Mastering

Chemistry
Book 1B
Topic 2 Microscopic World I

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Content
7.1 Conductors, electrolytes and non-
conductors
7.2 Evidence of ions from passing
electricity through molten zinc chloride
7.3 Ionic bonding
7.4 Polyatomic ions
7.5 Names of ions

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Content
7.6 Naming ionic compounds
7.7 Colours of ions in ionic compounds
7.8 Migration of coloured ions
7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic
compounds
7.10 Metallic bonding
Key terms
Summary
Unit Exercise

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.1 Conductors, electrolytes and non-

conductors (p. 77)
Substances can be classified into three groups according
to how they conduct electricity.
u Conductors (導電體) — substances which conduct
electricity but are not chemically changed during
electrical conduction.
u Electrolytes (電解質) — substances which conduct
electricity in molten state or aqueous solution but not
in solid state, and are decomposed during the
conduction.
u Non-conductors (非導電體) — substances which do
not conduct electricity in solid, molten state or
aqueous solution. Finding out which
compounds can
conduct electricity Ref.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.1 Conductors, electrolytes and non-

conductors (p. 77)
w Compounds made up of metals and non-metals
(e.g. sodium chloride and potassium oxide) are electrolytes.

w Compounds made up of non-metals (e.g. ethanol and

candle wax) are non-conductors.
w These categories of substances behave differently
because different types of forces exist between their
particles. The forces holding the particles together are
called chemical bonds (化學鍵) in chemical terms.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.1 Conductors, electrolytes and non-

conductors (p. 78)

Examples of conductors, electrolytes

and non-conductors

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.2 Evidence of ions from passing electricity

through molten zinc chloride (p. 79)
w Zinc chloride is a compound made up of a metal (zinc)
and a non-metal (chlorine). It is an electrolyte.

The experimental set-ups for investigating the electrical conductivity of

(a) solid zinc chloride and (b) molten zinc chloride

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.2 Evidence of ions from passing electricity

through molten zinc chloride (p. 79)
w The light bulb in (a) does not light up, indicating that solid
zinc chloride does not conduct electricity.
w The light bulb in (b) lights up, indicating that molten zinc
chloride conducts electricity.
w A electrode while a shiny solid (zinc) forms at the negative
electrodegreenish yellow gas (chlorine) forms at the
positive. These observations provide evidence for the
existence of positive zinc ions (Zn2+) and negative
chloride ions (Cl–) in zinc chloride.
w Solid zinc chloride consists of ions held together by
strong attraction. The ions are not free to move. Thus,
solid zinc chloride does not conduct electricity.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.2 Evidence of ions from passing electricity

through molten zinc chloride (p. 80)
w When zinc chloride is molten, the ions become mobile.
Negative chloride ions (Cl–) are attracted to the positive
electrode. At this electrode, these ions lose electrons to
become atoms. The atoms then join in pairs to form
molecules.
2Cl– Cl2 + 2e–

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.2 Evidence of ions from passing electricity

through molten zinc chloride (p. 80)
w Positive zinc ions (Zn2+) are attracted to the negative
electrode. These ions receive electrons at the electrode
and become atoms.
Zn2+ + 2e– Zn

w A compound made up of a metal and a non-metal is an

electrolyte. It consists of positive and negative ions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Ionic bond Ref.

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 81)
Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
w A sodium atom needs to lose one electron while a
chlorine atom needs to gain one electron so as to obtain
stable outermost shells of 8 electrons.

Electron transfer when atoms of sodium and chlorine join

together

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 81)

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
w Sodium ion (Na+) and chloride ion (Cl–) have opposite
charges, so there are strong electrostatic forces of
attraction (靜電引力) between them. This attraction is a
chemical bond called an ionic bond (離子鍵).
An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between oppositely charged ions.

An ionic bond is formed when electron(s) is / are

transferred from one atom (or group of atoms) to
another (or group of atoms).

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 81)

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride
w Sodium chloride, an ionic compound (離子化合物), is
produced when sodium combines with chlorine.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 82)

Ionic bonding in sodium chloride

When a metal and a non-metal combine to form an

ionic compound, electrons are transferred from atoms
of the metal to atoms of the non-metal.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 82)

Structure of sodium chloride
w When sodium reacts with chlorine, billions of sodium
ions and chloride ions form. However, they do not stay
in pairs.
w The ions are packed together in a regular arrangement
called a lattice (晶格), with one sodium ion for every
chloride ion.

A three-dimensional model of a sodium

chloride lattice

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 82)

Structure of sodium chloride
w Ionic bond is non-directional (非方向性) as each ion in
the lattice is attracted to every other ion with opposite
charge.
w Sodium chloride has a giant structure as it contains a very
large number of ions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 83)

Ionic bonding in potassium oxide
w A potassium atom has an electronic arrangement of
2,8,8,1. After losing one electron, it obtains the
electronic arrangement of an argon atom (2,8,8).
w An oxygen atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,6.
After gaining two electrons, it obtains the electronic
arrangement of a neon atom (2,8).

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 83)

Ionic bonding in potassium oxide
w One electron from each of two potassium atoms is
transferred to one oxygen atom.
w The ions form a lattice with two potassium ions for
every oxide ion.
Electron transfer that
takes place when
potassium and oxygen
combine

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 83)

Ionic bonding in calcium nitride
w A calcium atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,8,8,2.
After losing two electrons, it obtains the electronic
arrangement of an argon atom (2,8,8).
w A nitrogen atom has an electronic arrangement of 2,5. After
gaining three electrons, it obtains the electronic
arrangement of a neon atom (2,8).

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 84)

Ionic bonding in calcium nitride
w Two electrons from each of three calcium atoms are
transferred to two nitrogen atoms.

Electron transfer that

takes place when calcium
and nitrogen combine

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 84)

Ionic bonding in calcium nitride
w The ions form a lattice with three calcium ions for every two
nitride ions.
w Atoms of metals with 1 to 3 electrons in their outermost
shells can obtain stable electronic arrangements by losing
electrons.
w Atoms of non-metals with 5 to 7 electrons in their outermost
shells can obtain stable electronic arrangements by gaining
electrons.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 85)

Q (Example 7.1)
Both Q and R are Period 3 elements.
Element Q belongs to Group II. It combines with element R to
give an ionic compound. The ions form a lattice with three
ions of Q for every two ions of R.
a) Which group of the Periodic Table does R belong to?
Explain your answer.
b) Draw the electron diagram for the ionic compound formed,
showing electrons in the outermost shells only.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 85)

A
a) R belongs to Group V of the Periodic Table.
When Q and R combines, each atom of Q obtains a stable
electronic arrangement by losing two electrons. The six
electrons from three atoms of Q are transferred to two
atoms of R.
It can be deduced that each atom of R obtains a stable
electronic arrangement by gaining three electrons. Thus,
an atom of R should have five electrons in its outermost
shell.
b)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 85)

Practice 7.1
1 Lithium combines with sulphur to form lithium sulphide.
The particles in lithium sulphide are packed in an ionic
lattice.
a) Draw the electron diagram for lithium sulphide, showing
electrons in the outermost shells only.

b) Describe the meaning of ‘ionic lattice’, in terms of the

type and arrangement of particles present.
The oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound are
packed together in a regular arrangement called a lattice.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.3 Ionic bonding (p. 85)

Practice 7.1 (continued)
2 In the lattice of potassium nitride, the ratio of potassium ions
to nitride ions is 3 : 1.
Explain why the ratio of the ions is 3 : 1.
Potassium forms potassium ion carrying a charge of +1
while nitrogen forms nitride ion carrying a charge of –3.
The ratio of potassium ions to nitride ions is 3:1 so that the
charges balance / number of positive charges equals the
number of negative charges.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.4 Polyatomic ions (p. 86)

w Ions formed from a group of atoms are called polyatomic
ions (多原子離子).
w The carbonate ion (CO32–) contains one carbon atom and
three oxygen atoms. The whole group of four atoms carries
two negative charges.

A carbonate ion (CO32–) is a polyatomic anion

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.4 Polyatomic ions (p. 86)

w A negative polyatomic ion that contains oxygen is called an
oxoanion (含氧陰離子).
w Some elements can form two types of oxoanion, each
containing a different number of oxygen atoms. The name
of the oxoanion with less oxygen atoms ends in ‘-ite’ while
the name of that with more oxygen atoms ends in ‘-ate’.
w Names of oxoanions of nitrogen and sulphur.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.4 Polyatomic ions (p. 86)

w In addition to these negative polyatomic ions, there is one
important polyatomic ion that is positively charged, the
ammonium ion, NH4+.

Ammonium ion (NH4+) is a polyatomic ion that is positively charged

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.5 Names of ions (p. 87)

Ions formed from some of the first 20 elements
w Not every element forms ions during reactions.

Names of ions formed from some of the first 20 elements in the Periodic Table

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.5 Names of ions (p. 87)

Metals forming more than one type of positive ion
w Most transition metals can form more than one type of
positive ion.
w Iron can form two types of positive ion: Fe2+ and Fe3+. When
naming each of these ions, write a Roman numeral in
brackets after the name of the metal to show the number of
positive charges, i.e. iron(II) ion for Fe2+ and iron(III) ion for
Fe3+.

Samples of iron(II) chloride (left) and iron(III) chloride (right)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.5 Names of ions (p. 88)

w The names of some common positive ions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.5 Names of ions (p. 88)

w The names of some common negative ions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.6 Naming ionic compounds (p. 89)

w Ionic compounds are composed of positive ions and
negative ions. The positive ion is always named first, and
then the negative ion.
w A compound composed of potassium ions and oxide ions is
named potassium oxide.
w Names of some ionic compounds.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.7 Colours of ions in ionic compounds (p. 89)

w The aqueous solution of sodium chloride is colourless, so
sodium ions and chloride ions must be both colourless.
w The aqueous solution of iron(III) chloride is yellow-brown in
colour. The yellow-brown colour must come from the iron(III)
ions.

Examining colours of
aqueous solutions of
ionic compounds Ref.

Aqueous solutions of sodium chloride (left)

and iron(III) chloride (right)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.7 Colours of ions in ionic compounds (p. 90)

w If an ionic compound has colour, the colour may arise from
either the positive or negative ions, or even from both.
w The colours of some ions in aqueous solutions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.7 Colours of ions in ionic compounds (p. 90)

Colours of gemstones
w Colours of gemstones (寶石) are related to the presence of
traces of coloured ions of metals.
w Coloured ions in gemstones.

peridot (橄欖石) topaz (黃玉)

turquoise (綠松石) emerald (祖母綠)
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 91)

Migration of permanganate ions
w Place a small crystal of potassium permanganate at the
centre of a strip of filter paper moistened with sodium
sulphate solution.
w Apply a direct current across the filter paper.
w A purple spot moves slowly towards clip X that is connected
to the positive terminal of the power. This is because
negative permanganate ions (purple in colour) are attracted
towards the positive terminal of the power supply.
Observing the
migration of ions
Ref.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 91)

Migration of permanganate ions
w Positive potassium ions are attracted towards the negative
terminal and migrate towards clip Y that is connected to the
negative terminal of the power supply.

When a direct current is applied across the

filter paper, the purple permanganate ions
migrate towards clip X that is connected to
positive terminal of the d.c. power supply

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 92)

Migration of copper(II) ions and chromate ions
w A direct current is passed through a gel containing copper(II)
ions and chromate ions.
w Negative chromate ions (yellow in colour) are attracted to
the positive electrode and positive copper(II) ions (blue in
colour) are attracted to the negative electrode.

Migration of coloured ions

occurs for a gel containing
copper(II) ions and chromate
ions when a direct current is
passed through

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 92)

Practice 7.2
The experimental set-up shown below is used to study the
migration of ions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 93)

Practice 7.2 (continued)
a) Explain why the filter paper is soaked with sodium
sulphate solution instead of water.
To increase the electrical conductivity of the filter paper.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.8 Migration of coloured ions (p. 93)

Practice 7.2 (continued)
b) Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) contains potassium
ions and hexacyanoferrate(III) ions. The
hexacyanoferrate(III) ions give a blue compound when
they are mixed with iron(II) ions.
After the circuit is closed for some time, a blue colour
appears around the middle of the filter paper.
Explain the observation and deduce whether clip P or
Q is connected to the positive terminal of the power
supply.
Hexacyanoferrate(III) ions move towards clip Q and iron(II) ions
move towards clip P, forming a blue compound.
Thus, clip Q is connected to the positive terminal of the power
supply.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 93)
w A chemical formula (化學式) is a way to represent a
chemical substance by using symbols and numbers.
w The chemical formula of an ionic compound is simply the
whole number ratio of the positive ions to negative ions in
its structure.
w Examples of chemical formulae of ionic compound.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 93)
Writing chemical formulae of ionic compounds
w An ionic compound has no overall charges. To write its
chemical formula, work out how many ions of each type
are needed to make the total charge zero.
w If a chemical formula contains two or more of the same
polyatomic ion, put the polyatomic ion in brackets for clarity.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 93)
Writing chemical formulae of ionic compounds
w Some other examples for writing the chemical formulae of
ionic compounds.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 94)
Writing chemical formulae of ionic compounds
w Steps for working out the chemical formulae of ionic
compounds.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 94)
Q (Example 7.2)
M is a metal. The chemical formula of the nitrate of M is
M(NO3)2. What is the chemical formula of the phosphate of M?
A
The chemical formula of the nitrate of M is M(NO3)2. One NO3-
ion carries a negative charge. The compound has no overall
charges. In the phosphate of M, one ion of M is needed for
every two NO3- ions to make the total charge zero. Thus, the
ion of M should carry two positive charges.
The phosphate of M contains M2+ ions and PO43- ions. Three
M2+ ions are needed for every two PO43- ions to make the total
charge zero. Thus, the chemical formula of the phosphate of
M is M3(PO4)2.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 94)
Practice 7.3
1 Complete the following table with the chemical formula of
each ionic compound formed.
(The first one has been done for you.)
Ion Chloride Oxide Carbonate Nitrate
Cl- O2- CO32- NO3-
Lithium, Li+ LiCl Li2O Li2O3 LiNO3
Magnesium, Mg2+ MgCl2 MgO MgCO3 Mg(NO3)2
Iron(III), Fe3+ FeCl3 Fe2O3 Fe2(CO3)3 Fe2(NO3)3

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.9 Chemical formulae of ionic compounds

(p. 95)
Practice 7.3
2 Consider the following information of metal X:
• X reacts with water to give hydrogen gas.
• X forms an oxide with the chemical formula XO.
• An atom of X has five occupied electron shells.
What might X be? Explain your answer.
(You may refer to a Periodic Table.)
X reacts with water to give hydrogen gas. It is probably
a reactive metal.
X forms an oxide XO. X is probably a Group II metal.
An atom of X has five occupied electron shells. X is
probably a Period 5 element.
Hence X is strontium.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.10 Metallic bonding (p. 95)

w The atoms in a metal are packed closely together in layers.
w Atoms of metals in Group I to III have 1 to 3 electrons in
their outermost shells. These outermost shell electrons are
lost from the atoms and become free to move randomly
throughout the metal. These electrons are said to be
delocalised (離域).
w Having lost the outermost shell electrons, the metal atoms
become positive ions. These positive ions are fixed in
position and arranged in a regular way.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.10 Metallic bonding (p. 95)

w Magnesium contains a regular three-dimensional
arrangement of magnesium ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons.

A piece of magnesium consists of positive

magnesium ions surrounded by a ‘sea’ of electrons

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

7.10 Metallic bonding (p. 96)

w The electrostatic forces of attraction between the ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons and the positive metal ions acts as
the ‘glue’ that binds the metal ions together. This type of
bonding is found in metals only and is called a metallic
bond (金屬鍵).
w Metallic bonding is non-directional as all the delocalized
electrons are attracted to the nuclei of all the metal ions in
all directions.
A metallic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between the positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Key terms (p. 97)

conductor 導電體 ionic compound 離子化合物
electrolyte 電解質 lattice 晶格
non-conductor 非導電體 polyatomic ion 多原子離子
chemical bond 化學鍵 chemical 化學式
formula
electrostatic force of 靜電引力 delocalised 離域
attraction
ionic bond 離子鍵 metallic bond 金屬鍵

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 98)

1 Substance can be classified into conductors, electrolytes
and non-conductors.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 98)

2 An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of attraction
between oppositely charged ions.
a) An ionic bond is formed when electron(s) is / are
transferred from one atom (or group of atoms) to
another (or group of atoms).
b) When a metal and a non-metal combine to form an
ionic compound, electrons are transferred from atoms
of the metal to atoms of the non-metal.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 99)

3 The table below shows electron diagrams of some
common ionic compounds.

Continued on next page

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 99)

3 The table below shows electron diagrams of some
common ionic compounds.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 100)

4 Ions formed from a group of atoms are called polyatomic
ions.
5

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 100)

7 When naming an ionic compound, the positive ion is
always named first, and then the negative ion.
8 If an ionic compound has colour, the colour may arise from
either the positive or negative ions, or even from both.
The following table lists the colours of some ions in
aqueous solutions.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 100)

9 The chemical formula of an ionic compound is simply the
whole number ratio of the positive ions to negative ions in
its structure.
10 An ionic compound has no overall charges.
The steps for working out the chemical formulae of ionic
compounds are shown below.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Summary (p. 101)

11 A metallic bond is the strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between the positive metal ions and a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons.
The following diagram shows the metallic bonding in a
piece of metal.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 102)

Note: Questions are rated according to ascending level of difficulty
(from 1 to 5):

question targeted at level 3 and above;

question targeted at level 4 and above;
question targeted at level 5.
‘ * ’ indicates 1 mark is given for effective communication.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 102)

Part I KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1 Complete the following concept map. a) positive
b) cations
c) negative
d) anions
e) ionic
f) ionic
g) positive
h) delocalised
electrons
i) metallic

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

Part II MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 What is the correct electron diagram for potassium fluoride?

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

Part II MUTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
2 (continued)

Answer：D

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

3 Which of the following is the electron diagram (only
electrons in the outermost shells are shown) of
magnesium nitride?
A

C
Answer：D
D

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

4 Strontium (Sr) is in Group II of the Periodic Table.
Strontium reacts with chlorine to form a compound.
Which of the following combinations about the electron
change taking place for strontium and the chemical
formula of the compound formed is correct?
Electron change Chemical formula of
for strontium compound
A electrons lost SrCl
B electrons lost SrCl2
C electrons gained SrCl
D electrons gained SrCl2 Answer：B
Explanation:
The diagram on the right shows the
electron transfer that takes place
when strontium and chlorine
combine:
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

5 Elements X and Y form an ionic compound with the
chemical formula XY3. Which of the following may this
compound be?

A Aluminium fluoride
B Calcium sulphide
C Magnesium fluoride
D Sodium oxide Answer：A
Explanation:
The fluoride of aluminium contains Al3+ ions and
F– ions. Three F– ions are needed for every Al3+
ion to make the total charge zero. Thus, the
chemical formula of the fluoride is AlF3.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

6 Element Q belongs to Group I of the Periodic Table. It
combines with element R to give an ionic compound with
the chemical formula Q2R. Which group of the Periodic
Table does R belong to?
Explanation:
A Group I The chemical formula of the compound is
B Group III Q2R. One Q+ ion carries a positive charge.
C Group VI The compound has no overall charges. In
D Group VII the compound, one ion of R is needed for
every two Q+ ions to make the total
charge zero. Thus, the ion of R should
carry two negative charges. Hence R
Answer：C belongs to Group VI of the Periodic Table.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 103)

7 Which of the following compounds contains ionic bonds?

A Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)

B Methane (CH4)
C Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
D Silicon tetrabromide (SiBr4)
Explanation:
Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are
transferred from magnesium atoms to
chlorine atoms.

Answer：A

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

8 The table shows the electronic arrangements of atoms of
four elements.

Which two elements combine to form an ionic

compound? Answer：C

A W and X Explanation:
B W and Y X is lithium while Y is sulphur. They
C X and Y combine to form an ionic compound,
D X and Z lithium sulphide.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

9 What is the charge on the iron ion in Fe2O3?

A +2
B +3
C –2
D –3 Answer：B
Explanation:
In Fe2O3, one oxide ion carries two
negative charges. The compound has no
overall charges. Three oxide ions are
needed for every two ions of iron to make
the total charge zero. Thus, the ion of
iron should carry three positive charges.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

10 What is the colour of copper(II) chromate solution?

A Blue
B Colourless
C Green
D Yellow Answer：C
Explanation:
Copper(II) ions are blue in colour while
chromate ions are yellow in colour.
Hence copper(II) chromate solution has a
green colour.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

11 Element X is in Group III and element Y is in Group VI
of the Periodic Table. What is the most likely chemical
formula of the compound formed when X and Y react
together?

A XY2
B X2Y
C X2Y3
Answer：C
D X3Y2
Explanation:
The compound contains X3+ ions and Y2– ions. Two X3+
ions are needed for every three Y2– ions to make the
total charge zero. Thus, the chemical formula of the
compound is X2Y3.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds Explanation:
The purple permanganate ions moved
Unit Exercise (p. 104) towards the positive terminal.
12 A drop of sodium permanganate solution is placed at the
centre of a piece of moist filter paper on a microscope
slide. The ends of the paper are clipped to a 30 V DC
power supply. After a few minutes,
A a purple colour has moved towards the positive
terminal.
B a purple colour has moved towards the negative
terminal.
C an orange colour has moved towards the positive
terminal.
D an orange colour has moved towards the negative
terminal.
(Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, Jun. 2013, 5)
Answer：A
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

13 What is the most likely formula of aluminium nitride?
Explanation:
A Al(NO3)2
Aluminium nitride contains Al3+
B AlNO3
ions and N3– ions.
C AlNO2
One Al3+ ion is needed for every
D AlN
N3– ion to make the total charge
zero. Thus, the chemical formula
of the compound is AlN.
Answer：D
(Edexcel GCSE (Higher Tier), Unit C2, Jun. 2014, 1(d)(ii))

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

14 Zn is a metal. The chemical formula of zinc oxide is ZnO.
What is the chemical formula of zinc phosphate?
Explanation:
A ZnPO4
Zinc phosphate contains Zn2+ ions and
B Zn2PO4
PO43– ions. Three Zn2+ ions are needed
C Zn(PO4)3
for every two PO43– ions to make the
D Zn3(PO4)2
total charge zero. Thus, the chemical
formula of the compound is Zn3(PO4)2.
Answer：D

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

15 Which of the following substances exists as a lattice of
positive ions in a ‘sea of electrons’?

A Molten sodium chloride

B Solid copper
C Solid phosphorus
D Solid sulphur

Answer：B

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 104)

16 Which of the following groups contains two correct
chemical formulae for ionic compounds?

A CaOH2, CaSO4
B Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)2
C KCr2O7, KMnO4
D MgCO3, MgNO3 Answer：B
Explanation:
Fe2(SO4)3 contains Fe3+ ions and SO42– ions. Two Fe3+
ions are needed for every three SO42– ions to make the
total charge zero.
Fe(NO3)2 contains Fe2+ ions and NO3– ions. One Fe2+
ion is needed for every two NO3– ions to make the total
charge zero.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 105)

17 Sodium reacts with sulphur to form a compound. Which
of the following statements are correct?

(1) An ionic compound is formed.

(2) The name of the compound is sodium sulphite.
(3) The chemical formula of the compound is Na2S.

A (1) and (2) only

B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3) Answer：B
Explanation:
(2) The name of the compound formed from sodium
and sulphur is sodium sulphide.
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 105)

18 Which of the following statements about potassium
chloride are correct?
Answer：D
(1) There are equal numbers of potassium ions and
chloride ions in the lattice.
(2) A potassium ion and a chloride ion have the same
electronic arrangement.
(3) There are strong electrostatic forces of attraction
among the ions.
Explanation:
A potassium atom needs to lose one electron while
A (1) and (2) only a chlorine atom needs to gain one electron so as to
B (1) and (3) only obtain stable outermost shells of 8 electrons.
C (2) and (3) only (1) The ionic lattice contains one potassium ion for
every chloride ion.
D (1), (2) and (3) (2) A potassium ion and a chloride ion have the
same electronic arrangement (2,8,8).
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 105)

19 Rubidium (Rb) is a Group I element and its relative
atomic mass is greater than that of potassium. Which of
the following statements about rubidium is / are correct?

(1) It is more reactive than potassium.

(2) The chemical formula of its sulphate is RbSO4.
(3) All of its compounds are coloured.

A (1) only Explanation:

B (2) only (2) The chemical formula of the
C (1) and (3) only sulphate of rubidium is Rb2SO4.
D (2) and (3) only (3) Many rubidium compounds are
colourless.
Answer：A
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 105)

20 Astatine (At) is a halogen with an atomic number of 85.
Which of the following statements about astatine are
correct?

(1) It is more reactive than iodine.

(2) It forms ions carrying –1 charge.
(3) It reacts with potassium to form an ionic
compound.
Explanation:
A (1) and (2) only (1) The reactivity of halogens
B (1) and (3) only decreases going down the
C (2) and (3) only group. Iodine is more reactive
D (1), (2) and (3) than astatine.
Answer：C
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 105)

21 Element X can form an anion X3– which has an
electronic arrangement of 2,8. Which of the following
statements concerning X are correct?

(1) X is used to fill bags of crisps.

(2) X is a noble gas.
(3) X forms an ionic compound with lithium.
Explanation:
A (1) and (2) only An atom of X has an electronic
B (1) and (3) only arrangement of 2,5.
C (2) and (3) only Hence X is nitrogen.
D (1), (2) and (3) (3) Nitrogen forms an ionic compound
with lithium, lithium nitride.
Answer：B
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 106)

Part III STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
22 Consider the following pairs of elements:
• Aluminium and fluorine
• Calcium and oxygen
• Lithium and phosphorus
• Magnesium and bromine
a) Draw the electron diagram for the compound formed
from each pair of elements, showing electrons in the
outermost shells only.
b) Name each compound formed.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 106)

22 (continued)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 106)

23 Give the chemical formulae of the following compounds:

a) Ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 (1)

b) Calcium sulphite CaSO3 (1)
c) Copper(II) oxide CuO (1)
d) Iron(III) sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 (1)
e) Magnesium hydrogencarbonate Mg(HCO3)2 (1)
f) Potassium permanganate KMnO4 (1)
g) Sodium sulphide Na2S (1)
h) Zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2 (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 106)

24 Name the following compounds:

a) ZnCl2 Zinc chloride (1)

b) MgS Magnesium sulphide (1)
c) Li3N Lithium nitride (1)
d) Al(HCO3)3 Aluminium hydrogencarbonate (1)
e) Cu(NO3)2 Copper(II) nitrate (1)
f) KOH Potassium hydroxide (1)
g) CaSO4 Calcium sulphate (1)
h) NH4Br Ammonium bromide (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 107)

25 A student passed a direct current through lead(II)
bromide in a fume cupboard using the experimental
set-up shown below.

a) Give the chemical formula of lead(II) bromide.

PbBr2 (1)
b) Why is heat needed for this experiment?
To melt the lead(II) bromide. (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 107)

25 (continued)
c) State what would be observed at each electrode.
Explain your answer.
A reddish brown gas forms at the positive electrode while a
shiny solid forms at the negative electrode. (1)
Negative bromide ions are attracted to the positive electrode.
At this electrode, these ions lose electrons to become atoms.
The atoms then join in pairs to form molecules. (1)
2Br– Br2 + 2e–
Positive lead(II) ions are attracted to the negative electrode.
These ions receive electrons at the electrode and become
atoms. (1)
Pb2+ + 2e– Pb
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 107)

26 Complete the table below.

Name of compound Chemical Chemical Chemical

formula of formula of formula of
positive ion negative ion compound
Magnesium bromide Mg2+ Br– (1) MgBr2 (1)
Iron(II) sulphate (1) Fe2+ (1) SO42– FeSO4
Ammonium carbonate NH4+ (1) CO32– (1) (NH4)2CO3 (1)
Copper(II) nitrate (1) Cu2+ NO3– (1) Cu(NO3)2
Ammonium hydroxide (1) Al3+ (1) OH– (1) Al(OH)3

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

27 Look at the electronic structures of some atoms.

a) One of the atoms is a metal which makes a positive

ion.
Which atom? W (1)
b) One of the atoms has a stable electronic structure and
is unreactive.
Which atom? Z (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

27 (continued)

c) Two of the atoms can combine together by electron

transfer.
i) Which TWO atoms? W and Y (1)
ii) Draw the electron diagram for the compound formed,
showing electrons in the outermost shells only.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

28 a) Copper is in Period 4 of the Periodic Table.
State what information this gives about the number of
shells that contain electrons, in a copper atom.
There are 4 shells that contain electrons in a copper atom. (1)
b) Copper(II) nitrate contains copper(II) ions, Cu2+, and
nitrate ions, NO3–.
i) Describe, in terms of electrons, how a copper atom,
Cu, becomes a copper(II) ion, Cu2+.
A copper atom loses two electrons. (1)
ii) Write the formula for copper(II) nitrate.
Cu(NO3)2 (1)

(Edexcel GCSE (Higher Tier), Unit C2, Jun. 2015, 4(a)(ii), (b))

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

29 Calcium chloride is an ionic compound.

*a) Describe what happens, in terms of electron loss and

gain, when calcium atoms combine with chlorine
atoms.
A calcium atom needs to lose two electrons (1)
while a chlorine atom needs to gain one electron so as to
obtain stable outermost shells
of 8 electrons. (1)
When calcium atoms combine with chlorine atoms, two
electrons from each calcium atom
are transferred to two chlorine atoms, one for each. (1)
Communication mark (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

29 (continued)
b) Draw the electron diagram for calcium chloride,
showing electrons in the outermost shells only.

c) Give the chemical formula of calcium chloride.

CaCl2 (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 108)

30 Lithium is a Group I element.
a) A student cut a fresh piece of lithium. The cut surface
reacted with oxygen in the air. What would be
observed? The cut surface changed from shiny to dull. (1)
b) When lithium reacts with oxygen, lithium oxide is
formed.
When lithium oxide is left in the air for a long time, it
reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate.
i) Draw the electron diagram for lithium oxide, showing
electrons in all the shells.

ii) Give the chemical formula of lithium carbonate.

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Li2CO3 (1)
Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

31 Naturally occurring samples of potassium contain three
isotopes, 39K, 40K and 41K.
a) i) A sample of potassium has the following composition.

Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of

potassium, giving your answer to TWO decimal
places.
Relative atomic mass of potassium
39 x 93.22 + 40 x 0.12 + 41 x 6.66
= (1)
100
= 39.13 (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

31 (continued)

ii) Complete the table below to show the numbers of

subatomic particles in an atom of each of the isotopes
39K and 41K.

Isotope Electrons Protons Neutrons

39K
19 19 20 (1)
41K
19 19 22 (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

31 (continued)
iii) Why is potassium placed after argon in the Periodic
Table, even though it has a smaller relative atomic
mass?
The position of an element in the Periodic Table depends on its
atomic number. (1)
A potassium atom has one more proton than an argon atom. / The
atomic number
of potassium is greater than that of argon. (1)
b) The type of bonding in potassium is metallic.
Draw a labelled diagram to illustrate the metallic
bonding in potassium.
Diagram showing a regular arrangement of singly-positively charged
potassium ions in a sea of delocalised electrons (1)
(Edexcel Advanced Subsidiary GCE, Unit 1, 6CH01/01R, Jun. 2014, 19(a)(ii), (iii),
(v)–(b))
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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

32 An atom of element M has an electronic arrangement of
2,8,18,3.
a) To which group of the Periodic Table does M belong?
Group III (1)
b) Predict whether M is a poor or a good conductor of
electricity. Explain your answer.
Good conductor of electricity. It is a metal. / It has
delocalised electrons. (1)
c) Predict the chemical formula of
i) chloride of M; MCl3 (1)
ii) sulphate of M. M2(SO4)3 (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

32 (continued)
d) M has two naturally occurring isotopes: M-69 and
M-71. The relative atomic mass of M is 69.7. Calculate
the relative abundance of each isotope.
Let the relative abundance of M-69 and M-71 be y% and
(100 – y)% respectively.
69 x y + 71 x (100 – y)
Relative atomic mass of M = 69.7 = (1)
100
6 970 = 69y + 7 100 – 71y
y = 65.0 (1)
∴ the relative abundance of M-69 and M-71 are 65.0% and
35.0% respectively.

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

33 The Group II element barium was first isolated by Sir
Humphry Davy in 1808.
*a) Describe the structure and bonding in barium with the
help of a diagram.
Barium contains a regular three-dimensional
arrangement of positive barium ions surrounded
by a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons. (1)
The strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
positive barium ions and delocalised
electrons make up the metallic bond. (1)
Diagram showing a regular arrangement of barium ions
in a ‘sea’ of delocalised electrons (1)
Communication mark (1)

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Unit 7 Ionic and metallic bonds

Unit Exercise (p. 109)

33 (continued)
b) Barium burns in oxygen to form barium oxide.
i) Describe, in terms of electron transfer, how a barium
atom and an oxygen atom combine to form particles
in barium oxide.
A barium atom needs to lose two electrons (1)
while an oxygen atom needs to gain two electrons so
as to obtain stable outermost shells
of 8 electrons. (1)
When barium atoms combine with oxygen atoms, two
electrons from each barium atom
are transferred to one oxygen atom. (1)
ii) Give the name of the type of bonding in barium oxide.
Ionic bonding (1)
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