RESEARCH REVIEWER - A hypothesis articulates predictions about the findings of your

research.
- It goes beyond a mere guess, relying on existing theories and
Research Process knowledge.
- The hypothesis must be testable, allowing support or refutation
through scientific research methods.
1. Identification of Research Problem - Scientific research methods include experiments, observations,
- A problem identified by the researcher serves as a focal point and statistical analysis of data.
throughout the research process.
- It forms the foundation for all subsequent research activities. - Variables in Hypotheses:
- Guides the researcher in developing the hypothesis, - Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more
workplan, interpretation of findings, and conclusion. variables in research.
- Each step in the process and its corresponding output is - Independent variables are manipulated or controlled by the
essential and valuable in relation to the identified problem. researcher.
- The significance of the identified problem is a key evaluation - Dependent variables are observed and measured by the
criterion for assessing research success. researcher.
- In identifying the research problem, clarity, organization, and
specificity are crucial. - Developing a Hypothesis:
- The problem statement must define the scope and set limits 1. Ask a Question:
to determine the feasibility of the investigation. - Begin with a focused, specific, and researchable question.

2. Do Some Preliminary Research:

2. Formulation of Hypotheses - Construct a conceptual framework to identify study variables
- The hypothesis functions as a tentative solution to the problem and their relationships.
before experimentation.
- It serves as a crucial guide in the research work or design. 3. Formulate Your Hypothesis:
- The hypothesis is tested through actual experimentation. - Write a clear, concise sentence reflecting your initial answer
- It is grounded in the objectives of the study, guiding the to the research question.
experimental design.
4. Refine Your Hypothesis:
- Ensure specificity and testability.
 - Include: - Even experienced researchers utilize this step to avoid
- Relevant variables. duplicating others' studies, unless validation with advanced
- Specific group being studied. techniques is necessary.
- Predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis. - The process ensures researchers stay informed about existing
knowledge and potential research gaps.
5. Phrase Your Hypothesis in Three Ways:
- Use if…then form to identify variables. - Initiating the Literature Review:
- If a first-year student starts attending more lectures, then - Begins before formulating research aims and objectives.
their exam scores will improve. - Aims to check if the research problem has been addressed
- For statistical hypothesis testing, include a null hypothesis previously.
(H0) assuming no association.
- Primary Focus of Literature Review:
- Note: - Conducted mainly after formulating research aims and
- Hypotheses should be based on existing knowledge and objectives.
theories. - Utilizes various secondary data sources: books, newspapers,
- Must be testable through scientific research methods magazines, journals, online articles, etc.
(experiments, observations, statistical analysis).
- Purpose of Writing a Literature Review:
- The hypothesis can be stated in various forms: - Essential when writing a thesis, dissertation, or research paper.
a. The null statement - Avoids duplication: Prevents repeating recent work.
b. The alternative statement - Finds existing knowledge: Identifies what others have learned
c. The cause and effect and reported on the problem.
- Familiarizes with methodology: Helps understand
methodologies followed by others.
3. Review of Related Literature - Relevance of concepts and theories: Assists in understanding
- In some cases, a research problem is not immediately relevant concepts and theories in the research area.
recognized; preliminary literature surveys are essential. - Identifies controversies and inconsistencies: Highlights
- A preliminary survey involves reading various publications and significant debates and contradictions in findings.
exploring the internet. - Uncovers unanswered research questions: Reveals areas with
- It helps in becoming aware of previous works and may inspire gaps in knowledge.
ideas for research investigations.
 - Develops an analytical framework: Aids in constructing an
analytical framework for the research. - A research design serves as the work plan for the research
- Expands consideration of variables: Encourages inclusion of investigation.
variables not initially considered. - Specifies resources needed and how they will be utilized to
address the problem.
- Writing Tips for the Literature Review: - Systematizes work during actual experimentation.
- Maximizes research output by providing a plan to follow and
- Summarize and Synthesize: revise if necessary.
- Provide an overview of each source's main points. - Facilitates efficient experimentation, guiding the researcher in
- Combine information into a coherent whole. the laboratory.
- Ensures only relevant data is collected, specifying how and what
- Analyze and Interpret: data should be obtained.
- Go beyond paraphrasing, add personal interpretations. - A valid research design is fundamental to the validity of the
- Discuss the significance of findings in relation to the entire entire research.
literature.
- The research design is a practical framework for answering
- Critically Evaluate: research questions.
- Mention strengths and weaknesses of sources. - Involves decisions about data type, collection and analysis
methods, location, and timescale.
- Well-Structured Writing: - Priorities drive decisions: determine causes/effects, draw
- Use well-structured paragraphs with transition words and topic generalizable conclusions, or understand specific context details.
sentences. - Essential components of a research design include:
- Draw connections, comparisons, and contrasts. - Type of data needed
- Location and timescale of the research
- Characteristics of a Good Literature Review: - Participants and sources
- Doesn't merely summarize sources; it analyzes, synthesizes, and - Variables and hypotheses (if relevant)
critically evaluates. - Methods for collecting and analyzing data
- Provides a clear picture of the existing knowledge on the - Sets parameters for the project, determining inclusions and
subject. exclusions.
- Defines criteria for evaluating results and drawing conclusions.
4. Preparation of Research Design
 - Reliability and validity hinge on how data is collected, measured, - Independent variable: Manipulated condition within the
analyzed, and interpreted. experiment.
- Crucial for a successful research proposal, scientific paper, or - Dependent variable: Event or outcome affected by the
dissertation. manipulation of the independent variable.
- Factors to consider in creating a research design:
1. Consider Your Priorities and Practicalities:
- Multiple possible research designs with tradeoffs. 6. Data Analysis and Interpretation
- Choices depend on priorities, involving some tradeoffs.
2. Addressing Weaknesses: - Data gathered are organized into tables and graphs before
- If one design is weak in an area, another design can cover that analysis using statistical methods.
aspect of the research study. - Statistical conclusions are explained in simpler terms related to
3. Adaptability to Different Priorities: research objectives.
- Research design depends on researcher priorities, allowing for
multiple designs based on study goals. - A crucial step during an experiment involves data analysis,
interpretation, and conclusion formulation.
5. Actual Experimentation - Data can be analyzed through:
- Presentation in table format (data table).
- Actual experimentation implements the research work plan or - Processing data through graphical manipulation to visually
design. discern variable differences.
- An experiment is a learning task that generates observations or
data. - Scientific data collection requires careful and systematic
- Processing and analyzing the data result in solving the research approaches.
problem or triggering further studies. - Systematic and consistent data collection methods are crucial for
building on existing work.
- In the experimental method, a condition or parameter (variable) - Detailed records are essential for transparency and
is consciously manipulated. reproducibility.
- The manipulated condition is often referred to as a treatment. - Thoughtful and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation
- The outcome or effect of the manipulation is observed on other of data allow development into evidence.
variables. - Data collection involves systematic recording; data analysis
- Variables have different names based on their role: uncovers patterns and trends.
 - Data interpretation explains these patterns and trends, influenced - Steps to consider in the conclusion:
by scientists' knowledge and experience. - Answer the main research question.
- Different scientists may interpret the same data differently. - Summarize and reflect on the research.
- Publishing data and analysis techniques allow review and use in - Make recommendations for future work.
future research by the scientific community. - Emphasize contributions to knowledge in the field.
- Examples provided for framing answers, summarizing research,
making recommendations, and emphasizing contributions.
7. Formulation of Conclusion - Recommendations should be framed as suggestions rather than
imperatives for practical implementation.
- A conclusion summarizes the significant results of the - Ensure recommendations for further research don't undermine
experiment. the completed work.
- Marks the end of the research, often suggesting unanswered
questions for future investigations.
- Allows readers to evaluate the merit of completed research based
on objectives and conclusion.

- Conclusions assess the achievement of research aims and

objectives.
- Justification of why research aims and objectives have been met
is necessary.
- Includes coverage of research limitations and suggestions for
future studies.
- The main purposes of a conclusion are to:
- Clearly state the answer to the main research question.
- Summarize and reflect on the research.
- Make recommendations for future work on the topic.
- Show the new knowledge contributed.

- The conclusion should be concise and engaging, leaving the

reader with a clear understanding of the main discovery or
argument.