Questions 1-11

(1) The time when humans crossed the Arctic land bridge from Siberia to Alaska seems
remote to us today, but actually represents a
(5) late stage in prehistory of humans, an era when polished stone implements and bows and
arrows were already being used, and dogs had already been domesticated.
(10) When these early migrants arrived in North America, they found the woods and plains
dominated by three types of American mammoths. These elephants were distinguished
(15) from today's elephants mainly by their thick, shaggy coats and their huge, upward-
curving tusks. They had arrived on the continent hundreds of thousands of
(20) years before their human followers. The wooly mammoth in the North, the Columbian
mammoth in middle North America, and the imperial mammoth of the South, together
(25) with their distant cousins the mastodons, dominated the land. Here, as in the Old World,
there is evidence that humans hunted these elephants, as shown by the
(30) numerous spear points found with mammoth remains. Then, at the end of the Ice Age,
when the last glaciers had retreated, there was a relatively sudden and
(35) widespread extinction of elephants. In the New World, both mammoths and mastodons
disappeared. In the Old World, only Indian and African elephants survived.
(40) Why did the huge, seemingly successful mammoths disappear? Were humans connected
with their extinction? Perhaps, but at that time, although they were cunning
(45) hunters, humans were still widely scattered and not very numerous. It is difficult to see
how they could have prevailed over the mammoth to such an extent.
1. With which of the following is the passage primarily concerned?
(A) Migration from Siberia to Alaska
(B) Techniques used to hunt mammoths
(C) The prehistory of humans
(D) The relationship between man and mammoth in the New World
2. The word "implements" in line 6 is closest in meaning to …
(A) tools
(B) ornaments
(C) houses
(D) carvings
3. The phrase "these early migrants" in line 10 refers to …
(A) mammoths
(B) humans
(C) dogs
(D) mastodons
4. Where were the imperial mammoths the dominant type of mammoth?
(A) In Alaska
(B) In the central portion of North America
(C) In the southern part of North America
(D) In South America
5. It can be inferred that when humans crossed into the New World, they …
(A) had previously hunted mammoths in Siberia
(B) had never seen mammoths before
(C) brought mammoths with them from the Old World
(D) soon learned to use dogs to hunt mammoths
6. Which of the following could best substitute for the word "remains" in line 31?
(A) Bones
(B) Drawings
(C) Footprints
(D) Spear points
7. The word "seemingly" in line 40 is closest in meaning to …
(A) tremendously
(B) apparently
(C) formerly
(D) obviously
8. The passage supports which of the following conclusions about mammoths?
(A) Humans hunted them to extinction.
(B) The freezing temperatures of the Ice Age destroyed their food supply.
(C) The cause of their extinction is not definitely known.
(D) Competition with mastodons caused them to become extinct.
9. The word "cunning" in line 44 is closest in meaning to …
(A) clever
(B) determined
(C) efficient
(D) cautious
10. Which of the following is NOT true about prehistoric humans at the time of the
mammoths' extinction?
(A) They were relatively few in number.
(B) They knew how to use bows and arrows.
(C) They were concentrated in a small area.
(D) They were skilled hunters.
11. Which of the following types of elephants does the author discuss in the most detail
in the passage?
(A) The mastodon
(B) The mammoth
(C) The Indian elephant
(D) The African elephant
Question 12-23
(1) Just before and during World War I, a number of white musicians came to Chicago from
New Orleans playing in an idiom they had learned from
(5) blacks in that city. Five of them formed what eventually became known as the Original
Dixieland Band. They moved to New York in 1917 and won fame there. That year they
(10) recorded the first phonograph record identified as jazz.
The first important recording by black musicians was made in Chicago in 1923 by King
Oliver's Creole Jazz
(15) Band, a group that featured some of the foremost jazz musicians of the time, including
trumpet player Louis Armstrong. Armstrong's dynamic trumpet style became famous
(20) worldwide. Other band members had played in Fate Marable's band, which traveled up
and down the Mississippi River entertaining passengers on riverboats.
(25) The characteristics of this early type of jazz, known as Dixieland jazz, included a
complex interweaving of melodic lines among the cornet or trumpet, clarinet, and trombone,
and
(30) a steady chomp-chomp beat provided by the rhythm section, which included the piano,
bass, and drums. Most bands used no written notations, preferring arrangements
(35) agreed on verbally.
Improvisation was an indispensable element. Even bandleaders such as Duke Ellington, who
provided his musicians with written
(40) arrangements, permitted them plenty to freedom to improvise when playing solos.
In the late 1920's, the most influential jazz artists in Chicago
(45) were members of small bands such as the Wolverines. In New York, the trend was
toward larger groups. These groups played in revues, large dance halls, and theaters. Bands
(50) would become larger still during the next age of jazz, the Swing era.
12. What is the main topic of this passage?
(A) The early history of jazz
(B) The music of World War I
(C) The relationship of melody and rhythm in jazz
(D) The New York recording industry in the 1920's
13. The word "idiom" in line 3 is closest in meaning to …
(A) slang
(B) tempo
(C) tune
(D) style
14. The musicians who made the earliest jazz recordings were originally from …
(A) New Orleans
(B) Chicago
(C) New York
(D) Mississippi
15. When was the first important recording by black jazz musicians made?
(A) In 1917
(B) In 1923
(C) In the late 1920's
(D) In the early 1930's
16. According to the passage, Louis Armstrong was a member of which of the
following?
(A) The Original Dixieland Band
(B) Fate Marable's riverboat band
(C) King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band
(D) The Wolverines
17. The word "steady" in line 30 is closest in meaning to …
(A) constant
(B) basic
(C) urgent
(D) happy
18. According to the passage, which of the following instruments helped provide the
beat for Dixieland jazz?
(A) The cornet
(B) The piano
(C) The trombone
(D) The clarinet
19. Duke Ellington is given as an example of a bandleader who …
(A) could not read music
(B) did not value improvisation
(C) discouraged solo performances
(D) used written arrangements
20. Which of the following phrases would be LEAST likely to be applied to Dixieland
jazz?
(A) Relatively complex
(B) Highly improvisational
(C) Rhythmic and melodic
(D) Carefully planned
21. According to the passage, who were the Wolverines?
(A) A band that played in large dance halls
(B) A New York group
(C) A Swing band
(D) A small group
22. The author provides the most detailed description of early jazz music in the …
(A) first paragraph
(B) second paragraph
(C) third paragraph
(D) fourth paragraph
23. The paragraph following this one most likely deals with …
(A) the music of small bands
(B) the Swing era
(C) music that influenced Dixieland Jazz
(D) other forms of music popular in the 1920's
 Questions 24-32
(1) A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the astounding discovery that a sudden
increase in the volume of traffic through an area
(5) affects people in the way that a sudden increase in crime does. Appleyard observed this
by finding three blocks of houses in San Francisco that looked much alike and
(10) had the same kind of middle-class and working-class residents, with approximately the
same ethnic mix. The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia Street
(15) (LIGHT street, in Appleyard's terminology) while Gough Street (MEDIUM street) was
used by 8,000 cars daily, and Franklin Street (HEAVY street) had around 16,000
(20) cars a day. Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a
day.
Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and
(25) trash secondarily. That is, the cars didn't bring in much trash, but when trash
accumulated, residents seldom picked it up. The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the
amount of
(30) territory residents felt responsible for. Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes.
Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their
(35) time in the rear of their houses. Most families with children had already left.
Conditions on Octavia Street were much different. Residents picked up
(40) trash. They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors. They had three times as
many friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin.
(45) On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as
traffic increased. People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own
(50) lives. A number of families had recently moved, and more were considering it. Those
who were staying expressed deep regret at the destruction of their community.
24. The word "astounding" in line 2 is closest in meaning to …
(A) startling
(B) disappointing
(C) dubious
(D) alternative
25. The three streets mentioned in this passage are different in that …
(A) they are in different cities
(B) the residents are of different ethnic backgrounds
(C) they have varying amounts of traffic
(D) the income levels of the residents vary considerably
26. Approximately how many cars use Franklin Street daily?
(A) 2,000
(B) 8,000
(C) 16,000
(D) 20,000
27. All of the following are direct results of heavy traffic EXCEPT …
(A) increased amounts of trash
(B) greater danger to residents
(C) more pollution
(D) more vibrations
28. The author's main purpose in the second paragraph is to …
(A) discuss the problems of trash disposal
(B) point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic
(C) propose an alternate system of transportation
(D) suggest ways to cope with traffic problems
29. On which street is there the most social interaction?
(A) Octavia Street
(B) Gough Street
(C) Franklin Street
(D) There is no significant social interaction on any of the three streets
30. The word "chatted" in line 41 is closest in meaning to …
(A) joked
(B) talked
(C) argued
(D) walked
31. Which of the following is NOT a statement you would expect from a resident of
Gough Street?
(A) People on this street are unhappy because the neighborhood is deteriorating.
(B) People on this street think mostly of themselves.
(C) People on this street have more and more space for which they feel responsible.
(D) A number of people are preparing to leave this street.
32. In what order does the author present detailed discussions of the three streets?
(A) LIGHT, MEDIUM, HEAVY
(B) HEAVY, MEDIUM, LIGHT
(C) HEAVY, LIGHT, MEDIUM
(D) LIGHT, HEAVY, MEDIUM
Questions 33-42
(1) Rachel Carson was born in 1907 in Springsdale, Pennsylvania. She studied biology at
college, and zoology at Johns Hopkins University,
(5) where she received her master's degree in 1933. In 1936, she was hired by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, where she worked most of her life.
(10) Carson's first book, Under the Sea Wind, was published in 1941. It received excellent
reviews, but sales were poor until it was reissued in 1952. In that year she published The
(15) Sea Around Us, which provided a fascinating look beneath the ocean's surface,
emphasizing human history as well as geology and marine biology. Her imagery and
language
(20) had a poetic quality. Carson consulted no fewer than 1,000 printed sources. She had
voluminous correspondence and frequent discussions with experts in the field.
(25) However, she always realized the limitations of her non-technical readers.
In 1962 Carson published Silent Spring, a book that sparked
(30) considerable controversy. It proved how much harm was done by the uncontrolled,
reckless use of insecticides. She detailed how they poison the food supply of animals,
(35) kill birds and fish, and contaminate human food. At the time, spokesmen for the
chemical industry mounted personal attacks against Carson and issued propaganda to indicate
that
(40) her findings were flawed. However, her work was vindicated by a 1963 report of the
President's Science Advisory Committee.
33. The passage mainly discusses Rachel Carson's work …
(A) as a researcher
(B) at college
(C) at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(D) as a writer
34. According to the passage, what did Carson primarily study at Johns Hopkins
University?
(A) Oceanography
(B) History
(C) Literature
(D) Zoology
35. When she published her first book, Carson was closest to the age of …
(A) 26
(B) 29
(C) 34
(D) 45
36. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1952, Carson's book Under the Sea Wind
…
(A) was outdated
(B) became more popular than her other books
(C) was praised by critics
(D) sold many copies
37. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the passage as a source of
information for The Sea Around Us?
(A) Printed matter
(B) Talks with experts
(C) A research expedition
(D) Letters from scientists
38. Which of the following words or phrases is LEAST accurate in describing The Sea
Around Us?
(A) Highly technical
(B) Poetic
(C) Fascinating
(D) Well-researched
39. The word "reckless" in line 32 is closest in meaning to …
(A) unnecessary
(B) limited
(C) continuous
(D) irresponsible
40. According to the passage, Silent Spring is primarily …
(A) an attack on the use of chemical preservatives in food
(B) a discussion of the hazards insects pose to the food supply
(C) a warning about the dangers of misusing insecticides
(D) an illustration of the benefits of the chemical industry
41. The word "flawed" in line 40 is closest in meaning to …
(A) faulty
(B) deceptive
(C) logical
(D) offensive
42. Why does the author of the passage mention the report of the President's Science
Advisory Committee (lines 41-42)?
(A) To provide an example of government propaganda
(B) To support Carson's ideas
(C) To indicate a growing government concern with the environment
(D) To validate the chemical industry's claims
Questions 43-50
(1) What is meant by the term economic resources? In general, these are all the natural, man-
made, and human resources that go into the production
(5) of goods and services. This obviously covers a lot of ground: factories and farms, tools
and machines, transportation and communication facilities, all types of natural
(10) resources, and labor. Economic resources can be broken down into two general
categories: property resources-land and capitaland human resources-labor and
(15) entrepreneurial skills.
What do economists mean by land? Much more than the non economist. Land refers to all
natural resources that are usable in the production
(20) process: arable land, forests, mineral and oil deposits, and so on. What about capital?
Capital goods are all the man-made aids to producing, storing, transporting, and
(25) distributing goods and services. Capital goods differ from consumer goods in that the
latter satisfy wants directly, while the former do so indirectly by facilitating the
(30) production of consumer goods. It should be noted that capital as defined here does not
refer to money. Money, as such, produces nothing.
(35) The term labor refers to the physical and mental talents of humans used to produce
goods or services (with the exception of a certain set of human talents, entrepreneurial
(40) skiIIs, which will be considered separately because of their special significance). Thus
the services of a factory worker or an office worker, a ballet dancer or an astronaut all fall
(45) under the general heading of labor.
43. What is the author's main purpose in writing this passage?
(A) To explain the concept of labor
(B) To criticize certain uses of capital
(C) To contrast capital goods and consumer goods
(D) To define economic resources
44. In lines 5-6, the author uses the expression "This obviously covers a lot of
ground ..." to indicate that …
(A) the factories and farms discussed in the passage are very large
(B) economic resources will be discussed in great depth
(C) the topic of economic resources is a broad one
(D) land is an important concept in economics
45. When non-economists use the term "land," its definition …
(A) is much more general than when economists use it
(B) is much more restrictive than when economists use it
(C) changes from place to place
(D) includes all types of natural resources
46. The word "arable" in line 20 is closest in meaning to …
(A) dry
(B) fertile
(C) developed
(D) open
47. The phrase "the latter" in line 27 refers to …
(A) economists
(B) non-economists
(C) capital goods
(D) consumer goods
48. Which of the following could be considered a capital good as defined in the passage?
(A) A railroad
(B) Money
(C) A coal deposit
(D) Human skills
49. The word "heading" in line 45 is closest in meaning to …
(A) direction
(B) practice
(C) category
(D) utility
50. The skills of all the following could be considered examples of labor, as defined in
the passage, EXCEPT …
(A) artists and scientists
(B) workers who produce services, not goods
(C) office workers
(D) entrepreneurs