Cell:

(i) Bulb: It is an electric device which converts electric energy into light energy.

(ii) Filament: A very thin coil of metal which glows brightly on passing electricity.

(iii) An electric bulb has two terminals.

3. Electric Circuit:

(i) Electric current: The flow of electricity in a conductor.

 (ii) Electric circuit: The continuous path from the positive terminal of an electric cell to
its negative terminal through which the electric current flows.

(iii) A complete electric circuit is called closed electric circuit and electric current flows
through it.

(iv) An incomplete electric circuit is called open electric circuit. It is broken at some
point and no electric current flows through it.

(v) The electric current in a closed circuit always flows from the positive terminal of the
electric cell to the negative terminal of the electric cell.

4. Electric Switch:

(i) Electric switch: An electric device which easily closes or opens an electric circuit.

(ii) Closed switch: Terminals of the switch are joined through a conductor.

(iii) Open switch: Terminals of the switch are not joined through a conductor.

5. Electric Conductors and Insulators:

(i) Electric conductor: A material through which electric current passes easily.

(ii) Insulator: A material which does not allow the electricity to pass through it.

CH-13 Fun with magnets

1. Discovery of Magnets:

(i) Magnet: A material (substance) which attracts pieces of iron or steel.

(ii) Magnetite: An ore of iron which has magnetic properties.

(iii) A magnet which occurs in nature and is not made by any artificial means is called a
natural magnet.

(iv) A substance to which properties of a magnet are imparted by artificial means is

called an artificial magnet.

2. Magnetic and Non-Magnetic materials:

(i) The substances which are strongly attracted by a magnet and can be easily
magnetised are called magnetic substances.

(ii) The substances which are not attracted by a magnet and cannot be magnetised are
called nonmagnetic substances.

3. Poles of Magnet:
 (i) North pole of a magnet: The end of a freely suspended magnet, which points towards
the geographic north pole.

(ii) South pole of a magnet: The end of a freely suspended magnet, which points
towards the geographic south pole.

4. Finding Directions:

(i) The two most important properties of a magnet are its attractive property and its
directive property.

(ii) A magnetic compass is a freely suspended magnetic needle, placed in an

aluminium box at the base of which are marked geographic directions. It is used by the
sailors and navigators for finding directions at a given place.

(iii) A freely suspended magnet always points in the north-south direction.

5. Making Your Own Magnet:

(i) An unmagnetised piece of iron can be magnetised by rubbing it with a permanent bar
magnet.

6. Attraction and Repulsion Between Magnets:

(i) Similar poles of magnets repel each other, whereas opposite poles of magnets attract
each other.

(ii) A permanent magnet loses its magnetism if heated or hammered or rough handled.

(iii) Bar magnets are stored in pairs, separated from one another by a wooden partition
and iron keepers are placed at their ends.

(iv) Electronic devices get damaged by strong magnets. Such devices should be kept
away from strong magnets.

CH-14 Water
1. Importance of water:

(i) Water is very essential for life. It should get conserved.

2. Diseases caused by unclean water:

(i) Unclean and dirty water contain many harmful chemicals and germs which can cause various diseases
to us.

(ii) Diseases like diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid, and dysentery are communicable water-borne diseases.

(iii) When a person has diarrhoea and vomiting, they must sip slowly the water, and they must eat light
food.

3. Pollution of drinking water:

 (i) Drinking water places get dirty because of dumping garbage, spitting, bathing animals, and washing
clothes and utensils.

4. Water purification:

(i) Water must be cleaned either by boiling it or by adding alum to it.

5. Prevention of water pollution:

(i) People should avoid throwing waste into the water bodies.

(ii) People should avoid washing and bathing in river water.

(iii) Sewage water and Industrial wastes should be treated before throwing into rivers.

6. Water park:

(i) The water park might take the water from the water bodies of the nearby villages if not, they might
draw the groundwater to fill up their pools. Because of this, the nearby village did not have water even to
drink.

CH-15 Air Around Us

1. Air and atmosphere :

(i) The invisible thin layer of air surrounding the Earth is known as the atmosphere.

(ii) Air is a mixture of

nearly 78%78% nitrogen, 21%21% oxygen, 0.9%0.9% argon, 0.04%0.04% water
vapour, 0.03%0.03% carbon dioxide and the remaining 0.03%0.03% are inert gases.

2. What is air made up of :

(i) Human beings and animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide during
breathing.

(ii) Organisms that live in soil (termites and earthworms) use the air trapped between
the soil particles for respiration.

(iii) Oxygen present in atmosphere is supporter of combustion.

(iv) On burning plant and animal matter, carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere
along with other gases.

(v) Water is present as water vapour in the atmosphere. The gaseous form of water is
called water vapour. Presence of water vapour in air is necessary for the water cycle.

(vi) Air also consists of dust and smoke. These are released in the air mainly due to
burning of fuel and also due to other activities.

3. How is the oxygen in the atmosphere replaced?

 (i) In the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll, plants prepare their own food from water
and carbon dioxide through a process called photosynthesis.

(ii) During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen. This is
how the volume of oxygen is maintained in the atmosphere.

(iii) Moving air is called wind.

(iv) Weather cock shows the direction of air in which it is moving.

(v) Windmills are used for pumping groundwater, producing electricity or helping
people sail boat.

4. Air pollution :

(i) An undesirable change in the natural quality of air is known as air pollution.

(ii) Greenhouse gases have the property of absorbing infrared radiations and prevent the
escape of heat from the earth.

CH-16 Garbage in, Garbage

Out
1. Dealing with Garbage:

(i) Waste, which we produce daily, is anything which is thrown away.

(ii) Some wastes are biodegradable (domestic sewage, newspapers, vegetable matter), while others
are non-biodegradable (plastic, glass, iron nails, aluminium cans).

(iii) Biodegradable wastes are the waste material that can be broken down to simpler substances by micro-
organisms

(iv) Non-biodegradable wastes are the waste material that cannot be broken to down easily or take a very
long time to rot.

(v) Landfill is an area where the solid garbage from a city is dumped.

(vi) The Prime Minister of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM). The aim of this mission is
to create an open defecation-free India by 22 October 20192019.

2. Vermicomposting:

(i) Composting is the conversion of solid waste matter into manure (by decomposition).

(ii) Composting with the help of earthworm is called vermicomposting.

3. Recycling of paper:

(i) Recycling means putting unwanted things or waste materials into new use.
 (ii) Recycling of wastes is important to maintain a clean and healthy environment, as well as to conserve
the natural resources.

4. Plastics - Boon or a curse?:

All kinds of plastics give out harmful gases, upon heating or burning. These gases may cause many health
problems, including cancer, in humans.

THE END!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!