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Lecture#5

The document discusses plane transformations and groups of symmetries of planar objects. It provides examples of symmetries of different planar patterns, including a triple-A design, a flag, and a repeating pattern. Symmetries can include rotations around a center point by increments of 120 or 180 degrees, as well as reflections. The symmetries that leave all points within the object form the group of symmetries of that object. There are two types of finite symmetry groups for planar objects: cyclic groups involving rotations by increments of 360/n degrees, and dihedral groups involving both rotations and reflections.

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16 views11 pages

Lecture#5

The document discusses plane transformations and groups of symmetries of planar objects. It provides examples of symmetries of different planar patterns, including a triple-A design, a flag, and a repeating pattern. Symmetries can include rotations around a center point by increments of 120 or 180 degrees, as well as reflections. The symmetries that leave all points within the object form the group of symmetries of that object. There are two types of finite symmetry groups for planar objects: cyclic groups involving rotations by increments of 360/n degrees, and dihedral groups involving both rotations and reflections.

Uploaded by

tokaliabdelrahman05
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

Collage of Engineering and Technology– Smart Village


Basic and Applied Sciences Department - Cairo

Mathematics
Lecture#5
Plane Transformations :Groups of
Symmetries of Planar Objects

Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Dr. Mohamed Salah


Groups of Symmetries of Planar Objects

a symmetry of the object O is a symmetry of the plane


that rearranges the points of the object O within O, and
such that every position in the object is attained by some
point following the rearrangement. The set of all
symmetries of an object O is called the group of
symmetries of the object O.

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Groups of Symmetries of Planar Objects

Consider the triple-A design

Translations (through nonzero vectors)


move some or all the points out of the
object.

The rotation around the center of this object and


by 120° keeps all the points within the object.

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Groups of Symmetries of Planar Objects
The identity symmetry (𝑖𝑑) does not move any of the
points in the plane, and, as a consequence, leaves the points
in any object confined within that object.

The group of symmetries of the triple-A is the


following set:
{identity, rotation about the center by 120°, rotation
about the center by 240°}.
Using the notation {𝑖𝑑, 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐶, 120°), 𝑟𝑜𝑡(𝐶, 240°)},
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Example 1

We can write the group of the symmetry of the object shown


in Figure as follows: Using the notation
{𝑖𝑑, 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 120° , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 240° , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙1 , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙3 },

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Example 2

Using the shorter notation, we can write that the group of


symmetries of the flag is {{𝑖𝑑, 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 180° , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙 , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑚 }

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Example 3

Denoting, the translation along the vector v by 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣 , we can


now write the group of symmetries of the pattern indicated in
Figure as follows
{𝑖𝑑, 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑣 . 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛2𝑣 , 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛3𝑣 , … , 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛−𝑣 . 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛−2𝑣 , 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛−3𝑣 , … }

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Groups of Symmetries of Planar Objects
Extra (Optional): Classification of Finite Groups
of Symmetries of Planar Objects
It turns out that there are only two types of finite groups of
symmetries:
Type 1 (cyclic groups)
360° 360° 360° 360°
𝑖𝑑, 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 2 , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 3 , … , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 𝑛 − 1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

where n is a positive integer


Type 2 (dihedral groups)
360° 360° 360°
൜𝑖𝑑, 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 2 , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝑂, 3 , … , 𝑟𝑜𝑡 ൬𝑂, (𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
360°
− 1) ൰ , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙1 , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙2 , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙3 , … , 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑛 ൠ
𝑛

where n is a positive integer


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Exercises Page 95

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Exercises Page 95

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Exercises Page 95

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