Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

EXPERIMENT NO. 01

AIM: To verify the Thevenin’s theorem

OBJECTIVE:

1. To determine the Thevenin’s voltage (Vth ) and Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth ) of the given
circuit
2. To determine the current (IL) flowing through the load branch.
3. To verify the experimental result with analytic one and calculate the percentage of error.

BRIEF THEORY:

Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear bilateral circuit can be replaced by a simple equivalent
Thevenin’s circuit with a single voltage source (Vth) and a single series resistor (Rth). The value of Vth
is the open circuit voltage at the load terminal known as Thevenin’s equivalent voltage and the value of
Rth is the net equivalent resistance of the circuit viewed back from the open load terminal after
deactivating all the sources.

The circuit to be solved using Thevenin’s theorem is shown in Fig. 1(a) and the Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit is shown in Fig. 1(b). The current flowing through a load resistance (RL) of the circuit can be
calculated by: = .

EXPECTED OUTCOME:

Evaluation of Rth:

Deactivating 5 V and 12 V sources and removing the load as in Fig. 1(d), the Thevenin’s resistance,
Rth = (100||25)||25 =11.1111 

Evaluation of Vth:

Considering the 12 V source as in Fig. 1(e) and applying voltage division rule, Vth1=
(12*100)/(100+25)= 9.6 V.

Considering the 5 V source as in Fig. 1(f) and applying voltage division rule,Vth2= (5*100)/(100+25)=
4 V.

Applying Superposition theorem, Vth = Vth1 + Vth2 = 9.4+4.0=13.4 V.

Now, the current flowing through load branch in Fig. 1(b) could be determined by = =
0.1206A

LIST OF APPARATUS:

Sl.
Name of the apparatus Range Make Make No. Quantity
No.

1 DC Power supply

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 Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

2 Voltmeter

3 Ammeter

4 Rheostats

As per
5 Connecting wires
requirement

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:

PROCEDURE:

NOTE: The value of RAB will vary from group to group. RAB for group-I = (50 + 4*I) Ω, I = 1 to
12.

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

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 Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

Current through the load resistance:

2. Initially, the ammeter is connected to the branch CD to measure the branch current (ICD), as
shown in Fig. 1(c).

To find the Vth:

3. A voltmeter is connected across the branch CD, after removing the load resistance (RL). Note
the voltmeter reading.
4. Then the 5V source is removed, as shown in the Fig. 1(e) and the voltmeter reading is noted as
Vth1.
5. Similarly, the 12V source is removed, as shown in the Fig. 1(f) and the voltmeter reading is
noted as Vth2.
6. These two readings of the voltmeter are summed up to give the Thevenin’s voltage (Vth) of the
circuit which should the same as the voltmeter reading in step-3.

To find the Rth:

7. Then, both the sources (5V and 12V) are replaced by their respective internal resistance and a
voltage source is connected across CD in series with an ammeter, as shown in Fig. 1(d).
8. The reading of the ammeter (I) and the value of the voltage source (V) are noted. Rth is then
calculated using, = .
9. Finally, the current through the load resistance is calculated using, = . It should be
same as ICD, noted in step-2.
| |
10. The percentage of error is evaluated by, % = × 100
11. Repeat the steps once more, find the difference in readings. Comments on the causes of such
difference.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Evaluation of Vth Evaluation of Rth

IL =
Sl. ICD Vth = Vth
No Vth1 Vth2 V I Rth = V/I Vth/( Rth+ RL) %Error
. (A) Vth1+ Vth2 (V)
(V) (V) (V) (A) () ()
(V)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Note: 1. Students should draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit with values.
2. Compare the values between the experimental and analytical results.

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The discussion should cover the following points:

1. Analytically results and experimental results are to be compared.

2. Discuss all possible causes for the difference in (1).
3. Causes of error during the experiment.
4. Precautions to be taken during the experiment.
5. Any other comments on the experiment, if required.

CONCLUSIONS:

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be properly tightened.

2. The voltmeter and ammeter should be checked for their zero positions before connection.
3. The connections should be verified by the laboratory technician before switching the supply
on.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why are voltage sources replaced by short circuit whereas current sources replaced by an open
circuit when applying the superposition theorem?
2. How to determine Thevenin’s equivalent voltage of a given circuit?
3. How to determine Thevenin’s equivalent resistance of a given circuit?
4. What should be the value of Vth of a given circuit if its IL reduces to half for the same RL?
5. What should be the value of IL for same RL of a given circuit if its Vth is doubled?
6. Why are ammeters connected in series?
7. Why are voltmeters connected in parallel?
8. What is voltage division rule?
9. What is current division rule?

NOTE to all students: You must follow the following points when attending the BEE Laboratory.

(i) You must come with shoes.

(ii) You must bring the report on the last day’s experiment(s) written in the laboratory copy.
(iii) You must be prepared for the experiment(s) to be performed on the day. A viva will test
your preparedness at the beginning of the class.
(iv) You must bring the detailed calculations of the expectation from the experiment(s) and the
list of apparatus required to perform the experiment(s) as per your calculation in the
observation copy.
(v) You will be treated as absent if you do not come prepared as per (iii) and (iv).

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EXPERIMENT NO-2

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

Aim: To verify maximum power transfer theorem.

Objective: (i) To find the source resistance of the given circuit.

(ii) To find the value of the load resistance when the power transfer is maximum.

Brief Theory:

Statement: The maximum power transfer theorem states that in a linear, bilateral DC network,
maximum power is delivered to the load when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of
a source.

Proof:

The original two terminals circuit is replaced with a Thevenin’s equivalent circuit across the variable
load resistance. The current through the load for any value of load resistance is

From the above expression, it is clear that the power delivered depends on the values of RTh and RL.
However, the Thevenin’s equivalent network remain same; thus, the power delivered from this
equivalent source to the load entirely depends on the load resistance RL. The required value of RL is
calculated by differentiating PL with respect to RL and equating it to zero as:

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 Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

Therefore, the maximum power delivered to the load is:

List of Apparatus:

Sl.
Name of the apparatus Range Make Make No. Quantity
No.

1. Voltage supply

2. Rheostat

3. Ammeter

4. Voltmeter

Connection/Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

Note: The value of R = 200 Ω will vary from group to group. It will be for group-I = (100 + 5*I)
Ω, I = 1 to 12.

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

To find the VTh:
2. Remove the load resistance and connect a voltmeter to the load terminal.
3. Note the reading of the voltmeter. This is VTh.
To find the RTh:
4. Remove the load resistance and connect a voltage source to the load terminal.
5. Connect an ammeter in series with the voltage source.
6. Find = , where V is the terminal voltage of the voltage source and I is current through
the ammeter.
To find the maximum power using Thevenin's equivalent network:

7. Find = ;

To find the maximum power using the given circuit:

8. In Fig. 2, connect a voltmeter across the load resistance and an ammeter in series with the load
resistance.
9. Note down different values of the voltmeter (Vs) and the ammeter (Is) for different values of
the load resistance.
10. Calculate the power consumed by the load for each set of voltmeter and ammeter reading.
11. Note the readings of the ammeter (Imax) and voltmeter (Vmax) corresponding to the maximum
value of power.
12. Calculate RL=Vmax/Imax.
13. Compare RL, RTh, and calculated value of load resistance for maximum power.

Observation Table:

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Table 1

Sl. No. Ammeter (Is) Voltmeter (Vs) Power RL=V/Imax

PL=VsIs

Table 2

Sl. No. IS (A) Vs (V) Rs=Vs/Is Ω

Results and Discussion:

Note: 1. Students should draw the plot PL vs RL and find the value of RL when the maximum power
is transferred.
2. Compare the values between the experimental and analytical results.

The discussion should cover the following points:

6. Analytically results and experimental results are to be compared.

7. Discuss all possible causes for the difference in (1).
8. Causes of error during the experiment.
9. Precautions to be taken during the experiment.
10. Any other comments on the experiment, if required.

Conclusions:

PRECAUTIONS:

4. All the connections should be properly tightened.

5. The voltmeter and ammeter should be checked for their zero positions before connection.
6. The connections should be verified by the laboratory technician before switching the supply
on.

Assessment Questions:
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1. While calculating Thevenin’s resistance why we have to short-circuit voltage sources?

2. While calculating Thevenin’ resistance why we have to open circuit current sources?
3. Applications of maximum power transfer theorem.
4. How to decide fuse rating in the circuit?
5. Why should voltmeter be connected in parallel across the load, if it connected in series what will
happen?
6. Why should ammeter be connected in series with the load, if it is connected in parallel what will
happen?
7. How can the inductance effect be neglected in wire wound resistors?
8. Why is a symbol of the resistor in a zig-zag manner?
9. Can we replace DC source by AC source in connection diagram shown above?

NOTE to all students: You must follow the following points when attending the BEE Laboratory.

(vi) You must come with shoes.

(vii) You must bring the report on the last day’s experiment(s) written in the laboratory copy.
(viii) You must be prepared for the experiment(s) to be performed on the day. A viva will test
your preparedness at the beginning of the class.
(ix) You must bring the detailed calculations of the expectation from the experiment(s) and the
list of apparatus required to perform the experiment(s) as per your calculation in the
observation copy.
(x) You will be treated as absent if you do not come prepared as per (iii) and (iv).

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 Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

EXPERIMENT NO: 3

Objective: To verify the Norton’s Theorem by the measurement of current through a branch.

Brief Theory: Norton’s theorem states, “A linear active network consisting of independent and or dependent voltage and
current sources and linear bilateral network elements can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in
parallel with a resistance, the current source being the short circuited current across the load terminal and the resistance being
the internal resistance of the source network looking through the open circuited load terminals.’’

Explanation of theory- In order to find the current through rL, the load resistance (fig. 1),by Norton’s theorem ,let us
replace rL by short circuit (fig.2).
Obviously, I=VS/r1+ r2r3/(r2+ r3 ) and IN= I.r3/(r3+ r2)

Fig.(1) A dc network Fig.(2) Finding of IN

Next,the short circuit is removed and the independent source is deactivated in fig.3.
Here, RN= r2+ r1r3/(r1+r3)

Fig.(3) Finding of RN
As per Norton’s theorem,the equivalent source circuit would contain a current source in parallel to the internal resistance,the
current source being the short circuited current across the shorted terminals of the load resistor(fig.4)
Obviously, IL= INRN/(RN+rL)

Fig.(4)Norton’s equivalent circuit

Apparatus Required:

Sl. Name of the Range Maker’s Maker’s No Quantity

No. apparatus Name
1. Ammeter 0-500mA
2. Voltage Supply -12V to +12V,-5V to
+5V
3. Rheostat 0-200Ω,0-300Ω,2.5A

Note: Student should fill up the apparatus table at the time of experiment.

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. The connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Ammeter is connected across the branch CD to read the branch current (ICD).
3. Now, 5V source is removed and an ammeter is connected across CD after removing the load resistance (RL).The
reading of the ammeter is read as INI.
4. Again, 12V source is removed and an ammeter is connected across CD after removing the load resistance (RL).The
reading of the ammeter is read as IN2.
5. These two readings of the ammeter give the Norton’s current (IN).
6. Now both the source voltage 5V and 12V and the load resistance (RL) is removed and a voltage source (approx.
5V-12V) is connected across CD in series with an ammeter. The reading of the ammeter (I) and the value of the
voltage source (V) are taken.
7. RN is then calculated using RN=V/I.
8. RL is again connected back to its original position to CD.
9. Finally, current through the load impedance is calculated using IL= INRN / (RN+RN).
10. Compare the value of ICD with IL.
11. Repeat from step 1 to step 10 for three times for three different results with the same set-up of all the instruments
and parameters.

Observation Table:

Sl. ICD IN1 IN2 IN=IN1+IN2 Readings from experiment RN=V/I IL=INRN/(RN+RL)
No. Voltage(V) Current(I)

Results:

Note: 1. Students should draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit with values.
2. Compare the values with the experimental and analytical results.

Discussions:

Discussion should cover the following points:

11. Analyse the circuit and find out the values analytically and compare the results obtained from the experiment.
12. The percentage of error in the experiment with the analytical value is to be obtained.
13. Causes of variation of ICD and IL.
14. Causes of error during experiment.
15. Precautions to be taken during experiment.
16. Any other comments on the experiment if required.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 4

Aim of the experiment: To determine the value of parameters of a series RC circuit.

Objective: To establish the phase relationship between voltage and current in a series R-C circuit and
to determine values of the parameters.

Brief theory: Fig. 1 shows an ac circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and capacitor (C) in series. I
represent the current flowing through R and C. VR and VC represents the respective voltage drops across
R and C. Applied voltage V is the phasor sum of VR and VC.

Circuit Diagram:

W R C
M A

Com

230 V, v 0 – 300 V
50 Hz

ɸ VR I

VC V

Since this is an R-C circuit, the current I lead voltage V by an angle ɸ. Hence, the power factor can be
calculated by measuring the power input to the circuit using a wattmeter. Following equations are to be
used to calculate the parameters of the R-C circuit:

= ɸ

∴ ɸ=

The total impedance of the circuit, =

Also, ɸ=

∴ = ɸ= =

Capacitive reactance, = = ɸ

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∴ =

The expectation from the experiment:

1. Note the value of the capacitance from the laboratory.

2. Consider the value of R for your group.
3. Theoretically calculate the Z and ɸ
4. Compare it with the experimental results.

List of Apparatus:

Sl. No. Name of the Range Maker’s Name Maker’s Quantity

instrument Number

1. Variac/
Dimmerstat/ Auto
transformer

2. Ammeter

3. Voltmeter

4. Wattmeter

5. Rheostat

6. Capacitor

Procedure:

NOTE: The value of R will vary from group to group. RAB for group-I = (50 + 4*I) Ω, I = 1 to
12.

1. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.

2. Vary the input voltage from 150 V to 230 V in a step of 10 V.
3. Observe the readings of voltmeter, wattmeter and ammeter.
4. Calculate R and C.
5. Draw the phasor diagram for any one set of the reading.

Observation:

Sl. Voltmete Ammeter Wattmete Power Impedanc Resistanc Capacitiv Capacitanc

No r reading reading r reading factor e = e e e
. (V) (A) (W) ɸ reactance
= 1
= =
ɸ

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= ɸ

Results and Discussion:

Note: 1. Draw the phasor diagram for any one set of the reading and compare with the theoretical value.
a

The discussion should cover the following points:

17. Analytically results and experimental results are to be compared.

18. Discuss all possible causes for the difference in (1).
19. Causes of error during the experiment.
20. Precautions to be taken during the experiment.
21. Any other comments on the experiment, if required.

Conclusion:

PRECAUTIONS:

7. All the connections should be properly tightened.

8. The voltmeter and ammeter should be checked for their zero positions before connection.
9. The connections should be verified by the laboratory technician before switching the supply
on.

Questions:

1. What happens when frequency increases to RC circuit?

2. In a 20 Vac series RC circuit, if 20 V is read across the resistor and 40 V is measured across
the capacitor, what is the applied voltage?
3. In a series RC circuit, what is the effect of increasing resistance?
4. What is the reference vector for parallel RC circuits and why?
5. In a series RC circuit, current leads or lags the source voltage?
6. How to make the capacitor voltage greater than the resistor voltage?
7. In an AC circuit consists of a resistor and a capacitor. To increase the phase angle above 45°,
which condition must be satisfied?
8. When the frequency of the voltage applied to a series RC circuit is decreased, the impedance
9. The power that is measured in volt-amperes is called
10. When the frequency of the voltage applied to a series RC circuit is increased, the phase angle

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11. In a series RC circuit, when the frequency and the resistance are halved, the impedance
12. In a series RC circuit, the voltage across the resistance is?
A. In phase with the source voltage
B. In phase with the circuit current
13. In a series RC circuit, 10 V is measured across the resistor and 10 V is measured across the
capacitor. What is the arms source voltage?
14. When R=Xc in RC circuit, the phase angle is?
15. A 10 kilo-ohm capacitive reactance equals 100 microsiemens capacitive susceptance. True or
false?
16. In a purely capacitive circuit, the amount of energy converted to heat is proportional to the
circuit's current. True or false?

NOTE to all students: You must follow the following points when attending the BEE Laboratory.

(xi) You must come with shoes.

(xii) You must bring the report on the last day’s experiment(s) written in the laboratory copy.
(xiii) You must be prepared for the experiment(s) to be performed on the day. A viva will test
your preparedness at the beginning of the class.
(xiv) You must bring the detailed calculations of the expectation from the experiment(s) and the
list of apparatus required to perform the experiment(s) as per your calculation in the
observation copy.
(xv) You will be treated as absent if you do not come prepared as per (iii) and (iv).

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EXPERIMENT NO. 5

Aim: To measure the power and power factor by three ammeters method.

Objectives:

1) Find the power and power factor when only the low-wattage bulb is connected.
2) Find the power and power factor when only the high-wattage bulb is connected.
3) Find the power and power factor when both the bulbs are connected.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1

Theory:

The circuit used for the measurement of power in an AC circuit using three ammeters methods
is shown in Fig. 1. In an AC circuit, power is given by the product of voltage, current and power factor.
This method demonstrates that the power in a single phase AC circuit can be measured by using three
ammeters method.
In the circuit diagram, , and are the three ammeters and is the non inductive
resistance in parallel with the capacitor. There are two bulbs connected in parallel with the capacitor.
From Fig 2, we have

IT 2  I R 2  Ic 2  2I R IC cos 

 cos  
 I T
2
 I R 2  IC 2 
2I R IC

Power consumed by the load is

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PL  VI C cos 

 PL  I R RI C cos 

 PL 
I T
2

 I R 2  Ic2 R
2

Figure 2: Phasor diagram of the above circuit.

The expected outcome of the experiment:

1. Note the values of capacitor and details of the bulbs.

2. Do the theoretical calculation to find the power in all three cases.
3. Compare the results with the experimental results.
Apparatus Required:

Sl No Item Range Maker’s name Maker’s No Quantity

1 Ammeter

2 Capacitor

3 Bulb

4. Rheostat

Procedure:

NOTE: The value of R will vary from group to group. R for group-I = (100 + 5*I) Ω, I = 1 to 12.

1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.1. Keep the switches of both the bulbs off.
2. Switch on the low-wattage bulb and take the reading of three ammeters.
3. Switch on the high-wattage bulb and take the reading of three ammeters.

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4. Switch both the bulb and take the reading of three ammeters.
5. Calculate power and power factor for each load using above formulae.
6. Draw the vector diagram for each load.
7. Calculate the power factor from vector diagram.

Observation Table:

Sl. No. IT IR IC Power Power factor

(A) (A) (A) (Watt) from

Calculation Vector Diagram

Results and Discussion:

Note: 1. Students should draw the phasor diagram for each case.
2. Compare the values between the experimental and analytical results.

The discussion should cover the following points:

22. Analytically results and experimental results are to be compared.

23. Discuss all possible causes for the difference in (1).
24. Causes of error during the experiment.
25. Precautions to be taken during the experiment.
26. Any other comments on the experiment, if required.

Conclusions:

PRECAUTIONS:

10. All the connections should be properly tightened.

11. The voltmeter and ammeter should be checked for their zero positions before connection.
12. The connections should be verified by the laboratory technician before switching the supply
on.

Assessment questions:

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1. In an AC circuit which power is more, apparent or real and why?

2. What is power factor?
3. What is the maximum value of power factor?
4. What is the difference between apparent power and real power?
5. What is reactive power?
6. What is leading and lagging power factor?
7. What will be the power factor when the capacitor is replaced by the inductor?
8. Can we calculate power factor removing the capacitor from the circuit?
9. How ammeter should be connected in the circuit and why?
10. Is there any other method known to calculate the power factor?
11. What is a throw switch? In this experiment which throw switch has been used?
12. Why power factor can’t be more than unity?
13. What is Auto-transformer? What are the differences between autotransformer and DC
voltage regulator?
14. What is the difference between Fuse and Switch?
15. What is the purpose of the bar connected between the double-pole of the single-throw switch?

NOTE to all students: You must follow the following points when attending the BEE Laboratory.

(xvi) You must come with shoes.

(xvii) You must bring the report on the last day’s experiment(s) written in the laboratory copy.
(xviii) You must be prepared for the experiment(s) to be performed on the day. A viva will test
your preparedness at the beginning of the class.
(xix) You must bring the detailed calculations of the expectation from the experiment(s) and the
list of apparatus required to perform the experiment(s) as per your calculation in the
observation copy.
(xx) You will be treated as absent if you do not come prepared as per (iii) and (iv).

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EXPERIMENT NO. 6

Aim: To calibrate a milliammeter as a voltmeter.

Basic Theory:

A voltmeter measures the voltage drop across resistance by putting it in parallel to

the resistance as shown in Figure 1. The internal resistance of a voltmeter is quite high (Rmv ≫
RL) and therefore, when connected in parallel, the current through the voltmeter is quite small
(Iv ≈ 0). This keeps the current Ir flowing through the resistance RL almost the same value when
the voltmeter was not connected. Hence, the voltage drop (IrRL) measured across the resistance
by a voltmeter is also almost the same as the voltage drop without the voltmeter across the
resistance. On the other hand, ammeter measures the current through resistance by connecting
it in series with the resistance, Fig. 1. An ammeter has very low resistance (Rma ≪ RL) and
changes the effective resistance of the circuit only by a tiny amount (RL + Rma ≈ RL). not altering
the original current by too much. Therefore, the current measured by the ammeter is about the
same as without the ammeter in the circuit.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of voltmeter and ammeter connections.

For calibration of a 500 mA milliammeter as the full-scale deflection of as a voltmeter, the internal
resistance, Rm of the milliammeter is to be determined. To use it as a voltmeter of a full-scale deflection
of 15 V (suppose), the external resistance, Rx to be connected in series with the ammeter is calculated
as below:

The voltage across the ammeter, VA=IARm, where IA is the full-scale ammeter current (500 mA in the
present case).

= (15 − )/ (1)

RX is called multiplier or bobbin.

Now, connecting RX in series with the ammeter, the combination is to be connected in parallel with a
voltmeter as shown in circuit diagram for calibration purpose.

Circuit Diagram:

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Apparatus Required:

Sl No. Name of apparatus Range Make Make No. Quantity

1. Power supply

2. Ammeter

3. Voltmeter

4. Rheostat

Procedure:
1. Determine the internal resistance Rm of the milliammeter. To determine the ammeter resistance, use
the circuit shown in Fig. 3. Let Rm be the internal resistance of the ammeter, then the current flowing
through the ammeter is I = E/(R + Rm), where E is the input voltage. The voltage drop across R is Vr
and the current is Ir = Vr/R. Since I = Ir, the ammeter resistance Rm is obtained as,
Rm = ((E – Vr)R)/Vr (2)

Figure 3. Circuit for determination of ammeter resistance.

2. Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

3. Decide the range of scale for the voltmeter for calibration.
4. Calculate the RX using equation number 1.

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5. Take the readings from maximum towards minimum for entire scale of the milliammeter.

Observation Table:

Sl No. V IA Keq Veq %Error

1.

2.

3.

Keq = (V1/IA1 + V2/IA2 + V3/IA3 + V4/IA4 + . . . . . + Vn/IAn) / n

Veq1 = Keq * IA1, Veq2 = Keq * IA2, Veq3 = Keq * IA3, . . . . .

%Error = ((Veq – V) / V) * 100

Results and Discussion:

Note: 1. Students should draw the plot of IA vs. V on a graph sheet and get the value of Keq from the
plot.

The discussion should cover the following points:

27. Analytically results and experimental results are to be compared.

28. Discuss all possible causes for the difference in (1).
29. Causes of error during the experiment.
30. Precautions to be taken during the experiment.
31. Any other comments on the experiment, if required.

Conclusions:

PRECAUTIONS:

13. All the connections should be properly tightened.

14. The voltmeter and ammeter should be checked for their zero positions before connection.
15. The connections should be verified by the laboratory technician before switching the supply
on.

Precautions:

1. Proper care should be taken while determining RX else the milliammeter may get damaged.

2. The resistance of the rheostat always should be greater than 12 Ω to avoid damages of the rheostat.

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Questions:
1. Why the voltmeter has to be connected in parallel with the load? Justify.
2. Why the ammeter has to be connected in series with the load? Justify.
3. Why should we add a high resistance in series to use an ammeter as a voltmeter?
4. What is the lowest resistance of the rheostat to prevent damage and why?
5. To increase the measuring range of the voltmeter what should we do?
6. What is multiplier?
7. How many types of voltmeter available?
8. What is the difference between AC Voltmeter and DC Voltmeter?
9. What are the properties required in the material used for rheostats?
10. What are the materials used for rheostat?

NOTE to all students: You must follow the following points when attending the BEE Laboratory.

(xxi) You must come with shoes.

(xxii) You must bring the report on the last day’s experiment(s) written in the laboratory copy.
(xxiii) You must be prepared for the experiment(s) to be performed on the day. A viva will test
your preparedness at the beginning of the class.
(xxiv) You must bring the detailed calculations of the expectation from the experiment(s) and the
list of apparatus required to perform the experiment(s) as per your calculation in the
observation copy.
(xxv) You will be treated as absent if you do not come prepared as per (iii) and (iv).

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Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

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Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

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Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

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Electrical Sciences Laboratory, 2nd Semester, B.Tech.

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