we over cue llue Lue uuuule, we couuu get killed. And what I do.

But I kept pushing myself,

we like those lines because they help to keep us safe. traveling, doing speaking writer in the
Sometimes we don't even realize how lines help to keep following context: "I know I have limits and
us safe. that I've reached them, but I'm going to
4. I'm not proud of this, but for the first 20 years of my ignore them and see if or how long I can get
life at work, I ignored my limits. I felt horrible, by with it," ?
physically, most of the time. I used to tell myself "I 1. negligent
know I have limits and that I've reached them, but 2. indecisive
I'm going to ignore them and see if or how long I
3. spont aneous
can get by with it." I ran to doctors, trying to make
4. reckless
myself feel better through pills, vitamins, natural
stuff and anything I could get my hands on. Some 5. purposeless G. patient (i) 2 and 5
of the doctors would tell me, "It's just stress." That (ii) 3 and (j
just made me mad. I thought stress meant you don't (iii) 1 and 4
like what you do or can't handle life, and I love (iv) 2 and 3
Ans : (iii) 1 and 4
Page 5 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(d) Which
Ans : oftheÖfficials
following will that
admit be the
themost appropriate
emergency called called failure,2,friends,
A person's experiences
a caution in lifeconfusion, called
loop lights
title for the passage? 3, A person's point of view towards life

(i) Much too soon 4. A person's regrets in life

(ii) Enough is enough 5. A person's general attitude to life
(iii) How much is too much? (i) 1 and 4

(iv) Have enough to do? (iii)3 and 5 (iv) 4 and 5

Ans : (iii) How much is too much? Ans : (iii) 3 and 5
(k) The author explains the importance of discipline
(e) The phrase "potentially harmful circumstances"
refers to circumstances that can and boundaries in our lives using the example of
(i) certainly be dangerous. (i) road accidents.
(ii) be fairly dangerous. (ii) traffic rules,

(iii) be possibly dangerous, (iii) lines on the highway.

(iv) seldom be dangerous. (iv) safe driving.

Ans : (iii) be pcÄbly dangerous. Ans : (iii) lines on the highway.

(l) What is the message conveyed in the last para of

(f) Select the option that makes the correct use of
"unsustainable" as used in the passage, to fill in the passage?

the blank space, (i) Love what you do,

(i) In the long run, the officials followed (ii) Love yourself to love others.

emergency procedures. (iii) Be the best version of yourself.

(ii) Emergency procedures were _ by the (iv) Be yourself.

officials. Ans : (iv) Be yourself.

(iii) Officials reported an set of events
during the emergency.
PASSAGE 4
(iv) Officials admit that the emergency system is The Road to success is not straight; there is a curve
in the longer run. called

family, speed and bumpsyou

system is in the longer run, will have flats called jobs. But, if you have a spare
(g) The author attempts to the readers called determination, an engine called perseverance, through this
write-up. God, you
insurance called faith, and a driver called will make it to place called success!
(i) rebuke (ii) question 2. In spite of all our planning and preparation, (iii) offer aid to (iv) offer advice to
unexpected challenges are certain to arise. The bumps
Ans : (iv) offer advice to in the road are unavoidable, but you'll never get to
(h) The author uses colloquial word* such as "yeah" your destination if you aren't willing to drive over and
'SWoo•hoo!" , Which of the following is NOT them, The difference between a disaster and triumph word? lies
in whether or not you're prepared and willing to
 a colloquial weather the storm, If you're ready, those bumps will
(i) hooked (ii) guy
become stepping-stones.
(iii) stuff (iv) stress 3. The key thing to realize is that uorking harder is : (iv) stress same as working smarter.
How do you work smarter?
Ans

(i) What does the author mean when he says, "to get You just need to have the right skills. People want our lives in
order"? improved circumstances and better life without an
To resume our lives. improved self. They want victory without PiWing (i) the price or making efforts. It really cannot
happen (ii) To organize our lives. without the other. Any improvements that have not
(iii) To rebuild our lives. been generated by improving yourself are superficial
(iv) To control our lives. and short-lived. If you want to have n better future, Ans : (ii) TO organize our lives, you have to
change yourself. Stop worrying about the various challenges that will corne your Just
0) Choose the option that correctly states the two believe in yourself and use them as stepping-stones. meanings of
'outlook', as used in the passage. 4. 'Success' is getting whatever you want out of life
1. A person 's cwaluation of life
without violating the rights of others." It is not an
 (iv) To control our lives. and short-lived. If you want to have a better future, you
Ans : (ii) To organize our lives. have to change yourself. Stop worrying about the various
G) Choose the option that correctly states the two challenges that will come your way. Just believe in
meanings of 'outlook', as used in the passage. 4. yourself and use them as stepping-stones.
1. A person's evaluation of life 'Success' is getting whatever you want out of life
without violating the rights of others." It is not an
accident, Success is the result of our attitude and (f) According to the passage, success is

our attitude is a choice. Hence success is a matter of (i) a matter of chance

choice and not chance. (ii) a matter Of choice

5, Today success represents a holistic and positive (iii) Getting whatever you want
attitude to life. Attitude is everything. Success is
(iv) An accident
not restricted within some kind of brick and mortar

premises. It assumes the individuality of a complete Ans : (ii) a matter of choice

act executed with perfection; material achievements do (g) Success represents

not define life. We don't remember sports stars for the

(i) Brick and mortar premise
products they endorse but the spirit of achievement
(ii) Material achievement
they represent. In the abundance of positive attitude
underline the grandeur of a truly rewarding rich life. (iii) A rich life
G, Success can be measured from two standpoints • the (iv) Holistic and positive attitude to life
external and the internal. Externally it is the measure Ans : (iv) Holistic and positive attitude to life

of a job well done and recognition, Internally it the

(h) Which of the following statements is true in the
feeling of achievement and wholeness derived from the context of the passage?

completion of a task or fulfilmeut of desire. (i) Success is a matter of chance and not a choice
2019 (Modified) (ii) Material achievements define life
(a) The author refers to determination as (iii) The road to success straight

Page 6 Discursive Passage Chapter 1

(i) Speed bumps. (iv) Success is getting whatever you want out of

(ii) Flats life without violating the rights to others

(iii) A spark Ans : (iv) Success is getting whatever you want

(iv) Insurance out of life without violating the rights to others

Ans : (iii) A spark (i) Success can be measured by two standpoints -
(b) The author refers to insurance as the external and the internal. Externally it is
is
(i) Spare (ii) Engine the measure of a job well done and recognition.
Internally it is
(iii) Caution lights (iv) Faith
Ans : (iv) Faith (i) completing of a task
(ii) fulfilment of desire

(i) You are willing to drive over them (iv) the feeling of achievement and wholeness
(ii) Willing to avoid them derived from the completion of a task or
(iii) Cursing the authorities for constructing them fillfilment of desire.
(iv) Talking an alternate route Ans : (iv) the feeling of achievement and
Ans : (i) You are willing to drive over them wholeness derived from the completion of a task or
(d) Difference between disaster and triumph lies in fulfilment of desire.

(i) Sulking and moving forward Success can be measured from

(ii) Not being prepared to face disaster (i) The external standpoint
(iii) Dreading to face disaster (ii) The internal standpoint
(iv) Willing to weather the storm (iii) Both (i) and (ii)
Ans : (iv) Willing to weather the storm (iv) None of these
(e) For success Ans (iii) Both (i) and (ii)

(c) Bumps become steeping stones when(iii) job well done and recognition
(iv) Working smarter without hard work is the key
Ans : (iii) Working smarter and making efforts is

Keep your watch accurate. For some people, moving up the time on their watch will help them get up earlier.
For others, they will remember that the time on the watch is wrong and will disregard it altogether. It rn@Y' be
helpful to set your watch just two minutes
the
key.
ahead instead of five or ten.

(i) Working harder is the key

(ii) Working hard is not the key
(iii) Working smarter and making efforts is the key. PASSAGE 5
Page 7 Discursive Passage Chapter I
2. Keep a clock, phone, computer or anything that (iii) start watching TV in the morning
displays time in each room of your house. One of the (iv) keep on lying in bed
easiest to run late is simply by not realising that the Ans : (ii) get up at the right
time is piLssiug as quickly as it is.
(e) The narrator does not deny
3. Set all your clocks and watches to the same time. which of the following
activitv •ust after wakin u
(ii) Not being prepared to face disaster (1) external standpoint
(iii) Dreading to face disaster (ii) The internal standpoint
(iv) Willing to weather the storm (iii) Both (i) and (ii)
Ans : (iv) Willing to weather the storm (iv) None of these
(e) For success Ans : (iii) Both (i) aud (ii)

1 ne

(i) Working harder is the key

(ii) Working hard is not the key
(iii)Working smarter and making efforts is the PASSAGE 5 key. Keep your watch accurate. For
some up the time on their watch will help t
(iv) Working smarter without hard work is the earlier. For others, they will remember t
Ans : (iii) Working smarter and making efforts is the watch is wrong and will
disregard i on
It may be helpful to set your watch
just t the key.
ahead instead of five or ten.

2, Keep a clock, phone, computer or anything that (iii) start watching TV in the morning
displays time in each room of your house. One of the (iv) keep on lying in bed

easiest WAY's to run late is simply by not realising that Ans (ii) get up at the right time
the time is passing as quickly as it is.
3. Set all your clocks and watches to the same time. (e) The narrator does not deny which of the following
activity just after waking up:
Don't be an optimist. Things usually take Longer
than what you'd expect, even without major delmys. (i) hitting snooze button
If you have dinner appointment at 7:30 p.m., don't (ii) keep on lying in bed

think you can work till 7 p.m., then take a bath, dress (iii) watch TV
and reach on time. Realistically, calculate the time (iv) wake up when you actually have to

you will take at each step and then add 10 minutes more Ans : (iv) wake up when you actually have to
to allow for unexpected or you cannot
get to your job done in time. (f) What does the author mean when he uses the
4. Wake up when you are supposed to wake up, Don't hit word •delay'?
the snooze button, keep on lying in bed, and watch TV (i) Late
at the very start of your day. May be you can try even (ii) Turn off

setting your clock 10 minutes earlier than you need. If (iii) Disregard
you have difficulty with this, move your alarm clock (iv) Accurate
to somewhere away from your bed; that way, you will have to Ans (i) Late
get up to turn it off. Commit yourself to being
15 minutes early for everything. If you have to reach (g) One of the major reasons for being delayed is
your place of work at 8:00, don't even tell yourself this. (i) absence Of clock, phone or computer
Just tell yourself (and everyone else who listens - but (ii) being overindulged in work

don't annoy them or make them think that they are (iii) not realising that time passes quickly

late or early!) have to be at work at 7:45." If you

(iv) not keeping a margin in the expected time Of
 do this, you will be on time even with little unforeseen
work
delAys. You will be on time even with a traffic jam. 2019
Ans : (iii) not realising that time passes quickly
(Modified)
(a) we should be in approach with time (h) Being ahead by minutes should be

Page 7 Discursive Passage Chapter 1

management , everyone's commitment.

(i) optimistic (i) 10 minutes
(ii) pessimistic (ii) 15 minutes
(iii) realistic (iii) 5 minutes
(iv) utopian (iv) 30 minutes
everything. He means to say:
Ans
(i) to: be
(iii)late
realistic Ans (ii) 15 minutes
(i) commit (ii) unforeseen
(ii) to delay (iii)
(b) It is good to commit yourself for (i) The annoy
author uses the word (iv) snooze in para 4.
'unexpected'
(iii) to being 15 minutes early Ans (ii) unforeseen
(iv) to search the last moment O) Which word conveys the opposite of realistically?
Ans : (iii) to being 15 minutes early (i) Impracticable (ii) Rational
(c) The passage highlights: (iii) Achievable (iv) Pragmatic
(i) the value of time Ans : (i) Impracticable
(ii) the importance of being ahead of time (k) Which word means 'disregard
(iii) the value of being upto time (i) Attention (ii) Consider
(iv) the value of calculating time (iii) Ignore (iv) Regard
Ans : (ii) the importance of being ahead of time Ans : (iii) Ignore
(d) To be punctual we should
(l) The narrator denies us to:
(i) hit the snooze button of the alarm clock (i) be realistic
(ii) get up at the right time
 (iii) the value of being upto time (i) Attention (ii) Consider
(iv) the value of calculating time (iii) Ignore (iv) Regard
Ans : (ii) the importance of being ahead of time Ans : (iii) Ignore
(d) To be punctual wc should The narrator denies us to:
(i) hit the snooze button of the alarm clock (i) be realistic
(ii) get up at the right time
Page 8 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(ii) be optimistic (i) how it is relished
(iii) keeping our watch accurate (ii) how they are absorbed and utilised in the
(iv) wake up when we are supposed to body

Ans : (ii) be optimistic (iii) how they are served and consumed iv)
whether it keeps us alert and awake
Ans : (ii) how they are absorbed and utilised in
PASSAGE 6
1. If you are adclicted to coffee, and doctors warn you the body
to quit the habit, don't worry and just keep relishing (d) What is the correct order Of the information given
the beverage, because it's not that bad after all! In
below?
fact, according to a new study, the steaming cup Of
I. Antioxidants are linked to a number of health
Java can beat fruits and vegetables as the primary benefits
source of antioxidants. Some studies state that coffee ll. One should consume coffee in moderation
is the number one source of antioxidants in American Ill. Decaf versions of coffee provide antioxidants
diet and both caffeinated and decaf versiorB appear to levels

provide similar antioxidant levels. IV. Dates have the most antioxidants based solely
2. Antioxidants in general have been linked to a number on serving size

of potential health benefits, including protection

(i) 111, 1, IV, 11
against heart diseases and cancer. But Sandra Vinson,
a dietitian, said that their benefits ultimately depend (ii) 111, IV, 1, 11

on how they are absorbed and utiliscd in the body. The (iii) 111, 1, 11, Iv

research says that coffee outranks popular antioxidant (iv) 11, 1. IV, 111
sources like and cranberries, Of all Ans : (i) 111, 1, IV, 11
the food and beverages studies, dates actually have
Coffee provides a large number Of health benefits
the most antioxidants based solely on serving size, but including protection against:
since dates are not consumed anywhere near the
level of coffee, the drink comes as the top source of (i) liver and colon cancer
antioxidants, Vinson said. (ii) type 2 diabetes
3. Besides keeping you alert and awake, coffee has been (iii) Parkinson's disease
linked to an increasing number of potential health (iv) All of these

benefits, including protection against liver and colon Ans : (iv) All of these
cancer, type 2 diabetes, and Parkinson's disease
according to some recently published studies. (f) Besides keeping us alert and awake, coffee provides
4. The researchers, however, advise that one should us protection against:
consume coffee in moderation, because it can make l. liver and colon cancer

you jittery and cause stomach pains. Il. stomach ache

Ill. type '2 diabetes
(a) have the most antioxidants among all IV. lung diseases
file food and beverages. (i) l and 11
(i) Dates (ii) 11 and 111

(ii) Cranberries (iii)l and IV

(iii) Tea and milk (iv)l and 111
(iv) Coffee Ans : (iv) 1 and 111

Ans : (i) Dates

(g) The word which means the same as •nervous' is:
(b) is an important source of antioxidants in (i) alert
 American diet. (ii) awake

(i) Tea (iii) moderation

(ii) Coffee (iv) jittery
(iii) Milk Ans : (iv) jittery
(iv) Chocolate
(h) Consumption of coffee in excess:
Ans : (ii) Coffee
is a suggestion from doctors
(c) According to dietitian Sandra Vinson,the benefits (ii) doesn't call the utter need to quit it
of coffee ultimately depend on:
(e) What does the author means when he uses the (i) Supporting

word 'regulation'? (ii) Sustain

(i) Official rule (iii) Diverse
(ii) Control (iv) Varied
(iii) Device for fair use Ans : (ii) Sustain
(iv) Worn or used as per rules
Ans : (ii) Control PASSAGE 8

(f) Which component is an inexpensive way to stay I. Hobbies help us grow as a person. The best way to
have a new hobby is to try something new. All of us
healthy?
are unique, and this is the reason why our hobbies and
(i) Water
interests arc different. Once We find an activity
Page 9 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(iii) provides the richest source of maximum it dissolves diverse metabolic wastes and helps drain
antioxidants them out of the body. Besides, it performs a variety
(iv) will make one feel jittery and cause stomach of functions - some well known and well understood
while others not so well appreciated yet vital. The no
Ans : (iv) will make one feel jittery and cause less important role of water is to
distribute/dissipate
stomach pains the body heat efficiently, thereby regulating body's
temperature. Water accomplishes this role ideally
(i) Which of the following is the primary source of because it has high thermal conductivity ensuring
ant ioxidants? rapid heat transfer from one part to the other.
(i) Java 3. Above all, water has a high-specific heat, implying
(ii) Fruits that it takes a lot of heat to raise the temperature
of
(iii) Vegetables water and likewise much heat must be lost to lower its

temperature.
(iv) Both (i) and (ii)
Ans : (i) Java 4. Drinking a lot Of water is an inexpensive way to stay
healthy. Even excess of water is harmless. Water
(j) What does the author mean when he uses the therapy- drinking a litre or so the first thing in the
word •absorbed ' ? morning is kidney-friendly,
5. The water regulation in the body is affected by
(i) Solely
hypothalamus in two ways i.e., (i) by creating the
(ii) Immersed
sensation of thirst which makes us drink water and
(iii) Utilised
(ii) by controlling the excretion of water as urine. If
(iv) Potential
Ans : (ii) Immersed water regulation fails, medical emergency ensues.
(a) Water is vital to human health and fitness because
(k) Which word conveys the opposite of sober' ?
(i) man does not live by food alone
(i) Decaf
(ii) it is an excellent solvent
(ii) Quit
(iii) we cannot survive for more than a couple Of
(iii) Addicted days without it

(iv) Primary (iv) it controls thirst and excretion of water as

Ans : (iii) Addicted urine
Ans : (iii) we cannot survive for more than a
(1) The word is an antonym of 'inattentive'.
couple of days without it
(i) alert
(ii) potential (b) Water is called a key nutrient because
(iii) awake (i) it dissolves different products of digestion
(iv) linked (ii) no life is possible without it

Ans : (i) alert (iii) it carries products to the rest Of the body
(iv) it raises temperature of the body
PASSAGE 7 Ans : (ii) no life is possible without it

l. Man does not Live by food alone. Water is vital to

human health and fitness. Although it is not a (c) Water is an ideal constituent of the body fluids
because
nutrient per se as are carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals. It, in fact, is a key nutrient (i) it is an excellent solvent
as no life is possible without it. Whereas we can do (ii) it dissolves metabolic wastes
 for weeks without food, we cannot live without water (iii) it drains wastes out of the body
longer than a couple of days. (iv) it regulates excretion of urine
2. Water approximates 60 per cent of the body weight of Ans : (i) it is an excellent solvent
human adults. The total amount of water in a man
weighing 70 kilograms is approximately a little over (d) Water regulates body temperature efficiently as
40 litres. It is an excellent solvent - more substances (i) it circulates €%sily•
are soluble in water than in any other liquid known (ii) it has high-specific heat
so far. This makes it an ideal constituent Of the (iii) it dissolves food easily
body fluids which sustain life supporting chemical (iv) it has high thermal conductivity
reactions. It dissolves varied products of digestion and Ans : (iv) it has high thermal conductivity
transports them to the rest of the body. Likewise,
Page 10 Discursive Passage Chapter I
 help you turn your hobby into your profession. The (i) give you a peace of mind from all the other
internet provides numerous groups and forums to problems of daily hectic life and make you feel
connect with people that enjoy doing the same things refreshed.

that you want to do.

help you enhance and improve your skills aud
Some hobbies require creativity and if you develop push you forward on your path to success.

creativity through your hobby, it can be beneficial. (iii) make you enjoy and appreciate your life
much
Creativity can help you experience new things at more as you arc happy pursuing what you
school and work. The skill of being creative is essential love.
in today's world. (iv) rejuvenate your mind and help prepare you

to handle challenges in the future in a better

(a) When a person gets hooked on a hobby, he realises
that way,
Ans : (iv) rejuvenate your mind and help prepare
(i) it has become an integral part Of our life. you to handle challenges in the future in a better
(ii) it has much more benefits than we realised. iii) it is
much more enjoyable to have a hobby.
(iv) it is quite essential for us to learn some skills (f) Choose an option that is not a benefit of having a
hobbv.
Page 10 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(e) What does the author means when he uses the (i) Supporting
word 'regulation: ? (ii) Sustain
(i) Official rule (iii) Diverse
(ii) Control (iv) Varied
(iii) Device for fair use Ans : (ii) Sustain
(iv) Worn or used as per rules
Ans : (ii) Control
PASSAGE 8
(f) Which component is an inexpensive Way to stÆW Hobbies help us grow as a person. The best way to
have a new hobby is to try something new. All of us
healt hy?
are unique, and this is the reason why our hobbies
(i) Water
and interests are different. Once we find an activity wc
(ii) Minerals
arc passionate about, we can explore that activity
(iii) Vitamins more. When you get hooked, you will realize that

(iv) Proteins your hobby has become an integral part of your life.
Ans : (i) Water Having a hobby that We enjoy brings IIS joy and
refreshes us. Hobbies help us to manage our leisure
(g) Which of the following statements is not true? and unplanned time more productively, It also affords
(i) Water regulates body temperature you the opportunity to learn new skills in your work,
(ii) Excess water is not harmless But these are not the only benefits Of having a hobby.
(iii) Excess water is not harmful 2. It feels great to be skilled and good at something,
(iv) Water transports nutrients to the body doesn't it ? And this is what that makes you confident.
Ans : (ii) Excess water is not harmless It can take some time to develop your hobby so that
you may be able to tell that you are skilled. But, the
(h) Which activity is considered as water therapy? journey of experiencing your hobby is Very rewarding
(i) Its high thermal conductivity ensuring rapid in itself. With the exposure to different types of
heat transfer from one part to another activities these it doesn't matter which activity
(ii) Drinking a litre of water in the morning you choose. Whether you are pursuing a craft, sports,
(iii) Drinking excess quantity of water puzzles, or skill development, your hobby should bc a
(iv) All of the above diversion and a passion. Simultaneously, if your hobby
Ans : (ii) Drinking a litrc of water in the morning gives you a sense of purpose, then you will be more
confident about challenging yourself in your hobby
(i) What is the per cent Of water content in a human and help you prepare for learning new things at work.
body? 3. Hobbies give you an opportunity to enhance your life
Hobbies allow you to de-stess yourself while
remaining
mentally productive. Having hobbies promotes better
(ii)
health and may lower the risk of having high blood
(iii)
pressure. Enjoying a few hours of your hobby a week
(iv) 70%
can also reduce the risk of depression and dementia.
Ans : (i) 60%
Hobbies refocus your mind on to something that you
 (j) Which word conveys the opposite of 'similar'? enjoy doing. Hobbies that include physical activities
create chemical changes in your body that help to
(i) Dissipate
reduce stress.
(ii) Ideal
4. Even if it doesn't involve physical activities, you can
(iii) Accomplished still reap the benefits of having a hobby. Getting a
(iv) Diverse short break from work and doing something you arc
Ans : (iv) Diverse passionate about can rejuvenate your mind and help
prepare you to handle challenges in the future in a
(k) Which word is a synonym of 'undamaging'?
better way.
(i) Excess 5. Hobbies may provide an opportunity for you to
(ii) Harmless socialize with people and that can be an additional
(iii) Therapy benefit for your overall well-being. You can connect
(iv) Friendly with people who enjoy doing the samc things that
Ans : (ii) Harmless you do. You can meet new people, discuss your hobby
and get connected to a bigger circle that may even
(l) Which word is a synonym Of 'rllaintain'?

Page 11 Discursive Passage Chapter I

Page Il Discursive Passage Chapter 1
help you turn your hobby into your profession. The (i) give you a peace of mind from all the other

internet provides numerous groups and forums to problems of daily hectic life and make you feel
connect with people that enjoy doing the same things refreshed.

that you want to do. (ii) help you enhance and improve your skills and
G, Some hobbies require creativity and if you develop push you forward on your path to success.

creativity through your hobby, it can be beneficial. (iii) make you enjoy and appreciate your life much

Creativity can help you experience new things at more as you are happy pursuing what you
school and work. The skill of being creative is essential love.

in today's world (iv) rejuvenate your mind and help prepare you
to handle challenges in the future in a better
(a) When a person gets hooked on a hobby, he realises
that : way.
Ans : (iv) rejuvenate your mind and help
prepare
(i) it has become an integral part of our life. you to handle challenges in the future in a
(ii) it has much more benefits than we realised. better
(iii) it is much more enjoyable to have a hobby.
(iv) it is quite essential for us to learn some skills (f) Choose an option that is not a benefit of having a
through our hobbies, hobby.

Ans : (i) it has become an integral part of our life. (i) Provides an opportunity for us to socialize
with people.
(b) No matter which sort of hobby you are pursuing, (ii) Gives us an opportunity to enhance our life.
be it craft, sports, puzzles, or skill development,
your hobby should be : (iii) Help us to manage our planned time more
beneficially,
(i) useful for you in the long run. (iv) Makes us more confident in ourselves.

(ii) a skill that improves your present Ans : (iii) Help us to manage our planned time
circumst ances. more beneficially.
(iii) a diversion and a passion.
(iv) followed through till the end. (g) The skill of being is essential in tod@y's

Ans : (iii) a diversion and a passion. world,

(i) confident
(c) The journey of experiencing a hobby is quite :
(ii) creative
(i) challenging for a person.
(iii) sociable
(ii) rewarding in itself.
(iv) opportunistic
(iii) demanding in itself. Ans : (ii) creative
(iv) inspirational for a person.
Ans : (ii) rewarding in itself. (h) Choose an option that is clearly a synonym of
the word 'hooked'.
(d) Which of the following is not a wmy through which (i) opposed

hobbies enhance your life?

(ii) indifferent
may lower the risk of having high blood
(iii) willing
pressure
reduce the risk Of depression and clement ia (iv) captivated
111. distracts the mind from other useless problems Ans (iv) captivated
IV. promotes better health (i) Choose an option that can be considered as an

V. reduces stress appropriate title for the passage.

VI. manages the regular balanced exercise
(i) The Importance of Having a Hobby
(i) 1, 11, 11 and IV
(ii) The Usage of Hobby
(ii) 1, 111, IV and VI
(iii) 1, 11, IV and V (iii) The Advantages and Disadvantages of Having a
Hobby
(iv)l, 111, V and VI (iv) The Correct Usage of Time- A Hobby

Ans : (iii) 1, 11, IV and V Ans (i) The Importance of Having Hobby

(e) Getting a hobby means having a short break from

Hobby provides you with an opportunity to
work and doing something you are passionate socialise with people by making

about which can I. you get connected to a bigger circle that may

Page 12 Discursive Passage Chapter I

even help you turn your hobby into your set of skills enabled comprehension.

profession. 3, At about this time, a group of psychologists,

 linguists,
ll. you meet new people with whom you can and computer scientists began to focus research
discuss your hobby. attention on how the mind works — how people think

Ill. you connect with people who enjoy doing the and learn. A goal of this new research movement,

same things that you do. called cognitive science, was to produce an applied

IV. you get together with people of your own age science of learning.

and profession. 4. In the field of reading, a number of cognitive

scientists
(i) 1, 111 and IV focused their attention on how readers construct
(ii) 11, 111 and IV meaning as they read, Specifically, they studied the

mental activities that good readers engage in to

(iii) 1, 11 and 111 achieve
comprehension. From these studies an entirely new
(iv) 1, 11, 111 and IV
: (iii) 1, 11 and 111 concept emerged about what reading is. According
to the new concept, reading is a complex, active
process
(k) Which of the following option is not similar in of constructing meaning - not skill application.
meaning to the word 'beneficial' The act of constructing meaning is .
Interactive - it involves not just the reader but also
(i) advantageous
the text and the context in which reading takes
(ii) favourable place. Strategic - readers have purpcxses for their
reading and
Page 12 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
even help you turn your hobby into your t set of skills enabled comprehension.
profession. h At about this time, a group of psychologists, linguists,
ll. you meet new people with whom you can discuss a and computer scientists began to focus research attention
your hobby. t on how the mind works — how people think and learn.
Ill. you connect with people who enjoy doing the t A goal of this new research movement, called cognitive
same things that you do. science, was to produce an applied science of learning.
h
IV. you get together with people of your own age In the field of reading, a number of cognitive
i
and profession. scientists focused their attention on how readers
(i) 1, 111 and IV
s
construct meaning as they read. Specifically, they
(ii) 11, 111 and IV
p
studied the mental activities that good readers
(iii) 1, 11 and 111
a
engage in to achieve comprehension. From these
(iv) 1, 11, 111 and IV rt
studies an entirely new concept emerged about
Ans : (iii) 1, 11 and 111 i
what reading is, According to the new concept,
(k) Which Of the following option is not similar in
c
reading is a complex, active process of constructing
meaning to the word 'beneficial' ? (i) u
meaning - not skill applicati The act
advantageous l
of constructing meaning is Interactive -
a
(ii) favourable
(iii) rewarding r
3
it involves not just the reac the text and
the context in which reading Strategic -
12
(iv) worthless readers have purposes for their use a
Ans (iv) worthless ,
variety of strategies and skills as the,
(l) If your hobby gives you , then you will be more meaning.
confident about challenging yourself in your hobby Adaptable - readers change the strategies they use
and help you prepare for learning new things at as they read different kinds of text or as they read
work. for different purposes.
(i) confidence to move forward 4 While cognitive science research Was producing
(ii) sense of purpose . valuable information about comprehension processes,
(iii) a reason to develop yourself (iv) skills that reading education researchers were reporting important
help you in your work Ans : (ii) a sense of purpose findings about what comprehension instruction looks
like in the most effective reading classrooms.
PASSAGE 9 The convergence of these strands of research has
provided a wealth of information about what good
l. Over the past few decades, research has revealed a
readers do as they read, about how good and poor
great deal of information about how readers get
readers differ, and about the kind of instruction that
meaning from what they read and about the kinds
is needed to help students to become good readers.
of instructional activities ancl procedures that are
most successful in helping students to become good (a) Which Of the following is not a procedure that
readers. For many years, reading instruction was followed a typical comprehension instruction during
based on a concept of reading as the application of the 1970s, as revealed after a classroom study done
a set of isolated skills such as identifying words, by researchers ? (i) practicing procedure
finding main ideas, identifying cause and effect (ii) mentioning procedure
relationships, comparing and contrasting and (iii) memorisation procedure
sequencing. Comprehension was viewed as the 5 (iv) assessing procedure
mastery of these skills. . Ans : (iii) memorisation procedure
2. One important classroom study conducted during the (b) A goal of a new research movement called cognitive
1970s found that typical comprehension instruction science was :
followed what the study called a mentioning, (i) to promote a more practical sort of
practicing, and assessing procedure. That is, learning.
6
teachers mentioned a specific skill that students (ii) to produce an applied science of learning.
, (iii) to introduce an element of learning through
were to apply, had students practice the skill by
completing workbook pages, then assessed them to assessment.
find out if they could use the skill correctly. Such (iv) to reveal a better method of learning.
instruction did little to help students learn how or Ans : (ii) to produce an applied science
when to use the skills, nor was it ever established oflearning.
(c) A number of cognitive scientists, in the field of
Page 13 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
reading, focused their attention on : (i) In the late 20th century group of
(i) how much an average reader can read in a psychologists, linguists, and computer
clay. scientists began to focus research attention on
(ii) learning why mauy people preferred learning how the mind works i.e. how people think
through reading. and learn.
(iii) learning why readers had a much better (ii) The act of constructing meaning is interactive
knowledge of vocabulary than others. because it involves not just the reader but
(iv) how readers construct meaning as they read. also the text and the context in which reading
Ans : (iv) how readers construct meaning as takes place.
they read.
(iii) Research has revealed a great deal of
(d) According to the new concept of reading, reading is information about the kinds of instructional
notbut a complex, active process of activities and procedures that are most
constructing meaning. (i) an insignificant expertise successful in helping students to become
(ii) a comprehension skill good readers.
(iii) skill application (iv) Reading instruction is even now based on a
(iv) preferred ability concept of the application of a set of skills like
Ans : (iii) a skill application identifying words. finding main ideas, identifying
cause and effect relationships, comparing and
(e) The act of constructing meaning is :
contrasting and sequencing.
Comprehensive
Il. Ad aptable 111.
Strategic
IV. Interactive
1 11 and 111
(ii) strategic
(iii) cohesive
(iv) interactive
Ans : (i) adaptable
(i) Choose an option that lists a statement that is not
true.
 (l) Choose an option that clearly states the meaning the solute, resulting in a thinning of the original
rock.
of the word 'convergence'. Another important factor is the dynamic regime
(i.e.
(i) two or more things become similar or come laminar or turbulent) of the water flowing over the
together surface of the monument.
(ii) two thoughts or things going parallelly 5, In zones where the surface of marble or calcareous
(iii) the emergence of new and distinct thoughts monuments is only wetted. but protected from
runoff, black (characterized by crystals of gypsum
or patterns crusts
and calcite with carbonaceous particles embedded
(iv) the violent mixing of two or more things in
the crusts) are formed. Zones subjected to heavy
Ans : (i) two or more things become similar or run-
come together off are also subjected to a thinning Of the rock and
small authentic calcite crystals form that are white
in appearance.
PASSAGE 10 In the case of relatively unpolluted towns, where
The problem of the conservation of historical marble and limestone sulphation is not the main
cause
monuments (statues, columns, ancient buildings) of the deterioration process, biological deterioration
requires an accurate study of the many environmental mechanisms are often very important, due to the
agents which bring about the deterioration process activity of epilithic and endolithic microflora and
and affect the actual rate of deterioration, Among the microfauna.
most active causes of weathering, we can cite : (i) the 7. The cvese of particularly precious mortars, e.g.
weakening of the outer layer of the art work, which murals or frescoes. is discussed in order to clarify the

is caused by complex microphysical effects and is in thermodynamic method proposed for the analysis of

Page 13 Discursive Passage Chapter 1

reading, focused their attention on : (ii) strategic
(i) how much an average reader can read in a (iii) cohesive

clay, (iv) interactive

(ii) learning why mauy people preferred learning through Ans : (i) adaptable
reading.
iii) learning why readers had a much better (i) Choose an option that lists a statement that is
knowledge of vocabulary than others. not true.
(iv) how readers construct meaning as they read. (i) In the late 20th Century a group of
psychologists, linguists, and computer
Ans : (iv) how readers construct meaning as they
read. scientists began to focus research attention on
how the mind works i.e. how people think
(d) According to the new concept of reading, reading and learn,
is not but complex, active process of (ii) The act of constructing meaning is
interactive
constructing meaning, because it involves not just the reader but

(i) an insignificant expertise also the text and the context in which reading
(ii) a comprehension skill takes place.

(iii) a skill application (iii) Research has revealed a great deal of

information about the kinds of instructional

(iv) preferred ability
Ans (iii) a skill application activities and procedures that are most
successful in helping students to become good
(e) The act of constructing meaning is : readers.
I. Comprehensive (iv) Reading instruction is even now based on a

ll. Adaptable concept of the application of a set of skills

Ill. Strategic like identifying words. finding main ideas,

IV. Interactive identifying cause and effect relationships,

(i) 1, 11 and 111 comparing and contrasting and sequencing.

(ii) 1, 111 and IV Ans : (iv) Reading instruction is even now based

on a concept of the application of a set of skills like

(iii) 11, 111 and
identifying words, finding main ideas, identifying
(iv)l, 11, 111 and IV
Ans : (iii) 11, 111 and IV cause and effect relationshipss comparing and
contrasting and sequencing.
(f) Many years ago the mastery of reading instruction 0) The convergence of the strands of cognitive
 skills was viewed as : science research and reading education research

(i) comprehension. has provided a wealth of information about :

(ii) cognitive learning. l. what methods are required to instil in
students
(iii) interactive learning. the habit of learning through reading,
(iv) interpretation. 2. the kind of instruction that is needed to help
Ans : (i) comprehension. st'ldents to become good readers.
3. what good readers do as they read.
(g) Which instruction gave no help to the students to 4. how good and poor readers differ,

learn how or when to use certain skills nor was it

(i) 1, 2 and 3
ever established that this particular set of skills enabled (ii) 1, 3 and 4
comprehension ?
(iii)2, 3 and 4
(i) reading instruction
(iv) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(ii) typical comprehension instruction
(iii) cognitive instruction Ans : (iii) 2, 3 and 4
(iv) adaptable comprehensive instruction (k) Choose an option that is a synonym of the word
Ans : (ii) typical comprehension instruction 'engage'
(h) The readers change the strategies they use as they (i) develop
read different kinds of text or as they read for (ii) understand
different purposes. This is an feature of Oil) Immerse
the act of constructive meaning. (iv) release
(i) adaptable Ans : (iii) immerse
Page 14 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
 come together

PASSAGE 10
1. The problem of the conservation of historical
monuments (statues, columns, ancient buildings)
requires an accurate study of the many
environmental agents which bring about the
deterioration process and affect the actual rate of
deterioration. Among the rncßt active causes of
weathering, we can cite : (i) the weakening of the
outer lewer of the art work, which is caused by
complex microphysical effects and is in particular
due to wetting of the outer layer of the artwork (a
comparison between the effects of rainwater and
condensation is made); (ii) the chemico-physical
action of pollutants captured in both the dry and
wet phase.
2. The destructive processes depend on many factors :
the past history of the monument, the capture and
nature of the pollutants, and the frequency of some
microclimatic conditions, particularly those
supplying the water necessary for chemical
reactions. To this end studies of diurnal and
seasonal variations on the monument of both the
heat wave and the fluxes of moisture and energy are
very important.
3. Some of these processes have been shown with
microclimatic studies and microphysical investigation
associated with mineralogic and chemical analyses of
samples of weathered material. Mathematical models in
some cases (especially for solar radiation and
temperature) permit physical simulation, reconstruction
of past data and extrapolation into the future observation
of many monuments from different epochs; situated at
various sites, gives examples of the fundamental
processes that are often associated with, or masked by,
other effects.
4. The main weathering processes are due to the
combined action of rainwater and atmospheric
pollutants (particularly the carbonaceous particles
due to combustion) deposited on the surface of the
monument. The way in which the surface is wetted
is very important : in fact, a short drizzle can
activate the
dry deposit without washing it away, and in this
case the pH of rain droplets is of secondary
importance; on the other hand, showers supply
abundant water
which favours dissolution of the stone and removal of

7.

small authentic calcite crystals form that are white in

appearance.
In the case of relatively unpolluted towns, where
marble and limestone sulphation is not the main cause
of the deterioration process, biological deterioration
mechanisms are often very important, due to the
activity of epilithic and endolithic microflora and
microfauna.
The cuse of particularly precious mortars, e.g. murals or
frescoes, is discussed in order to clarify the
thermodynamic method proposed for the analysis of
experimental campaigns. Finally actions are described
that act on the causes and not only on the effects.

(a) The destructive processes of historical monuments

depcncl on many factors, that are :
the capture and nature of the pollutants
Il, the supply Of necessary chemical water reactions
Ill. the past history of the monument
IV the frequency of some microclimatic
conditions
(i) 11, 111 and IV
(ii) 1, 11 and 111
(iii) 1, 111 and IV
(iv) 1, 11, 111 and IV
Ans : (iii) l, Ill and IV
(b) The problem Of the conservation Of historical
monuments requires :
(i) an understanding of the deterioration process.
(ii) an accurate study of the many environmental
agents.
(iii)an accurate assumption of effects of rainwater.
 (iv) an understanding of the effects caused by the
chemico-physical action of pollut ants. Ans :
(ii) an accurate study of the many
environmental agents.

The main weathering processes of the monument are

caused due to the deposition of

the surface of the monument.

(i) gypsum and calcite with carbonaceous particles
Page 15 Discursive Passage
Chapter 1
(iv) The Science of Deterioration
Ans : (i) Deterioration Process Of Historical
Monuments
(i) When considering the deterioration in the case
of particularly precious mortars, actions are
described that act on :
(i) the maintenance of the artwork.
(ii) keeping the mural in its original condition.
(iii) the Causes and not only on the effects,
(iv) the effects Of time that can be clearly seen.
Ans : (iii) the Causes and not only on the effects,
In the passage the phrase 'run-off' refers to :
(i) the flowing of excessive water across a surface.
(ii) the fast deterioration of a surface.
(iii) the thinning of the upper layer of a monument.
(iv) the destructive affect of wind erosion,
Ans : (i) the flowing of excessive water across a
surface,
(k) When talking about weathering processes, the
way in which the surface is is Very
important.
(i) eroded
(ii) wetted
(iii) handled
(iv) built
us
Ans : (ii) wetted
(l) Choose an option that is not similar in meaning
to the word 'weathering'.
(i) worn-out
(ii) eroded
(iii) disintegrated
(iv) softened
Ans : (iv) softened
(g) Zones that experience are also subjected
to a thinning of the small authentic
calcite crystals form that are white in appearance PASSAGE 11
on the monument. 1. The modern cliussroom taken several steps forward
(i) extreme air pollution in its evolution of the learning environment in the

(ii) acid rainfall past 25 years. Many of the benefits that we have seen

in this setting are due to the introduction of new

(iii) harsh winds
technology options for students. Instead of having
(iv) heavy run-off
Ans : (iv) heavy run-off a single computer for a class to use or a laboratory
environment for the entire school placed in one
room,
(h) Which ofthe following will be the most appropriate we can now help students learn at their table or
desk
title of the passage ? with items issued to them directly. Thus, there are
quite a lot of advantages of having technology in
(i) Deterioration Process of Historical
Monuments classrooms.
2. Technology helps children to stay motivated during
(ii) Monuments and their Deteriorations the learning process. Most students don't like to go

(iii) The Legacy of Monuments to school if they feel like they are wasting their
time. When there is technology allowed in the
classroom,
Page 16 Discursive Passage
Chapter 1
then teachers have teachers to
an opportunity to connect with
let children work each other.
at a pace which Using a blog for
suits them the best the classroom
without disturbing can help parents
others. They Can get to see what
look up additional their children
information about are learning
a subject they are each day. Apps
learning about that and software
day, options allow
educational games teachers to
that reinforce the instantly report
lesson, or work on on a child's
advanced material behaviour to let
using a program. parents know in
3. Because many of real-time what is
today's technology happening
options allow throughout the
students to see how day. There are
well they are doing options for chat
compared to the
boxes, instant
average of all users,
messaging, and
it gives them a
chance to push other forms of
harder for communication
themselves and their as well.
education, Mauy of 5. Let's not forget
the programs that about email here
encourage learning either, Since the
also issue rewards 1990s when this
or award technology option
certificates, which carne into the
helps to make the classroom, it
lessons fun as well. created more
4. Technoloky reliability in
encourages more messaging
between teachers
communication
and parents
between teachers
should there be a
and parents. When need to talk,
there is 6. Techn010kY
technology in the also creates new
classroom, then ways to learn for
there are more today's student.
opportunities for There are three
parents and
 critical forms of Can introduce
intelligence that new subjects, try
we see in children new
today : emotional, techniques, or use
creative, and different projects to
instructional. The encourage ongoing
traditional learning, which
classroom creates more overall
engagement.
environment,
which typically (a) Most children
encourages don't like to go to
lecture-based school if :
lessons, focuses (i) they don't
more on the latter understand
option. what is
Standardized tests being taught
and similar in class.
ranking tools do (ii) they feel like
the same. When they are
children have wasting their
access to time.
technology (iii) they find
tod1W, then those class too
who excel outside boring.
of the standard (iv) they can get
learning setup can awlW with
still achieve their it.
full potential, Ans : (ii) they feel
7. Techn010kY allows like they are
children to embrace wasting their time,
their curiosity in
multiple ways. They (b) What is the
can try new things advantage Of
without having a
embarnussment
technology that
because their tech
allows students
access gives them a
level of anonymity. to see how well
This process allows they are doing
children to work, compared to the
through trial-and average of other
error if they wish, to students ? (i) it
see if a different gives an
strategy helps them opportunity to
to learn more learn from other
effectively. students
8. It even (ii) it tells one
encourages how much
students to stay more hard
engaged with their work is
learning needed to
environment, achieve a goal
Children get (iii) it motivates
bored very easily them to seek
when they feel help where
needed to
like they already
reach the
know what is level of others
being taught in (iv) it gives them
their classroom, a chance to
Some children push harder
will transform for
into mentors or themselves
leaders in this and their
situation to help education
their fellow
Ans : (iv) it
students, but there
gives them a
are Inauy more
chance to push
who disengage
harder for
because they lack
themselves and
stimulation. By
their education
introducing
technology to the (c) Technology
classroom, there allows children
are fewer places to embrace their
where repetitive in multiple
learning must take ways.
place. Teachers
 (i) intelligence
(ii) hard work
(iii) curiosity
(iv) passion
Ans : (iii) curic»ity
(d) Which of the
following is not
something that
technology helps
student with in
education ?
(i) Technology
creates new
ways to learn
for today's
student.
(ii) Technology
encourages
more
communication
between parents
and students.
(iii) Technology
helps children
to stay
motivated
during the
learning
process,
(iv) Technoloky
encourages
students to
stay engaged
with their
learning
environment.
Ans : (ii)
Technology
encourages
more
communicatio
n between
parents and
students.

(e) Which of the

following is not a
way through which
technology helps
children to stAY
motivated during
the learning
process ?
(i) play
educational
games that
reinforce a
lesson
(ii) work on
advanced
material using a
program
Page 17 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(iii)look up additional information about a th makes the correct use of 'stimulation' as used in the
subject they are learning about eir passage, to fill in the space.
(iv) allow them to work on a lesson beyond their us (i) Babies who love with their parents receive much
curriculum ag more than babies who sleep in a cot.
Ans : (iv) allow them to work on a lesson beyond their e. (ii) It was known that made the heart
curriculum to increase its oxygen consumption.
(f) The three critical forms of intelligence that we see in (iii)Near the boundary, the electrical spreading
children todAY are : 3. enough to evoke both movements.
l, motivational Il. (iv) She has a low threshold of boredom and needs the
creative constant of physical activity,
Ill. instructional Ans : (iv) She has¯aüäv tirreshold of boredom and
IV. competitive needs the constant of physical activity.
V emotional (k) Technology helps children to see if a different strategy
(i) 1, 11 and 111 helps them to learn more effectively through :
(ii) 11, 111 and Iv (i) hard work and diligence.
(iii) 11, 111 and V (ii) trial and error method.
(iv)l, IV and V (iii) advanced software programs. (iv) strategies and
Ans : (iii) 11, 111 and V lessons.
(g) Who is a mentor ? Ans : (ii) trial and error method,
(i) someone who gives someone help and advice (l) Choose an option that is clearly synonym of the word
related to something 'engaged', (i) immerse
(ii) someone who leads someone to become a better (ii) surrender
person (iii) rele•æse
(iii) someone who helps someone in their time of 4. (iv) disrupt
Ans : (i) immerse
(iv) someone who provides a better learning standard
Ans : (i) someone who gives someone help and advice
PASSAGE 12
related to something Social media has become almost a necessity for us, in
toduy's world, It's become so important and evolved so
(h) Children can try new things with the help of much, that we carry our social media with us throughout
technology without embarrassment because their the diky, on our phones.
tech access gives them a level of : One of the major benefits of social media is that you
(i) confidence can connect with people all over the world, for free.
This comes in handy if you have friends who have
(ii) anonymity
travelled abroad. You can send them messages on
(iii) superiority
Facebook or Twitter or Instagra.m, and they can
(iv) satisfaction respond quickly from wherever they are. Social
Ans : (ii) anonymity media helps to fortify and maintain your personal
(i) Which of the following is not a method through which relationships, eAten with people who are far from
technology encourages more communication between have member
teachers and parents ? 5.
(i) Apps and software options that allow
teachers to instantly report on a child's 0)
behaviour. C
h
(ii) Usage of a blog for the classroom to help
parents get to see what their children are o
learning each day o
(iii) Communication options such as chat boxes, s
instant messaging, and other forms of e
communication. a
1. n
o
p
ti
2. o
(iv) Software programs that allow parents to n
access the child's tech and keep a check on t
their usage. h
Ans : (iv) Software programs that allow parents a
to access the child's tech and keep a check on t
you. If you a family that's travelling, you won't
have to wait until they return to hear about their
adventures. Just hop on Facebook or Instagram

Page 18 Discursive Passage Chapter I

way
Page 18 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
and start chatting and exchanging pictures. a cost effective and time efficient. Staying
3. This ability to communicate quickly and cuesily with co connected to these people is important to
people overseas is also very convenient for those who do m improve your business relationship, and keep
business, in foreign lands. Social media platforms pa your Company running properly.
provide a cheap, easy way to quickly communicate your ny 4, Staying connected to your social networks on the
point to your customers or clients, who are across the is platforms that you use can be vital to your
world. You can send a private message, publicly share ve professional success. Through social media
something or video chat, for free. Using social media for ry sites, you can find jobs, inform your community
 of business opportunities and career openings, and you (d (iii) very profitable.
can even monetize your accounts. Keeping a well- ) (iv) both (i) and (ii).
maintained network will help you achiewe success in Ans : (iv) both (i) and (ii)
your career. A good site to look at, if you're trying to
Being an active participant in social media is a
create a professional network, is Linkedln. The site is
great to : (i) meet new people, (ii) learn new
designed specifically to help you advance in your career. things.
You'll open up plenty of new opportunities that you
didn't have, before. (iii) increase your social circle.
5. Being an active participant in social media is a great (iv) Stuy connected to life.
way to learn new things. News outlets arc Ans : (ii) learn new things.
constantly using social media, to help keep people In today's world, social media has become a for
in the loop, Social media is the that news is heard, us.
and it's the way that news is spread. You can make (i) necessity
the argument that staying connected to social media (ii) luxury
is, in fact, stiWing connected to life. It's not only (iii) backbone
good for sharing and spreading news, it's a great (iv) support
place to find out about people's opinions on various (f) Ans : (i) necessity
topics. For example, if you've built a sports Which of the following is not a social media
community, you'll learn about the sports that you platform ? (i) Facebook
love, You Can build communities around politics,
(ii) Instagram
business, cars, family, education and pretty much
(iii) Google
whatever other topic you'd like. Social media will
enhance your life. It will provide you the chance to (iv) Twitter
communicate, connect and be involved like never Ans : (iii) Google
before. You'll stay connected with news outlets, For whom is the ability to communicate quickly and
(g
family, friends and virtually whatever else you'd easily with people overseas very convenient ? (i)
)
like to connect with. those who live away from their families
(i)
ve (ii) those who have connections with people in
(a) One of the major benefits of social media is ry other countries
that . (i) you can see what is happening all over co (iii) those who travel to foreign lands a lot
the world. st (iv) those who do business in foreign lands
(ii) you can connect with people all over the world eff Ans : (iv) those who do business in foreign lands
for free. ec Social media platforms that you use can be vital
(iii) you can talk to people far from you easily. tiv
to your professional success because through
(iv) you can connect with people you have never e.
them
met before. (ii) ti you can :
Ans : (ii) you can connect with people all over the m create a business circle and increase your
world for free. e
business connections
ef
(b) Using social media for a company is : 2. inform your community of business
fi
(c) opportunities
ci
3. find jobs
en
t, 4. monetize your accounts
5. inform your community of career openings
(i) 1, 2 and 4
(ii) 2, 3 and 4
(iii)l, 2, 3 and 4
(iv) 2, 3, and 5
Ans : (iv) 2, 3, 4 and 5

Page 19 Discursive Passage Chapter I

(h) Which is a good site to look at if you're trying to played out for years now, and the outcome, too, has been
create a professional network ? (i) Twitter predictable - with railwa!ys budget doing is duty by doling
(ii) Grnail out public money. But it's time to look at the problem
differently, in view Of the current, concerns of the
(iii) Linkedln
government in economizing its charity and the feeling that
(iv) Facebook the railways have to stand on their own legs.
Ans : (iii) Linkedln The Railways have, over the last few months,
(i) Which of the following is not feature of social continued to experience a shortfall of Rs. 85 crore per
media ? 2, (i) Social media will enhance your month, a feature that could add to their woes if it
life. continue. Fall in expected goods traffic, in the rate
(ii) Social media comes in handy if you have friends per tonne and also a dip in passenger traffic have
who have travelled abroad. contributed to the shortfall. All these may not be new
(iii) Social media is the Way that news is spread, even if it is concerns for the Railways; the relevant point,
not heard this way. however, is how the system and the government hope
(iv) Keeping a well-maintained network will help you to tackle it.
achieve success in your career. 3. Ans : (iii) Social Clearly, budgetary support should be considered only
media is the that news is spread, even if it is not heard in the last instance, after various measures to both
this way.
reduce expenditure and raise resources have been
G) Which of the following is an appropriate title for the tried out. Consider subsidies on passenger traffic- the
passage ? expenditure which really digs into the government 's
(i) The Beneficial Social Media coffers. In fact, passenger traffic subsidy accounted
- and will, therefore, have to seek budgetary support to that for nearly 90 per cent of the losses in 1992-93,
extend - will not surprise many. That's a scenario that has been
Page 19 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(h) Which is a good site to look at if you're trying to - and will, therefore, have to seek budgetary support
 create a professional network ? to that extend - will not surprise many. That's a
(i) Twitter scenario that has been played out for years now, aud

(ii) Gmail the outcome, too, has been predictable - with

railways
budget doing is duty by doling out public money. But
(iii) Linkedln
it's time to look at the problem differently, in view of
(iv) Facebook
the current concerns of the government in economizing

Ans : (iii) Linkedln its charity and the feeling that the railways have to

(i) Which of the following is not a feature of social stand on their own legs.

media ? 2. The Railways have, over the last few months,

continued
to experience a shortfall of Rs. 85 crore per month,
(i) Social media will enhance your life.
a feature that could add to their woes if it continue.
(ii) Social media comes in handy if you have
friends who have travelled abroad. Fall in expected goods traffic, in the rate per tonne and
also a dip in passenger traffic have contributed to
(iii) Social media is the way that news is spread, the shortfall. All these may not, be new concerns
for
even if it is not heard this the Railways; the relevant point, however, is how the

(iv) Keeping a well-maintained network will help system and the government hope to tackle it.
you achieve success in your career. 3. Clearly, budgetary support should be considered only
Ans : (iii) Social media is the way that news is in the bust instance, after various measures to both
spread, even if it is not heard this reduce expenditure and raise resources have been

tried out. Consider subsidies on passenger traffic- the

0) Which of the following is an appropriate title for
the passage ? expenditure which really digs into the government's
coffers. In fact, passenger traffic subsidy accounted
for
(i) The Beneficial Social Media nearly 90 per cent of the railwAys' losses in 1992-93,

(ii) Social Media - A Necessity with freight traffic subsidies taking up the rest.
(iii) Importance Of Connected Through Freight traffic subsidy cuts should prove more easy

Social Media if this year's budget exercise is any inclication. Till

(iv) The Revolution of the Whole World Around now, sixteen commodities were subsidized. In 1993-04,

the Social Media budget subsidy on four commodities were removed.

Ans : (iii) Importance of Staying Connected Prices did not rise, there was little protest and now
Through Social Media the Railways ought to be emboldened to do more
Reduction in passenger subsidies is more tricky given
(k) Choose an option that clearly states the meaning the dependence of such a large population, mostly
of the word 'enhance', poor, on the system and most governments have

(i) further improve the quality or value of been reluctant to do much. In fact, passenger rates
something have been hiked very few times and that, too, only
in
(ii) highlight a quality that was being ignored recent years.

before 5. One area where the Railways could do a lot more

(iii) understand the true value of something pruning is in shutting uneconomic branch lines. For

(iv) something that empowers you instance, in 1992-03 it was found that 114 branch lines

Ans : (i) further improve the quality or value of contributed a loss of R.s. 121 crore.
something G, To its credit, however, the railways have been
looking around for sources of funds other than the
(l) Choose au option that is a synonym of the word
budget.
'fortify'. (a) Which of the following is correct regarding the
(i) barricade shortfall in the Railways' resource generation ?
(i) it was higher than earlier years
(ii) strengthen
(ii) it is happening for the first time
(iii) improve
(iii) it was anticipated by most people
(iv) boost
Ans : (ii) strengthen (iv) This is the largest shortfall ever to happen
Ans : (iii) it was anticipated by people
PASSAGE 13 (b) How does the government expect to 'economise

1. The news that the Indian Railways are going to incur a its charity ?
shortfall of Rs. 1000 crore in their resources generation (i) By requiring the railways to be self-sufficient

Page 20 Discursive Passage Chapter I

(ii) By stopping the budget, support (h) What does the author suggest that the railways (iii) By showing its
concern through the Railway should do as regards freight subsidy? ministry (i) It should introduce subsidy
for more items
 (iv) By not doling out public money (ii) It should be very courageous
Ans : (i) By requiring the railwiws to be self-(iii) It should remove or reduce subsidies of more sufficient items

Which of the following has the Same meaning as (iv) Author's views are not explicit Of

(c) as it has been used in the Ans : (iii) It should remove or reduce subsidies
the phrase 'played out' more items passage?
(i) Enacted Which of the following is true regarding the (ii) Dramatised passenger fare charged by the railways?
(iii) Repeated (i) It is excessively high now
(iv) Predicted (ii) First class passengers are not given any
Ans : (iii) Repeated subsidy
(iii) Only second class passengers get subsidy
(d) Which of the following is false regarding the None of these (iv) railwiw
operation? Ans : (iv) None of these
(i) Reduction in goods traffic is not a new phenomenon 0) What seems to be the ultimate
consideration for (ii) Passenger traffic has shown an increase in allowing freight subsidy by the railways?
recent years (i) Keeping the freight charges low
(iii) Rates per tonne of goods carried has come (ii) Keeping the railway in losses
Page 20 Discursive Passage Chapter I
(ii) By stopping the budget support
(iii) By showing its concern through the Railway ministry
(iv) By not doling out public money Ans : (i) By requiring the railways to be selfsufficient

(c) Which of the following has the same meaning as the phrase 'played out' as it has been used in the passage?
(i) Enacted
(ii) Dramatised
(iii) Repeated
(iv) Predicted
Ans : (iii) Repeated
(d) Which of the following is false regarding the railwmy operation?
(i) Reduction in goods traffic is not a new phenomenon
(ii) Passenger t ruffic has shown an increase in recent years
(iii) Rates per tonne of goods carried has come down
(iv) Railways are aware of the problem of reduction in income
Ans : (ii) Passenger traffic has shown an increase in recent years

(e) How does the cut in freight traffic affect the shortfall?
(i) By increasing the income
(ii) By reducing the expense
(iii) Simultaneously increasing income and reducing expense
(iv) None of these
Ans : (iv) None of these
(f) Which of the following has the same meaning as the word 'dip' as it has been used in the passage?
(i) Drift
(ii) Plunge
(iii) Slowness
(iv) Reduction
Ans : (iv) Reduction
(g) Which of the following seems to be the major contributing factor towards the losses of the railways? (i) Passenger
subsidies
(ii) h•eight subsidies
(iii) Uneconomical lines
(iv) All of these
Ans : (i) Passenger subsidies

2.
(h) What does the author suggest that the railways should do as regards freight subsidy?
(i) It should introduce subsidy for more items
(ii) It should be Very courageotB
(iii) It should remove or reduce subsidies of more items
(iv) Author's views are not explicit Ans : (iii) It should remove or reduce subsidies of more items

(i) Which of the following is true regarding the passenger fare charged IV the railways?
It is excessively high now
(ii) First class passengers are not given auy subsicly
(iii) Only second class passengers get subsidy
(iv) None of these
Ans : (iv) None of these
0) What seem* to be the ultimate consideration for allowing freight subsidy by the railways? (i) Keeping the freight charges
low
(ii) Keeping the railway in losses
(iii) Keeping the prices of commodities low
(iv) Cannot be made out from the passage
Ans (iii) Keeping the prices of commodities low
 PASSAGE 14
The task which Gandhiii undertook was not only the achievement of political freedom but also the establishment of
a social order based on truth and non-violence, unity and peace, equality and universal brotherhood, and maximum
freedom for all. This unfinished part of his experiment was perhaps even more difficult to achieve than the
achievement Of political freedom. Political struggle involved fight against a foreign power and all one could do
was either join it or wish it success and give it his moral support, In establishing the social order of this pattern,
there was a lively possibility of a conflict arising between groups and classes of our own people. Experience shows
that man values his possessions even more than his life because in the former he sees the means for perpetuation
and survival of his descendants even after his body is reduced to ashes A new order cannot be established without
radically changing the mind and attitude of men towards property and, at some stage or the other, the 'haves' have
to yield place to the 'have-nots'. We have seen, in our time, attempts to achieve a kind Of egalitarian society and the
picture of it after it was achieved. But this was done, by and large, through the use of physical force.
In the ultimate analysis, it is difficult, if not impossible, to that the instinct to possess has been rooted out
Page 21 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
or that it will not reappear in an even worse from
under different guise. It may even be that, like a gas
kept confined within containers under great
pressure, or water held by a big darn, once a barrier
breaks, the reaction will one day sweep back with a
violence equal in extent and intensity to what was
used to establish and maintain the outward
egalitarian form. This enforced egalitarianism
contains, in its bosom, the seed of its own
destruction.
3. The root cause of class conflict is possessiveness or the
acquisitive instinct. So long as the ideal that is to be
achieved one of securing the Ina.ximurn material
satisfaction, possessiveness can neither be suppressed
nor eliminated but will grow on what it feeds. Nor will it
cease to be such- it is possessiveness, still, whether it is
confined to only a few or is shared by many.
4. If egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be based not
on the possession of the maximum material goods
by a few or by all but on voluntary, enlightened
renunciation of those goods which cannot be shared
by others or can be enjoyed only at the expense of
others. This calls for substitution of spiritual values
(c) According to the passage, which was the unfinished part
of Gandhiji's experiment?
(i) Educating people to avoid class conflict
(ii) Achieving total political freedom for the country
(iii) Establishment of an egalitarian society
(iv) Radically changing the mind aud attitude of men
towards truth and non-violence Ans (iv) Radically
changing the mind and attitude of men towards truth
and non-violence

(d) Which of the following statements is 'not true' in

the context of the passage?
(i) True egalitarianism can be achieved by giving up
one's possessions under compulsion
(ii) Man values his life more than his possessions
(iii) Possessive instinct is a natural part of the
human being
(iv) In the political struggle, the fight was against
the alien rule
Aus : (ii) Man values his life more than his
Page 21 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
or that it will not reappear in an even worse from (c) According to the passage, which was the unfinished

under a different guise. It may even be that, like a gas part of Gandhiji's experiment?
kept confined within containers under great pressure, (i) Educating people to avoid class conflict

or water held by a big dam, once a barrier breaks, (ii) Achieving total political freedom for the

the reaction will one day sweep back with a violence country
equal in extent and intensity to what was used to
(iii) Establishment of an egalitarian society
establish and maintain the outward egalitarian form.
(iv) Radically changing the mind and attitude of
This enforced egalitarianism contains, in its bosom,
men towards truth and non-violence
the seed of its own destruction. Ans : (iv) Radically changing the mind and
The root cause of class conflict is possessiveness or the attitude of men towards truth and non-violence
acquisitive instinct. So long as the ideal that is to
be achieved is one of securing the maximum material (d) Which of the following statements is 'not true' in

satisfaction, possessiveness can neither be suppressed the context of the passage?

nor eliminated but will grow on what it feeds. Nor will (i) True egalitarianism can be achieved by giving

it cease to be such- it is possessiveness, still, whether

up one's possessions under compulsion
it is confined to only a few or is shared by many.
(ii) Man values his life more than his possessions
4. If egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be based not on the (iii) Possessive instinct is a natural part of the
possession of the maximum material goods
by a few or by all but on voluntary, enlightened human being
renunciation Of those goods which cannot be shared (iv) In the political struggle, the fight Was against
by others or can be enjoyed only at the expense of the alien rule
others, This calls for substitution of spiritual values Ans : (ii) Man values his life more than his

for purely material ones. The paradise of material possessions

satisfaction, that is sometimes equated with progress (e) According to the passage, true egalitarianism
will
these days neither spells peace nor progress. Mahatma
last if
Gandhi has shown us how the acquisitive instinct inherent
(i) It is thrust upon people
in man could be transmuted by the adoption
of the ideal of trusteeship by those who 'have' for the (ii) It is based on truth and non-violence

benefit of all those who 'have not' so that, instead of (iii) People inculcate spiritual values along with

leading to exploitation and conflict, it would become a material values

means and incentive for the amelioration and progress (iv) 'Haves' and 'have-nots' live together
of society, respectively. peacefully
Ans (iii) People inculcate spiritual values along
(a) According to the passage, egalitarianism will not with material values
survive if
(i) It is based on voluntary renunciation (f) According to the passage, people ultimately
(ii) It is achieved by resorting to physical force overturn the form of a social order
(iii) Underprivileged people are not involved in its (i) Which is based on coercion and oppression

establishment (ii) Which does not satisfy their basic needs

(iv) People's outlook towards it is not radically (iii) Which is based upon conciliation and

changed rapprochement
Ans : (iv) People's outlook towards it is not (iv) Which is not congenial to the spiritual values

radically changed of the people

Ans : (i) Which is based on coercion and
(b) According to the passage, why does man value his oppression
po*sessions more than his life?
(i) He has an inherent desire to share his (g) According to the passage, the root cause of class
possessions with others conflict is

(ii) He is endowed with the possessive instinct (i) The paradise of material satisfaction
(iii) Only his possessions help him earn love and (ii) Dominant inherent acquisitive instinct in
respect from his descendants man
(iv) Through his possessions he can preserve his (iii) Exploitation of the 'have-nots' by the 'haves'
name even after his death (iv) A social order where the unprivileged are not

Ans : (iv) Through his possessions he can preserve a part of the establishment
his name even after his death Ans : (ii) Dominant inherent acquisitive instinct

Page 22 Discursive Passage Chapter I

in man (ii) Possibility
 (iii) Elaborate
(h) Which of the following statements is not true in
(iv) Conservative
the context of the passage?
(i) A new order can be established by radically Ans : (iv) Conservative
changing the outlook of people towards it
(ii) Adoption Of the ideal Of trusteeship can PASSAGE 15
minintise possessive instinct Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected
(iii) Enforced egalitarianism can be the cause Of to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself

its own destruction to deal more effectively with that stress, Therefore,
when you exert your muscles against resistance,
(iv) Idea of new order is to secure maximum they
are forced to adapt and deal with this extraordinary
material satisfaction
work load. This is the principle of weight training.
Ans : (iv) Idea of new order is to secure maximum
Strands of muscle fibers become thicker and
material satisfaction stronger in response to the demands placed on
them.
(i) According to the passage, which of the following 2. One of the great merits ofweight training is the
strength
statements is true? of your heart. During weight training, your heart is
(i) A social order based on truth and non- forced to beat, Luster and stronger in order to pump
violence alone can help the achievement of sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time,

political freedom your heart. like your body, will adapt to this extra-
workload by becoming stronger and more efficient.
(ii) In establishing the social order of Gandhiji's
pattern, the possibility of a conflict between Since your body needs a given amount of blood to

different classes of society hardly exists perform its daily tasks your heart will now need
fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood.
Sounds
(iii) It is difficult to change the mind and attitude
Page 22 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
m man
(h) Which of the following statements is not true in the context of the passage?
(i) A new order can be established by radically changing the outlook of people towards it
(ii) Adoption of the ideal of trusteeship can minimise possessive instinct
(iii) Enforced egalitarianism can be the Cause of its own destruction
(iv) Idea of new order is to secure maximum material satisfaction
Ans : (iv) Idea of new order is to secure maximum material satisfaction
(i) According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
(i) A social order based on truth and nonviolence alone can help the achievement of political freedom
(ii) In establishing the social order of Gandhi.ji's pattern, the possibility of a conflict between different classes of society
hardly exists
(iii) It is difficult to change the mind and attitude of men towards property
(iv) In an egalitarian society, material satisfaction can be enjoyed only at the expenses of others Ans (ii) In
establishing the social order Of Gandhiji'* pattern, the possibility Of a conflict between different classes of
society hardly exists
0) According to the passage, what does adoption Of the ideal of trusteeship mean?
(i) Equating peace and progress with material satisfaction
(ii) Adoption of the ideal by the 'haves' for the benefit of the society
(iii) Voluntary, enlightened renunciation Of the possessive instinct by the privileged class
(iv) Substitution of spiritual values by material ones by those who live in the paradise of material satisfaction
Ans : (ii) Adoption of the ideal by the 'haves' for the benefit of the society
(k) Which ofthe following is synonym of 'Possessions' ?
(i) Perfection
(ii) Custody
(iii) Parameters
(iv) Arguments
Ans : (ii) Custody
(l) Which of the following is Antonym of 'Radically' ? (i) Presumably

2.
(ii) Possibility
(iii) Elaborate
(iv) Conservative
Ans : (iv) Conservative
PASSAGE 15
Our body is a wondrous mechanism and when subjected to unusual stress over a period of time, it adapts itself to
deal more effectively with that stress. Therefore, when you exert your muscles against resistance, they are forced to
adapt and deal with this extraordinary work load. This is the principle of weight training. Strands of nmscle fibers
become thicker and stronger in response to the demands placed on them.
One of the great merits of weight training is the strength of your heart. During weight training, your heart is forced to beat
faster and stronger in order to pump sufficient blood to the muscles being worked. In time, your heart, like your body, will
adapt to this extraworkload by becoming stronger and more efficient. Since your body needs a given amount of blood to
perform its claily tasks your heart will now need fewer beats to pump the same quantity of blood. Sounds good? There's more,
Your entire circulatory system is given a thorough workout every time you exercise, which increases its overall efficiency.
Even the neural paths from your brain's command centers to each individual muscle become more effective, enabling easier
recruitment Of muscle fibers for carrying out physical tasks. In essence, your bocly becomes a welloiled and finely-tuned piece
of machinery, whirring along without any breakdown. In stress filled world, you need all help you can get.

(a) What is the principal of weight training?

(i) Adapting the body to muscle force
(ii) Adapting muscles to force implied on them
(iii) Disposing extra-workload
(iv) Mechanised response to external conditions Ans : (ii) Adapting muscles to force implied on them

(b) What affects the nature of muscle fibres?

(i) Intensity of workload
(ii) Alimentary system
(iii) Nutrition
(iv) Stress imposed on them
Ans : (iv) Stress imposed on them
(c) How does the heart become stronger owing to physical exercise? (i) Thorough acclimatization
(ii) Naturalization
(iii) Adapting to excessive workload

Page 23 Discursive Passage Chapter 1

(iv) By accelerating the circulation of blood (i) We should carry out physical exercise as a
Ans : (iii) Adapting to excessive workload routine
(ii) Physical exercise is occasionally
(d) How much blood does the heart pump at the same (iii) We should ignore physical exercise

number Of heartbeats, when exposed to excessive (iv) We should subject our body to as much
exercise as it can withstand.
(i) Same quantity Ans : (i) i,Ve should carry out physical exercise as

(ii) Less than before a routine

(iii) More than normal
(iv) None of these
Ans (iv) None of these PASSAGE 16
Economist, ethicists and business experts persuade
(e) What happens to our body due to physical us that honesty is the best policy, but their evidence
exercise? is weak. We hoped to find data that would support

(i) More efficient their theories and thus, perhaps, encourage higher
(ii) Less efficient standards of business behaviour. To our surprise,
their
pet theories failed to stand up. Treachery, we found,
(iii) Efficiency of the body remains the same
can pay. There is no compelling economic reason to
(iv) None of these
tell the truth or keep one's word, Punishment for the
Ans : (i) More efficient treacherous in the real world is neither swift nor
sure.
(f) What does the term 'well-oiled' in the passage 2. Honesty is, in fact, primarily a moral choice.
Business
people do tell themselves that, in the long run, they
denote?
(i) Healthy will do well by doing good But there is little factual

(b) What did the author find out about the theory (iv) Dishonest businessmen are flogged in the
that •honesty is the best policy'? (i) It is correct murket place
on many occasions Ans : (iii) Dishonest businessmen cannot stAY in
(ii) It is correct for all businesses business for long
(iii) It is a useless theory
(h) Which of the following phrases is most nearly the
(iv) It is a theory which seems to be correct only
same in meaning as the word 'persuade' as it has
occasionally been used in the passage?
Ans (ii) It is correct for all businesses
(i) Give an assurance
(c) Why are businessmen, according to the author, (ii) Give an opinion
honest in their dealings? (iii) Try to convince
(i) Businessmen are God-fearing (iv) Cheat
(ii) Businessmen choose to be honest Ans : (iii) 'fry to convince
(iii) Businessmen are honest by nature (i) Which of the following is false according to the
(iv) All businessmen are caught if they are dishonest passage?
Ans (ii) Businessmen choose to be honest (i) Economists believe that all businessmen are
(d) According to the author, which of the following, is dishonest
the reason for being honest in business? (i) It gives (ii) Generally people are honest so as to earn
no immediate benefits selfrespect
(ii) It gives no long-term benefits (iii)Virtuous behaviour earns the respect Of
others iv All dishonest men are not caught
Page 23 Discursive Passage Chapter I
(iv) By accelerating the circulation of blood (i) We should carry out physical exercise as a
Ans : (iii) Adapting to excessive workload routine
(ii) Physical exercise is necessary occasionally
(d) How much blood does the heart pump at the same
(iii) We should ignore physical exercise
number of heartbeats, when exposed to excessive
stress? (iv) We should subject our body to as much
exercise as it can withstand,
(i) Same quantity Ans : (i) We should carry out physical exercise as

(ii) Less than before a routine

(iii) More than normal
(iv) None of these
Ans : (iv) None of these PASSAGE 16
1, Economist, ethicists and business experts persuade
(e) What happens to our body due to physical us that honesty is the best policy, but their evidence

exercise? is weak. We hoped to find data that would support

(i) More efficient their theories and thus, perhaps, encourage higher
(ii) Less efficient standards of business behaviour. To our surprise,
their
pet theories failed to stand up. Treachery, we found,
(iii) Efficiency of the body remains the same
can pay. There is no compelling economic reason to
(iv) None of these
Ans : (i) More efficient tell the truth or keep one's word, Punishment for the
treacherous in the real world is neither swift nor
sure.
(f) What does the term 'well-oiled' in the passage 2. Honesty is, in fact, primarily a moral choice. Business
denote? people do tell themselves that, in the long run, they

will do well by doing good. But there is little factual

(i) Healthy
or logical basis for this conviction. Without values,
(ii) Efficient
without a basic preference of right over wrong, trust
(iii) Massaged based on such delusion would crumble in the face of

(iv) None of these temptation. Most of us choose virtue because we want

Ans : (i) Healthy to believe in ourselves and because others respect and

believe us.
(g) Which one of the following is the most appropriate
title for the passage? 3. And due to this, we should be happy. We can be proud of
a system in which people are honest because
(i) Health is wealth they want to be, not because they have to be.
(ii) Exercise - its benefits Materially, too, trust based on morality provides great

(iii) The mechanics of weight training advantages. It allows us to join in great and exciting
(iv) How to retain your health enterprises that we could never undertake if we relied

Ans (iii) The mechanics of weight training on economic incentives alone.

4. Economists tell us that trust is enforced in the market

(h) In the present world, the importance of physical place through retaliation and reputation, If you
exercise has violate a trust, your victim is apt to seek revenge and

(i) Increased others are likely to stop doing business with you, at

(ii) Decreiused least under favourable terms. A man or woman with

(iii) Remained at the same level a reputation for fair dealing will prosper. Therefore,
(iv) None of these profit maximisers are honest. This sounds plausible
Aus : (i) Increased enough until you look for concrete examples. Cases
that apparently demonstrate the awful consequences
(i) What, according to the passage, is the function of of trust turn out to be few and weak. while evidence
the heart? that treachery can pay seems compelling.
(i) Oxygenation of blood
(a) According to the passage, what do economists
(ii) Pumping the blood to the muscles
and ethicists, want us to believe?
(iii) Pumping the blood to capillaries
(iv) Accelerating the circulation of blood (i) Businessmen should always be honest

Ans : (ii) Pumping the blood to the muscles (ii) Businessmen cannot always be honest
(iii) Businessmen turn dishonest at times
(j) What does the above passage suggest? (iv) Businessmen are honest only at times
Ans : (i) Businessmen should always be honest
Page 24 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
Page 24 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
(b) What did the author find out about the theory Ans : (iii) Dishonest businessmen cannot stay in
that 'honesty is the best policy'? business for long
(i) It is correct on many occasions
(h) Which of the following phrases is most nearly the
(ii) It is correct for all businesses
same in meaning as the word 'persuade' as it has been
(iii) It is a useless theory used in the passage?
(iv) It is a theory which seems to be correct only
(i) Give an assurance
occasionally
(ii) Give an opinion
Ans : (ii) It is correct for all businesses
(iii) Try to convince
(c) Why are businessmen, according to the author, honest (iv) Cheat
in their dealings? (i) Businessmen are God-fearing Ans : (iii) Try to convince
(ii) Businessmen choose to be honest
(iii) Businessmen are honest by nature
(i) Which of the following is false according to the
passage?
(iv) All businessmen are caught if they are dishonest
(i) Economists believe that all businessmen are
Ans (ii) Businessmen choose to be honest
dishonest
(d) According to the author, which of the following, is the (ii) Generally people are honest so as to earn self-
reason for being honest in business? (i) It gives no
immediate benefits (iii) Virtuous behaviour earns the respect of others
(ii) It gives no long-term benefits (iii) It Ini'k•es a (iv) All dishonest men are not caught Ans : (i)
person self-seeking Economists believe that all businessmen are
(iv) None of these dishonest
Ans : (iv) None of these
(e) Why does the author say that one can be proud of the (j) Which of the following best describes what the
present situation? (i) People are self-respecting author is trying to point out through the last
(ii) People are respect seekers sentence of the passage, "Cases that..
(iii) People are unselfish compelling"?
(iv) People are honest without compulsion (i) The consequences of business
Ans : (iv) People are honest without compulsion (ii) The contradictions in the real world
(f) What is the material advantage which the author (iii) Economists predict incorrectly
sees is being honest? (iv) The contradictions is unreal
(i) It permits one to undertake activities which Ans : (ii) The contradictions in the real world
may not be economically attractive
(ii) It permits one to be honest for the sake of honesty
(k) Which of the following is synonym of 'Treachery ?
alone (i) Treasure
(iii)lt permits one to be make a lot of profit in (ii) Perfidy
various areas (iii) Debit
(iv) It permits one to form various trusts to make (iv) Failure
profits Ans : (ii) Perfidy
Ans : (iii) It permits one to be make a lot of profit (l) Which of the following is antonym of 'conviction'
m various areas ?
(g) Why do businessmen, according to economists, (i) Phrase
remain honest? (ii) Standard
(i) Dishonest businessmen can make more money (ii) (iii) Doubt
Dishonest businessmen make money in the long run (iv) Place
(iii) Dishonest businessmen cannot stay in business for Ans : (iii) Doubt
long
PASSAGE 17
(iv) Dishonest businessmen are flogged in the
market place The greatest enemy of mankind, as people have
discovered, is not science, but war. Science merely reflects
the social forces by which it is surrounded, It is
Page 25 Discursive Passage Chapter I
found that when there is peace, sciences constructive, under control by
when there is war, science is perverted to destructive (i) encouraging social forces

ends. (ii) education and broad-mindedness

2. The weapons which science gives us don't necessarily

(iii) Insight and constructive thinking
create war, these make war increasingly more terrible.
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Until now it has brought us to the doorstep of doom.
Ans : (iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Our main problem, therefore, is not to curb science
 but to stop war. This is a job in which everybody must (e) The expression 'bring to the doorstep of doom'
participate including the scientists.
3. But the bomb of Hiroshima suddenly woke us to the (i) lead us to threshold of a new destiny
fact that we have very little time. The hour is late
(ii) introduce us to an unpredictable future
and our work has scarcely begun, Now we are face to
(iii) carry us close to death and destruction
face with this urgent question: "Can education and
tolerance, understanding and creative intelligence (iv) take IIS step by step to ruin
run fast enough to keep us abreast with our own Ans : (iii) carry us close to death and
destruction
mounting capacity to destroy?" This is the question
(f) Which one of the following statements is not
which we will have to answer one way or the other in
implied in the pæ;sage?
this generation. Science must help us in finding the
answer, but ultimately the main decision lies within (i) People needlessly blame science for war

ourselves. (ii) Science is misused for destructive purposes

(iii) Neither science nor the weapons it invents
(a) According to the author, the real eneruy of add to the horrors of war
Page 25 Discursive Passage Chapter 1
found that when there is peace, sciences constructive, under control by
when there is war, science is perverted to destructive (i) encouraging social forces

ends. (ii) education and broad-mindedness

2. The weapons which science gives us don't necessarily
(iii) Insight and constructive thinking
create war, these make war increasingly more terrible,
(iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
Until now it brought us to the doorstep of doom. Our Ans : (iv) Both (ii) and (iii)
main problem, therefore, is not to curb science
but to stop war. This is a job in which everybody The expression 'bring to the doorstep of doom'
must participate including the scientists. means

3. But the bomb of Hiroshima suddenly woke us to the

(i) lead us to threshold of a new destiny
fact that we have very little time. The hour is late
(ii) introduce us to an unpredictable future
and our work has scarcely begun. Now we are face to face
(iii) carry us close to death and destruction
with this urgent question: "Can exlucation and
tolerance, understanding and creative intelligence (iv) take us step by step to ruin
run fast enough to keep us abreast with our own Ans : (iii) carry us close to death and
destruction
mounting capacity to destroy?" This is the question
(f) Which one of the following statements is not
which Wc will have to answer one way or the other in this implied in the passage?
generation. Science must help us in finding the
answer, but ultimately the main decision lies within (i) People needlessly blame science for war

ourselves. (ii) Science is misused for destructive purposes

(iii) Neither science nor the weapons it invents
(a) According to the author, the real enemy of add to the horrors of War
mankind is not science but war, because (iv) The role of science in ensuring world peace is

(i) science during the war is very destructive subsidiary to that of man
(ii) science merely invents the weapons with Ans : (iii) Neither science nor the weapons it

which war is fought invents add to the horrors of war

(iii) the weapons that science invents necessarily lead to (g) Which of the following is opposite in meaning
War to
the word 'anarchy' in the passage?
(iv) the weapons invented by science do not cause
war though they make it more destructive (i) Law and order
Ans (iv) the weapons invented by science do not (ii) Political dominance
cause war though they make it more destructive (iii) Economic prosperity
(iv) Communal harmony
(b) War can be stopped if Ans : (ii) Political dominance
(i) Science is not allowed to lead us to utter
destruction (h) The phrase, 'our work has scarcely begun'
implies
(ii) We replace force and lawlessness by law and that our work
international government (i) has only just begun
(iii) Science is restricted to be utilised only during (ii) has not yet begun

war time (iii) has begun but not yet finished

(iv) Weapons invented by science are not used to (iv) is not likely to begin

launch a war, Ans : (i) has only just begun

Ans : (ii) We replace force and lawlessness by law
(i) The expression 'keep us abreast' in the passage
and international government
(c) According to the author, the main problem we are
(i) Keep at a distance
faced with is to (ii) Keep side by side
(i) Stop science from reflecting social forces (iii)Hold out a challenge

(ii) stop scientific activities everywhere (iv) Prevent from escaping

(iii) Abolish war Ans : (ii) Keep side by side

(iv) Prevent scientists from participating in destructive O) Which of the following would be the most
activities suitable
Aus : (iii) Abolish war title for the passage
(i) Science and social forces
(d) Our mounting capacity to destroy can be kept (ii) Science and the horrors or war
(iii) Science and world peace generation avoids state vetoes on purchase or sale
(iv) Science and the new generation of electricity except to state electricity enterprises.
Ans : (iii) Science and world peace Mandating open access on state-owned wires to power
regardless of ownership and customer would encourage
electricity trading. The Act recognized
PASSAGE 18 electricity trading as a separate activity. A surcharge
Amartya Sen wrote about the Indian tradition of on transmission charges will for cross-subsidies.
 skepticism and heterodoxy of opinion that led to high These were to be eliminated in time. Rules for open

levels of intellectual argument. The power sector in access and quantum of surcharge by each state
India is a victim of this tradition at its worst. Instead commission (under broad principles defined by the

of forcefully communicating, supporting and honestly central commission) have yet to be announced by

and firmly implementing policies, people just debate some. The few who have announced by some. The

them. It is argued that central undertakings produce few who have announced the surcharge have kept it so

power at lower tariffs and must therefore build most of the high that no trading can take place.
required extra capacities. This is a delusion.
They no longer have to low-cost government (a) The author thinks it appropriate to

Page 26 Discursive Passage Chapter 1

of crore repa.x•lnent,

funds. (i) discuss any policy in details and make it fool

2. Uncertainty about payment remains a reason for the proof instead of implementing it Inustily.
hesitation of private investment. They had to sell (ii) follow Indian tradition meticulously as

only to SEBs (State Electricity Boards), SEB balance skepticism is essential for major decisions.
sheets are cleaner after the "securitisation" of the Rs.
(iii) divert our energies from fruitlessly contracting
40,000 crore or so owed by SEBs to central government
policies to supporting its implementation
undertakings, now shown as debt instruments, But
wholeheartedly,
state governments have not implemented agreed plans
(iv) intellectual arguments and conceptualization
to ensure repayment when due. The current annual of every policy is definitely better than its
losses 28.000