Data Science &

AI
Machine Learning

Practical Implementation

Lecture No.- 01 By- Krish Naik Sir

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import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
%matplotlib inline

df=pd.read_csv('Algerian_forest_fires_dataset_UPDATE (8).csv')

df.head()

day month year Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI FWI Classes

0 1 6 2012 29 57 18 0 65.7 3.4 7.6 1.3 3.4 0.5 not fire

1 2 6 2012 29 61 13 1.3 64.4 4.1 7.6 1 3.9 0.4 not fire

2 3 6 2012 26 82 22 13.1 47.1 2.5 7.1 0.3 2.7 0.1 not fire

3 4 6 2012 25 89 13 2.5 28.6 1.3 6.9 0 1.7 0 not fire

4 5 6 2012 27 77 16 0 64.8 3 14.2 1.2 3.9 0.5 not fire

df.columns

Index(['day', 'month', 'year', 'Temperature', ' RH', ' Ws', 'Rain ', 'FFMC',
'DMC', 'DC', 'ISI', 'BUI', 'FWI', 'Classes '],
dtype='object')

##drop month,day and yyear

df.drop(['day','month','year'],axis=1,inplace=True)

df.head()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI FWI Classes

0 29 57 18 0 65.7 3.4 7.6 1.3 3.4 0.5 not fire

1 29 61 13 1.3 64.4 4.1 7.6 1 3.9 0.4 not fire

2 26 82 22 13.1 47.1 2.5 7.1 0.3 2.7 0.1 not fire

3 25 89 13 2.5 28.6 1.3 6.9 0 1.7 0 not fire

4 27 77 16 0 64.8 3 14.2 1.2 3.9 0.5 not fire

df.head()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI FWI Classes

0 29 57 18 0 65.7 3.4 7.6 1.3 3.4 0.5 not fire

1 29 61 13 1.3 64.4 4.1 7.6 1 3.9 0.4 not fire

2 26 82 22 13.1 47.1 2.5 7.1 0.3 2.7 0.1 not fire

3 25 89 13 2.5 28.6 1.3 6.9 0 1.7 0 not fire

4 27 77 16 0 64.8 3 14.2 1.2 3.9 0.5 not fire

df['Classes '].value_counts()

1 138
0 109
Name: Classes , dtype: int64

df['Classes']=df['Classes ']
df.drop(['Classes '],axis=1,inplace=True)

## Encoding
df['Classes ']=np.where(df['Classes '].str.contains("not fire"),0,1)

df['Classes'].value_counts()

1 138
0 109
Name: Classes, dtype: int64

df.tail()

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Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI FWI Classes

242 30 65 14 0 85.4 16 44.5 4.5 16.9 6.5 1

243 28 87 15 4.4 41.1 6.5 8 0.1 6.2 0 0

244 27 87 29 0.5 45.9 3.5 7.9 0.4 3.4 0.2 0

245 24 54 18 0.1 79.7 4.3 15.2 1.7 5.1 0.7 0

246 24 64 15 0.2 67.3 3.8 16.5 1.2 4.8 0.5 0

df['Classes'].value_counts()

1 137
0 106
Name: Classes, dtype: int64

## Independent And dependent features

X=df.drop('FWI',axis=1) #independent
y=df['FWI'] #dependent

X.head()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI Classes

0 29 57 18 0 65.7 3.4 7.6 1.3 3.4 0

1 29 61 13 1.3 64.4 4.1 7.6 1 3.9 0

2 26 82 22 13.1 47.1 2.5 7.1 0.3 2.7 0

3 25 89 13 2.5 28.6 1.3 6.9 0 1.7 0

4 27 77 16 0 64.8 3 14.2 1.2 3.9 0

0 0.5
1 0.4
2 0.1
3 0
4 0.5
...
242 6.5
243 0
244 0.2
245 0.7
246 0.5
Name: FWI, Length: 247, dtype: object

#Train Test Split

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train,X_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(X,y,test_size=0.25,random_state=42)

X_train.shape,X_test.shape

((185, 10), (62, 10))

X_train.head()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI Classes

101 33 73 12 1.8 59.9 2.2 8.9 0.7 2.7 0

197 39 21 17 0.4 93 18.4 41.5 15.5 18.4 1

126 30 73 13 4 55.7 2.7 7.8 0.6 2.9 0

69 35 59 17 0 87.4 14.8 57 6.9 17.9 1

200 35 46 13 0.3 83.9 16.9 54.2 3.5 19 1

X_train[X_train['Temperature']== 'Temperature']

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI Classes

X_train.drop(index=124,inplace=True)

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X_train.corr()

<ipython-input-60-1d31ae5364df>:1: FutureWarning: The default value of numeric_only in DataFrame.corr is deprecated. In a future ver
X_train.corr()

index Classes
Classes
Show 25 per page

Like what you see? Visit the data table notebook to learn more about interactive tables.

X_train[X_train.Temperature !='Temperature'].corr()

<ipython-input-54-d6f31b53d14c>:1: FutureWarning: The default value of numeric_only in DataFrame.corr is deprecated. In a future ver
X_train[X_train.Temperature != 'Temperature'].corr()
Classes

Classes 1.0

X_train.columns

Index(['Temperature', ' RH', ' Ws', 'Rain ', 'FFMC', 'DMC', 'DC', 'ISI', 'BUI',
'Classes'],
dtype='object')

X_train['Temperature']=X_train['Temperature'].dropna().astype(int)

X_train[' RH']=X_train[' RH'].dropna().astype(int)

X_train[' Ws']=X_train[' Ws'].dropna().astype(int)

X_train['Rain ']=X_train['Rain '].dropna().astype(float)
X_train['FFMC']=X_train['FFMC'].dropna().astype(float)
X_train['DMC']=X_train['DMC'].dropna().astype(float)
#X_train['DC']=X_train['DC'].dropna().astype(float)
X_train['ISI']=X_train['ISI'].dropna().astype(float)
X_train['BUI']=X_train['BUI'].dropna().astype(float)

X_train['DC']=X_train['DC'].dropna().replace('14.6 9','14.69').astype(float)

X_train.corr()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI Classes

Temperature 1.000000 -0.689393 -0.321891 -0.359438 0.707745 0.490281 0.376328 0.598660 0.463008 0.515195

RH -0.689393 1.000000 0.166559 0.244101 -0.660022 -0.410668 -0.219077 -0.732962 -0.352303 -0.438307

Ws -0.321891 0.166559 1.000000 0.229595 -0.141418 0.015022 0.081155 0.029341 0.039326 -0.030138

Rain -0.359438 0.244101 0.229595 1.000000 -0.557421 -0.286336 -0.294696 -0.337800 -0.295782 -0.365927

FFMC 0.707745 -0.660022 -0.141418 -0.557421 1.000000 0.614965 0.510088 0.740773 0.597772 0.773751

DMC 0.490281 -0.410668 0.015022 -0.286336 0.614965 1.000000 0.871724 0.676476 0.983552 0.599769

DC 0.376328 -0.219077 0.081155 -0.294696 0.510088 0.871724 1.000000 0.475461 0.943763 0.517169

ISI 0.598660 -0.732962 0.029341 -0.337800 0.740773 0.676476 0.475461 1.000000 0.623201 0.703945

BUI 0.463008 -0.352303 0.039326 -0.295782 0.597772 0.983552 0.943763 0.623201 1.000000 0.591169

Classes 0.515195 -0.438307 -0.030138 -0.365927 0.773751 0.599769 0.517169 0.703945 0.591169 1.000000

keyboard_arrow_down Feature Selection

## Check for multicollinearity
plt.figure(figsize=(12,10))
corr=X_train.corr()
sns.heatmap(corr,annot=True)

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<Axes: >

X_train.corr()

Temperature RH Ws Rain FFMC DMC DC ISI BUI Classes

Temperature 1.000000 -0.689393 -0.321891 -0.359438 0.707745 0.490281 0.376328 0.598660 0.463008 0.515195

RH -0.689393 1.000000 0.166559 0.244101 -0.660022 -0.410668 -0.219077 -0.732962 -0.352303 -0.438307

Ws -0.321891 0.166559 1.000000 0.229595 -0.141418 0.015022 0.081155 0.029341 0.039326 -0.030138

Rain -0.359438 0.244101 0.229595 1.000000 -0.557421 -0.286336 -0.294696 -0.337800 -0.295782 -0.365927

FFMC 0.707745 -0.660022 -0.141418 -0.557421 1.000000 0.614965 0.510088 0.740773 0.597772 0.773751

DMC 0.490281 -0.410668 0.015022 -0.286336 0.614965 1.000000 0.871724 0.676476 0.983552 0.599769

DC 0.376328 -0.219077 0.081155 -0.294696 0.510088 0.871724 1.000000 0.475461 0.943763 0.517169

ISI 0.598660 -0.732962 0.029341 -0.337800 0.740773 0.676476 0.475461 1.000000 0.623201 0.703945

BUI 0.463008 -0.352303 0.039326 -0.295782 0.597772 0.983552 0.943763 0.623201 1.000000 0.591169

Classes 0.515195 -0.438307 -0.030138 -0.365927 0.773751 0.599769 0.517169 0.703945 0.591169 1.000000

def correlation(dataset, threshold):

col_corr = set()
corr_matrix = dataset.corr()
for i in range(len(corr_matrix.columns)):
for j in range(i):
if abs(corr_matrix.iloc[i, j]) > threshold:
colname = corr_matrix.columns[i]
col_corr.add(colname)
return col_corr

## threshold--Domain expertise
corr_features=correlation(X_train,0.85)

corr_features

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{'BUI', 'DC'}

## drop features when correlation is more than 0.85

X_train.drop(corr_features,axis=1,inplace=True)
X_test.drop(corr_features,axis=1,inplace=True)
X_train.shape,X_test.shape

((184, 8), (62, 8))

keyboard_arrow_down Feature Scaling Or Standardization

X_train.dropna(axis=0).isnull().sum()

Temperature 0
RH 0
Ws 0
Rain 0
FFMC 0
DMC 0
ISI 0
Classes 0
dtype: int64

from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

scaler=StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled=scaler.fit_transform(X_train.dropna(axis=0))
X_test_scaled=scaler.transform(X_test)

X_train_scaled

array([[ 0.18091033, 0.71998514, -1.34871966, ..., -0.9988569 ,

-0.95996409, -1.14183951],
[ 1.78704105, -2.7887375 , 0.57500274, ..., 0.27897956,
2.42143943, 0.87577982],
[-0.62215503, 0.71998514, -0.96397518, ..., -0.95941751,
-0.98281141, -1.14183951],
...,
[-1.9605973 , 0.92241145, 0.57500274, ..., -1.06984782,
-1.07420069, -1.14183951],
[ 1.78704105, 0.11270622, -2.5029531 , ..., -0.24950836,
-0.8685748 , -1.14183951],
[-0.62215503, 0.98988688, 2.11398066, ..., -1.02252054,
-0.8685748 , -1.14183951]])

keyboard_arrow_down Box Plots To understand Effect Of Standard Scaler

plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 5))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
sns.boxplot(data=X_train)
plt.title('X_train Before Scaling')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
sns.boxplot(data=X_train_scaled)
plt.title('X_train After Scaling')

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plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'X_train After Scaling')

pd.DataFrame(X_train_scaled).isnull().sum()

0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
dtype: int64

pd.DataFrame(X_test_scaled).isnull().sum()

0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
dtype: int64

y_train=y_train.replace('FWI','0').replace('fire ','0').astype(float)

y_train.dropna(inplace=True)

y_train.shape

(183,)

keyboard_arrow_down Linear Regression Model

from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
linreg=LinearRegression()
linreg.fit(X_train_scaled,y_train[1:])
y_pred=linreg.predict(X_test_scaled)
mae=mean_absolute_error(y_test,y_pred)
score=r2_score(y_test,y_pred)
print("Mean absolute error", mae)
print("R2 Score", score)

Mean absolute error 1.1001680700952507

R2 Score 0.9375294317383766

keyboard_arrow_down Lasso Regression

from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
lasso=Lasso()
lasso.fit(X_train_scaled,y_train[1:])
y_pred=lasso.predict(X_test_scaled)
mae=mean_absolute_error(y_test,y_pred)
score=r2_score(y_test,y_pred)
print("Mean absolute error", mae)
print("R2 Score", score)

Mean absolute error 1.6622251402428814

R2 Score 0.891008091956091

keyboard_arrow_down Ridge Regression model

from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error

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from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
ridge=Ridge()
ridge.fit(X_train_scaled,y_train[1:])
y_pred=ridge.predict(X_test_scaled)
mae=mean_absolute_error(y_test,y_pred)
score=r2_score(y_test,y_pred)
print("Mean absolute error", mae)
print("R2 Score", score)

Mean absolute error 1.1010123032721502

R2 Score 0.9372669856655736

keyboard_arrow_down Elasticnet Regression

from sklearn.linear_model import ElasticNet
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
elastic=ElasticNet()
elastic.fit(X_train_scaled,y_train[1:])
y_pred=elastic.predict(X_test_scaled)
mae=mean_absolute_error(y_test,y_pred)
score=r2_score(y_test,y_pred)
print("Mean absolute error", mae)
print("R2 Score", score)

Mean absolute error 1.9749711385449351

R2 Score 0.8436374971301746

import pickle
pickle.dump(scaler,open('scaler.pkl','wb'))
pickle.dump(ridge,open('ridge.pkl','wb'))

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keyboard_arrow_down Logistic Regression Implementation

from sklearn.datasets import load_iris

dataset=load_iris()

print(dataset.DESCR)

**Data Set Characteristics:**

:Number of Instances: 150 (50 in each of three classes)

:Number of Attributes: 4 numeric, predictive attributes and the class
:Attribute Information:
- sepal length in cm
- sepal width in cm
- petal length in cm
- petal width in cm
- class:
- Iris-Setosa
- Iris-Versicolour
- Iris-Virginica

:Summary Statistics:

============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================

Min Max Mean SD Class Correlation
============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================
sepal length: 4.3 7.9 5.84 0.83 0.7826
sepal width: 2.0 4.4 3.05 0.43 -0.4194
petal length: 1.0 6.9 3.76 1.76 0.9490 (high!)
petal width: 0.1 2.5 1.20 0.76 0.9565 (high!)
============== ==== ==== ======= ===== ====================

:Missing Attribute Values: None

:Class Distribution: 33.3% for each of 3 classes.
:Creator: R.A. Fisher
:Donor: Michael Marshall (MARSHALL%[email protected])
:Date: July, 1988

The famous Iris database, first used by Sir R.A. Fisher. The dataset is taken
from Fisher's paper. Note that it's the same as in R, but not as in the UCI
Machine Learning Repository, which has two wrong data points.

This is perhaps the best known database to be found in the

pattern recognition literature. Fisher's paper is a classic in the field and
is referenced frequently to this day. (See Duda & Hart, for example.) The
data set contains 3 classes of 50 instances each, where each class refers to a
type of iris plant. One class is linearly separable from the other 2; the
latter are NOT linearly separable from each other.

.. topic:: References

- Fisher, R.A. "The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems"

Annual Eugenics, 7, Part II, 179-188 (1936); also in "Contributions to
Mathematical Statistics" (John Wiley, NY, 1950).
- Duda, R.O., & Hart, P.E. (1973) Pattern Classification and Scene Analysis.
(Q327.D83) John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-22361-1. See page 218.
- Dasarathy, B.V. (1980) "Nosing Around the Neighborhood: A New System
Structure and Classification Rule for Recognition in Partially Exposed
Environments". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, Vol. PAMI-2, No. 1, 67-71.
- Gates, G.W. (1972) "The Reduced Nearest Neighbor Rule". IEEE Transactions
on Information Theory, May 1972, 431-433.
- See also: 1988 MLC Proceedings, 54-64. Cheeseman et al"s AUTOCLASS II
conceptual clustering system finds 3 classes in the data.
- Many, many more ...

dataset.keys()

dict_keys(['data', 'target', 'frame', 'target_names', 'DESCR', 'feature_names', 'filename', 'data_module'])

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

df=pd.DataFrame(dataset.data,columns=dataset.feature_names)

df.head()

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sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm)

0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2

1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2

2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2

3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2

df['target']=dataset.target
4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2

df.head()

sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm) target

0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 0

1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 0

2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 0

3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 0

4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 0

dataset.target

array([0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2])

## Binary Classification
df_copy=df[df['target']!=2]

df_copy.head()

sepal length (cm) sepal width (cm) petal length (cm) petal width (cm) target

0 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 0

1 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 0

2 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 0

3 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 0

4 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 0

keyboard_arrow_down Independent and dependent features

X=df_copy.iloc[:,:-1]
y=df_copy.iloc[:,-1]

from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression

#train test split

from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=20, random_state=42)

classifier=LogisticRegression()

classifier.fit(X_train,y_train)

▾ LogisticRegression
LogisticRegression()

classifier.predict_proba(X_test)

array([[0.00118085, 0.99881915],
[0.01580857, 0.98419143],
[0.00303433, 0.99696567],
[0.96964813, 0.03035187],

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[0.94251523, 0.05748477],
[0.97160984, 0.02839016],
[0.99355615, 0.00644385],
[0.03169836, 0.96830164],
[0.97459743, 0.02540257],
[0.97892756, 0.02107244],
[0.95512297, 0.04487703],
[0.9607199 , 0.0392801 ],
[0.00429472, 0.99570528],
[0.9858324 , 0.0141676 ],
[0.00924893, 0.99075107],
[0.98144334, 0.01855666],
[0.00208036, 0.99791964],
[0.00125422, 0.99874578],
[0.97463766, 0.02536234],
[0.96123726, 0.03876274]])

## Prediction
y_pred=classifier.predict(X_test)

y_pred

array([1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0])

y_test

83 1
53 1
70 1
45 0
44 0
39 0
22 0
80 1
10 0
0 0
18 0
30 0
73 1
33 0
90 1
4 0
76 1
77 1
12 0
31 0
Name: target, dtype: int64

keyboard_arrow_down Confusion matrix,accuracy score,classification report

from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix,accuracy_score,classification_report

print(confusion_matrix(y_pred,y_test))
print(accuracy_score(y_pred,y_test))
print(classification_report(y_pred,y_test))

[[12 0]
[ 0 8]]
1.0
precision recall f1-score support

0 1.00 1.00 1.00 12

1 1.00 1.00 1.00 8

accuracy 1.00 20
macro avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 20
weighted avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 20

keyboard_arrow_down Hyperparameter Tuning

## Gridsearchcv
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')

parameters={'penalty':('l1','l2','elasticnet',None),'C':[1,10,20]}

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1RRNicYWmnoysy85JZADuWXcnm1moVvcw#printMode=true 3/5
12/4/23, 2:10 PM 5.0-Logistic Regression.ipynb - Colaboratory

clf=GridSearchCV(classifier,param_grid=parameters,cv=5)

## Splitting of Train data to validation data

clf.fit(X_train,y_train)

▸ GridSearchCV
▸ estimator: LogisticRegression

▸ LogisticRegression

clf.best_params_

{'C': 1, 'penalty': 'l2'}

classifier=LogisticRegression(C=1,penalty='l2')

classifier.fit(X_train,y_train)

▾ LogisticRegression
LogisticRegression(C=1)

## Prediction
y_pred=classifier.predict(X_test)
print(confusion_matrix(y_pred,y_test))
print(accuracy_score(y_pred,y_test))
print(classification_report(y_pred,y_test))

[[12 0]
[ 0 8]]
1.0
precision recall f1-score support

0 1.00 1.00 1.00 12

1 1.00 1.00 1.00 8

accuracy 1.00 20
macro avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 20
weighted avg 1.00 1.00 1.00 20

## Reandomized Searchcv
from sklearn.model_selection import RandomizedSearchCV

random_clf=RandomizedSearchCV(LogisticRegression(),param_distributions=parameters,cv=5)

random_clf.fit(X_train,y_train)

▸ RandomizedSearchCV
▸ estimator: LogisticRegression
▸ LogisticRegression

random_clf.best_params_

{'penalty': None, 'C': 10}

## Logistic Regression Create And check Accuracy

https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1RRNicYWmnoysy85JZADuWXcnm1moVvcw#printMode=true 4/5
 THANK - YOU

Slide 15