I. Meaning and Sources of History II.

Sources and Historical Data

HISTORY HISTORICAL SOURCES
❖ Greek Word: HISTORIA
❖ Means “knowledge acquired by SOURCES
investigation.” ➢ An object from the past or testimony
➢ It is a narration of the events which have concerning the past on which historians
happened among mankind, depend to create their own depiction of
➢ Referred usually for accounts of that past.
phenomena especially human affairs in
chronological order. PRIMARY SOURCES
✓ Example: rise and fall of the nation,
other changes that affected political and ➢ Enable the researcher to get as close as
social condition of human race possible to what happened during an
historical event or time period.
PREHISTORIC ✓ Diaries and journals (Diary of Anne
❖ Events occurring before written record. Frank)
❖ an umbrella term that relates to past ✓ Autobiographies – write a story or book
events as well as the memory, discovery, about yourself (ex. Long Walk to
collection, organization, presentation, Freedom by Nelson Mandela)
and interpretation of information about ✓ Sound Recordings and interviews.
these events.
HISTORIANS Advantages
➢ Scholars who write about history.
☺ Provide a window into the past –
THEORIES CONSTRUCTED IN unfiltered access to the record.
INVESTIGATING HISTORY ☺ Produced by people who lived during
that period.
a) FACTUAL HISTORY ☺ Can give a very real sense of what it was
➢ Plain and basic information like to be alive during a long past-era.
✓ What –events that took place
✓ When –time and date with which the Disadvantages
event happened.
✓ Where –place with which the event  Often incomplete and have little context,
took place. you must have prior knowledge and
✓ Who –people that were involved. work with multiple primary sources to
find patterns.
b)SPECULATIVE HISTORY  Students move from concrete
➢ Goes beyond facts. observation and facts to questioning and
➢ Concerned about the reasons. making inferences about the materials.
✓ Why – the reasons
✓ How – the way they happened. SECONDARY SOURCES
✓ Speculate on the cause and effect of an
event. ❖ Second-hand information
HISTORIOGRAPHY ❖ Something written about a primary
❖ Practice of historical writing. source.
➢ It is the traditional method in doing ❖ Written “after the fact” – that is, later.
historical research that focus on ❖ The author has studied the primary
gathering of documents from different sources of an historical period or event
libraries and archives to form a pool of and will then interpret the “evidence”
evidence need in making descriptive or found in these sources.
analytical narrative.
Advantages 4) Anachronistic reference to events
☺ Provides analysis, synthesis, ✓ too early, too late, too remote
interpretation, or evaluation of the 5) Provenance or custody
original information. ✓ determines its genuineness.
☺ Best for uncovering background or 6) Semantics
historical information about a topic and ✓ determining the meaning of a text
broadening understanding. or word
☺ Allows the readers to get expert views of 7) Hermeneutics
events and often bring together multiple ✓ principles of interpretation of
primary sources relevant to the subject ambiguous words.
matter.
b) INTERNAL CRITICISM
Disadvantages - The problem of credibility
 Reliability and validity are open to - Relevant particulars in the document – is
question, and often they do not provide it credible?
exact information. - Verisimilar – a close as what really
 They do not represent firsthand happened from a critical examination of
knowledge of a subject or event. best available sources.

WRITTEN SOURCES OF HISTORY Test of Credibility

1) Identification of the author
✓ determine his reliability, mental
DIPLOMATIC OR JURIDICAL processes, personal attitudes.
➢ Purest and best sources 2) Determination of the approximate
➢ A legal document usually sealed or date
authenticated to provide evidence that a ✓ handwriting, signature, seal
legal transaction has been completed and 3) Ability to tell the truth
can be used as evidence in judicial ✓ nearness to the event,
proceedings in case of dispute. competence of witness, degree of
attention.
SOCIAL DOCUMENTS
➢ Information pertaining to economic,
social, political, or judicial significance.
They are kept by bureaucracies.
➢ Examples: Government reports,
municipal accounts, property registers
and records of census.

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
- For a source to be used as evidence in
history, basic matters about its form and
content must be settled.
a) EXTERNAL CRITICISM
- The problem of authenticity
- To spot fabricated, forged, faked
documents.
- To distinguish a hoax or
misrepresentation

Test of Authenticity
1) Determine the date of the document.
2) Determine the author.
3) Anachronistic style
✓ handwriting, signature, seal
Why Studying History is very Theories in Understanding
important. History

HISTORY CYCLICAL THEORY

- helps us understand change and how the
society we live in came to be. “Those who ignore history are doomed to wear
- History is inescapable as a subject of it” – Ruelala.
serious study follows closely on the first.
- The past causes the present, and so the - History repeat itself; there is no real
future. “progress.”
- History is a series of patterns that recur
Why study history? in different forms around the world.
- To gain access to the laboratory of human - E.g., civilization rise and fall.
experience.
- To acquire usable habits of mind, as well LINEAR THEORY
as some basic data about the forces that
affect our own lives. - History is about progress.
- To emerge with relevant skills and an - The world is constantly improving and
enhanced capacity for informed heading in an ultimate direction.
citizenship, critical thinking, and simple - There are no repetitions.
awareness. - Based on the idea of cause and effect “this
- To help us develop some literally happened, and then that happened; that
“salable” skills. happened because this happened first.”
- To allows us to understand our past,
which in turn allows us to understand GREAT MAND THEORY
the present.
- To know the how and why our world is - Individual people and/or small groups of
the way it is today, we must look to people determine the course of history
history for answers. through the power of their character and
- To learn from our mistakes and avoid intellect.
repeating them in the future. - “The history of the world is but the
- To provide us with insight into our biography of great men.”
cultures of origin as well as culture with
which we might be less familiar. EVERYMAN THEORY
- To cross-cultural awareness and
understanding. - The world is shaped by the efforts of
ordinary people, not small elite groups or
The task of history individuals.
- It is essential for good citizenship. - This theory holds that social groups and
- It lays the foundation of genuine everyday people shape our history. (e.g.,
citizenship returns, in one sense, to the farmers, merchant, religious figures)
essential uses of the body of the past. - To fully understand history, you must
- Provides comparative perspective with also understand the everyday lives of
other societies, essential for responsible these groups.
citizenship.
- Helps us to understand how recent, GEOGRAPHIC THEORY
current, and prospective changes that
affect the lives of citizens are emerging or - Geography is destiny.
may emerge and what causes are - The natural environment is a major
involved. determinant of history, determining the
- Encourage habits of mind that are vital potential and needs of groups of people.
for responsible public behavior. - Peoples are destined for greater success
based on their geographic location and
access to resources.
MARXIST THEORY
- It’s all about the money – economics
determines everything.
- People leaders and nations act out of
economic self-interest.
- History is fundamentally a struggle
between different social classes;
powerful groups that control wealth and
resources, and the powerless groups
who struggle to survive.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
a) PRIMARY SOURCE
- documents, or texts in various forms.
b) SECONDARY SOURCE
- Secondhand account or summation of
another person’s account or material.
 5 SHIPS AND THEIR FATE
The Age of Exploration Trinidad – The Lead Ship – Returned to Spain
- 15th century to 17th century Santiago – Destroyed in the storm.
- Europeans began exploring the world by Conception – Captain was executed and forced
sea in search of trading partners, new a mutiny.
goods, and new trade routes. San Antonio – Marooned/Shipwrecked
Victoria – The only surviving ship that returned
- They set sails to simple learn more about
to Spain.
the world.
March 16, 1521
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS - Magellan landed on Homonhon Island in
the Philippines.
June 7, 1949 – Spain and Portugal agreed to the - Magellan become the first European to
Treaty of Tordesillas, named for the city in reach the islands.
Spain.
- Divided the “New World” of the Americas RAJAH HUMABON of CEBU
between the two superpowers. They - Was friendly with Magellan and
drawn a line in the Atlantic Ocean. embraced Christianity.
- East claimed by Portugal.
March 31, 1521 - THE FIRST MASS
- West claimed by Spain. - Expedition’s chaplain, Fray Pedro de
Valderrama, celebrate Easter Sunday
TREATY OF ZARAGOZA mass.
- Days after the blood compact between
- Stated the continuation of the meridian Magellan and RAJAH KOLAMBU of
of Tordesillas in the opposite LEYTE
hemisphere. - Because of the alliance, Magellan is
- The Philippines stood on the Spanish allowed to celebrate mass.
side. - RAJAH SIAGU of BUTUAN is also invited.
- The Maluku Islands were provided by - ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
Spain to Portugal over the payment of - GINES DE MAGRA
350,000 gold ducats, - FRANCISCO ALBO
- Safeguard stating that, if at any time the - Baptism of two rajahs. They participated
emperor wished to restore the deal, the in the mass, kissing the cross the same
sale would be undone and each “will way and receiving communion.
have the right and action as that is now.” - Cross was installed at the highest peak,
explaining that the cross would defend
FERDINAND MAGELLAN (1480 – 1521)
them from harm.
- Born as Portuguese
April 17, 1521
- He seeks support from King Manuel of
- Magellan sailed to Mactan to kill Lapu-
Portugal for his westward voyage to the
Lapu.
Spice Islands. But the king refused his
- Magellan was hit by a poisoned arrow
petition.
and left to die by his retreating comrades.
- In 1517, Magellan renounced his
Portuguese nationality and relocated to
RUY LOPEZ DE VILLALOBOS
Spain to seek royal support for his
- Set sail for the Philippines from Navidad,
venture.
Mexico on November 1, 1542.
- Taken the route by Magellan and reached
Mindanao on February 2, 1542.
- Established a colony in Sarangani but
could not stay long because of
insufficient food supply.
 - He named our country “Islas Filipinas”, in THE BATTLE OF BANKUSAY CHANNEL
honor of the King Charles’ son, Prince
Philip, who late became the king of Spain. June 3, 1571: TARIK SULAYMAN supported
RAJAH SULAYMAN, led his troops down the
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI Pampanga River and fought the battle in the bay
- February 13, 1565, Legaspi landed on of Bangkusay, off the port of Tondo.
Cebu Island then proceed to Leyte then to
Camiguin and to Bohol. Spanish ships led by Martini de Goiti,
- He made blood compact with DATU surrounded by the native boats, open fire and
SIKATUNA the native fleet was scattered and destroyed.
- Legaspi obtained spices and gold in
Bohol due to his friendship with The chief who died at Bankusay is sometimes
chieftain. identified as Rajah Sulayman. But in the Spanish
- April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu, records, Tarik Sulayman is the one who fell in
destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and the battle.
establish a settlement.
- On orders of the King Philip II, 2,100 men THE PURPOSE OF THE SPANISH CONQUEST
arrived from Mexico. They build the port
of Fuerza de San Pedro which became GOLD, GOSPEL, GLORY
the Spanish trading outpost and
stronghold for the region. THE SPANISH COLONIZATION
- Reigned over 333 years
THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF MANILA - From 1565 to 1898
- Expedition of 300 men headed by Martin - The Spanish king ruled another islands
de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. through the viceroy of Mexico, which was
- They found the islands of Panay and then another Spanish colony.
Mindoro. - When Mexico regained its freeom in
- Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. 1821, the Spanish king ruled the
- They were welcomed by the natives and Philippines through a GOVERNOR
formed an alliance with RAJAH GENERAL.
SULIMAN, and their muslim king but the - GOVERNOR GENERAL is the one who
locals sensed the true objectives of the oversaw matters, pertaining to the
Spaniards. colonies.
- A battle between the troops of Suliman
and Spaniards erupted.
- But Spaniards are more heavily armed,
the Spaniards were able to conquer
Manila.
- Legaspi joined Goiti. He built alliances
and made peace with RAJAH SULIMAN,
LAKANDULA, and MATANDA
- 1571: Legaspi ordered the construction
of the walled city of Intramuros and
proclaimed it as the seat of government
of the colony and the capital of the
islands.
- 1572: Legaspi died and was buried at
the San Agustin Church in Intramuros.
- 1574: Manila was bestowed the title
“Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de
Espana” (Distinguised and ever loyal city
of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.