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Diffusivity Equation Solutions
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Diffusivity
Equation Solutions
University of Thi-Qar
College of Engineering
Petroleum and Gas Department
Done By: Hassanein Abdulsattar, Mohaymen Kadhim
Mariem Ali, Sajja Hamadi
Baraa Falah, Hussein Ahmed
Alhassan Zuheir, Sara Mohammed
INTRODUCTION
In this regard, any precise approach and model which include less assumption
can be a reliable method. The fluid flow in reservoir or in porous medium has
been a great interest of physicists, engineers and hydrologists who tried to
predict the behaviors of compressible and incompressible fluids. They have
designed several experiments so as to validate the implementation of their
proposed correlations.
The basic equation for predicting pressure distribution in a reservoir is the
diffusivity equation. For this equation, the reservoir temperature is supposed
to be constant which is a valid assumption in most cases. Several methods
have presented to solve the diffusivity equation including numerical and
analytical approaches.
The diffusivity equation is also solved in dimensionless form. Several
procedures have been proposed to solve the pressure diffusivity equation.
Take Chakrabarty et al. as an example, who provided a quantitative analysis
of the effects of neglecting the quadratic gradient term on solving the
diffusion equation governing the transient state It should be noted that among
the flow regimes in reservoir, the transient flow is the most significant state
upon which such important characteristics as permeability, reservoir capacity,
and skin factor can be determined using well test analysis. Regarding this
specification, Liang et al. applied the transient pulse decay to measure the
permeability of tight rocks and synthetic materials using the pressure diffusion
equation, in which due to dependent pressure of gas compressibility the
diffusivity equation became non-linear. They also considered the Klinkenberg
effect in their computations. Another common application of diffusivity
equation is during pressure transient analyses.
Goode offered an analytic solution for three-dimensional diffusivity equations
during drawdown and buildup of a horizontal model to get some
specifications of reservoir. He applied numerical solution for validation of his
procedure. In some cases, the researchers face with heterogeneous reservoirs
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instead of homogeneous, therefore, they use some synthetic methods to solve
the problem. Loucks et al. solved diffusivity equation using Laplace
transformation for finding pressure drop characteristics in a composite system
with different permeability. Also, Van Everdingen and Hurst proposed that by
use of Laplace transform instead of tedious prior mathematical analysis, the
problems encounter with flow equations can be simplified It should be noted
that, as the non-linear form of diffusivity equation causes difficulties in
solution process.
To overcome these difficulties several suggestions and methods have been
proposed such as that of Vik and Jelmert, who planned a solution using
pressure logarithm transform for diffusivity equation included pressure
squared term. Xu-Long et al. in their study found the exact solution for radial
fluid flow along with pressure squared term. They considered both types of
inner boundary conditions, constant flow rate and constant pressure. The
generalized Weber transform has been used in their study.
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METHODOLOGY
To solve the diffusivity equation, (or to solve any partial differential
equation), we not only need a governing equation, but we also need initial
conditions and boundary conditions There are several solutions depending on
the Initial and boundary conditions used to solve the equation:
1. Initial conditions: At the start of production, the pressure in the
reservoir is assumed to be at some uniform value, Pi
2. Inner boundary condition: Infinitely far from the well, the pressure
will always remain at its initial value, Pi
3. Outer boundary conditions: These conditions describe the outer
geometrical limits of the reservoir. Whatever the geometries the three
main boundary conditions used for analytical models are sealing,
constant pressure or at infinity (no boundary in a given direction).
I. Constant Pressure boundary, p = pi @ re
II. Infinite reservoir p = pi @ ∞
III. No flow boundary ∂p/∂r = 0 @ re
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In general, there are many solutions for radial Diffusivity Equation but there
are two main solutions: Van Everdingen-Hurst Solutions to diffusivity
equation:
§ Constant Terminal Rate: (CTR)
§ Constant Terminal Pressure: (CTP)
Especially in WT we are looking for pressure change with respect of time and
Radius so we used the first solution (CTR).
Four particularly useful solutions Under
Constant Terminal Rate:
1. A bounded cylindrical reservoir:
(Exact solution) For a bounded
cylindrical reservoir, we assume
constant rate production to the
wellbore, well with radius Rw is
centered in a cylindrical reservoir
with radius Re, there is no flow
across this outer boundary and
reservoir is at uniform pressure
Pi before production begins.
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→ It's Also known as the VEH CTR (Van Everdingen & Hurst terminal
rate solution)
(Center, Bounded, Circular System) Is an exact solution under the
assumptions made in solving the equation?
2. For the infinite cylindrical reservoir with line source, assume that:
i. Well produces at constant rate, qB
ii. Well has zero radius
iii. Reservoir is at uniform pressure, pi, before production begins
iv. Well drains an infinite area (p→ pi as r → ∞)
Under these Conditions the solution to Diffusivity Equation is
Where pressure (psi) at distance (feet) from the well at time (hours)
Ei (-x) is a special mathematical function (similar to those functions
ln(x), Sin(x) or Cos(x) but more complicates than these ones)
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§ Ei: called the exponential -integral solution
§ Its consider approximation solution to the exact solution
§ It predicts the pressure response in the reservoir as a function of
both time t and distance from the center of the wellbore r
§ The line source solution can be found in many textbooks.
Check to ensure that Ei solution is valid when time is:
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REFERENCES
§ Ahmed T., McKinney P. (2011) Advanced reservoir engineering.
§ Craft BC., Hawkins MF., Terry RE. (1959) Application Reservoir
Engineering.
§ Chakrabarty C., Ali S., Tortike W. (1993) Analytical Solutions for
Radial Pressure Distribution Including the Effects of the Quadratic
Gradient Term.
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