Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
2 May/ June 2011 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 21
ATGC mRNA
Uracil doesn'thave
UACG thymine,but
uracil instead
Adenine
Cytosine
Uracil
Adenine
Ribose
Phosphate
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
Base A-U Base pairing A-T
Ribose sugar Deoxyribose sugar
No thymine base Has thymine base
The mRNA travels towards the ribosome to initiate translation process, it
attach to the small ribosomal subunit, exposing 6 bases at a time to the
large ribosomal subunit. The tRNA carry specific amino acid, link up its
anticodon to the complementary / corresponding codon on mRNA...where
they bind by temporary hydrogen bonds, under complementary base
pairing rule.
Several ribosomes can attach to the SAME mRNA at the same time
Polyribosome ..thus producing several identical polypeptides at same time
from one mRNA ( mass production)
mRNA is short lived, so it produces protein for short period of time
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
3 May/ June 2011 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
2 strands 1 strand
Has thymine base No thymine base
Deoxyribose sugar Ribose sugar
A=U
C=G
CGC UGU
1 amino acid......... 3 DNA nucleotides
238 amino acids ........ ?
238 x 3= 714 nucleotide
714
Dr. Nihal Gabr
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
The tRNA bring specific amino acid to the ribosome, where
its specific anticodon link up with the corresponding codon
on mRNA according to complementary base pairing rule.
Two tRNA bind to the ribosome at the same time, thus
bringing two amino acids close together, allowing the
formation of peptide bond. The tRNA can be reused to bring
another amino acid.
4 Oct/ Nov 2011 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 22
4-
Condensation reaction
Both strands act as One strand only
templates involved as template
2 DNA molecules mRNA produced
produced
controlled by DNA controlled by RNA
polymerase polymerase
complementary base Complementary base
pairing (A-T) pairing (A-U)
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
5 Oct/ Nov 2011 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
The Double helix unwind.... by action of helicase enzyme which breaks down the hydrogen
bonds between the complementary bases ...forming a replication fork
ACTIVATION of free nucleotides by adding extra 2 phosphate groups.
Both strands will act as a TEMPLATE strands, where the activated nucleotides pair up
with complementary base on each DNA strand.
Then DNA POLYMERASE will add nucleotides one by one to the new growing DNA
strand in 5' to 3 ' direction only Forming phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides
Where the leading strand is formed continuously from 5' to 3'
While the lagging strand from 3' to 5', it wil be formed by DNA polymerase forming
OKAZAKI fragments from 5' to 3'.... then ligase enzyme respsonible for the formation of
phosphodiester bonds between the okazaki fragments to join them togther on the lagging
strand.
The process will continue along the whole DNA molecule...... producing 2 identical DNA
molecules by semiconservative replication .. newly formed DNA molecules has one old
parental strand and another new strand
Question c
(role of tRNA)
is same as d
in June 2011
p23 q 2.
Do it as extra
practice if
needed.
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
6 May/June 2012 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 21
A=T
C=G
1- It holds the 2 DNA strands together
2- It gives stability to the DNA molecule
3- It can be broken during transcription or
replication
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
It helps prove the base pairing between purines and
pyrimidines
Percentage of Adenine=Percentage of Thymine
Percentage of Cytosine=Percentage of Guanine
In octopuse.... percentage of cytosine=Guanine=17.6%
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
As the percentages of adenine and thymine aren't
equal / percentages of cytosine and guanine aren't
equal
As viruses have single stranded DNA, not double helix
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
7 May/ June 2012 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 22
As fig.4.1 has thymine, while RNA molecules don't have
thymine bases
Phosphodiester bonds
Deoxyribose sugar
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
Question b
(role of tRNA)
is same as d
in June 2011
p23 q 2.
Do it as extra
practice if
needed.
It is a bond between carboxyl group of one amino acid and
amine group of another amino acid
formed by condensation reaction
and links the C and N atoms togther.
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
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mention the feature,and its consequence
It gives stability to the DNA molecule. It can be easily
broken... so helps in strands separation for DNA
transcription and replication. It can easily be reformed, and
as it is formed only between specific bases.... it reduces
mistakes which may occur during replication
Transcription
Translation
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
short lived
To avoid spontaneous change of DNA sequence, so
maintaining the genetic information throughout the cell life, and
ensure that same genetic material passes to daughter cells
When mRNA breaks down....the translation process stops,
so helps control the cell activity and gene expression
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
10 Oct/Nov 2012 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
It is the site of translation of mRNA to form polypeptide. mRNA
bind to small ribosomal subunit, where six bases at a time are
exposed to the large ribosomal subunit. mRNA code for a specific
sequence of amino acids. Ribosome will move along the mRNA one
codon at a time. The ribosome provide site of attachment to two
tRNA at a time, where each tRNA carries a specific amino acid.
mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon bind together.
Where 2 amino acids are held close together for formation of
peptide bond through condensation reaction catalysed by peptidyl
transferase in large ribosomal subunit...... assembling the amino
acids into a primary structure.
A=U
C=G
CCG
GGC
GUA
CTA
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
Due to frameshift, the amino acid coded by codon 2 changed,
and all the codons following codon2 are changed ..... the amino
acids sequence starting from codon 2 is changed
This may result in stop codon, or non-fuctional protein due to
changed protein tertiary structure
11 May/ June 2013 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 22
Both strands act as One strand only involved
templates as template
2 DNA molecules
mRNA produced
produced
controlled by RNA
controlled by DNA
polymerase
polymerase
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
Change in base sequence resulting in production of new
allele....resulting in different sequence of amino acids
12 May/ June 2013 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
So that only desired protein is being made
Genetic codes are universal
so code for same amino acids in any cell
where the ribosome has same function in all cells
where any mRNA attach to ribosome to be
translated to a specific sequence of amino acids
ribosomes
Different structure of ribosomes
It is 80s in eukaryotes and 70s in prokaryotes
As inside the cells:
1- some ribosomes might be damaged
2- other organelles might be damaged
3- There might be reduced respiration .... less ATP
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
15 May/ June 2014 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
5-
It is where a gene on DNA (carrying information coding for
polypeptide production), is transcribed to produce mRNA.
In transcription, only one DNA strand act as template and
the enzyme RNA polymerase is the one responsible .
Gene mutation : where there is a change in base sequence so
result in production of new allele, which might be due to base
substitution , or (insertion/deletion which might result in
frameshift)
This will result in change in mRNA codons. Different tRNA with
different anticodon, and carrying different amino acid to the
ribosome.... change in primary structure, and changing in tertiary
structure
by preventing the breakdown of hydrogen bonds between
the base pairs
preventing the normal functioning of RNA polymerase
enzyme
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
16 May/ June2015 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 21
DNA (2 strands)
mRNA (1 strand)
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
The mRNA is a copy of DNA coding for a polypeptide, it travels from
the nucleus towards the ribosome to initiate translation process by
attaching to the small ribosomal subunit.
It carries a sequence of codons, coding for specific amino acid
sequence , where mRNA codons base pair with tRNA anticodons.
17 May/ June2015 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
S phase
Hydrogen bonds
Y, as it is a single ring structure
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
25 May/ June 2017 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 21
Single stranded
Has Uracil base instead of Thymine
Doesn't have base pairs
Shoter than DNA
Has Ribose sugar instead of Deoxyribose
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 I love u Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
only 1 (non-coding)
RNA polymerase
1.Protect the end of chromosome from deterioration by
A) preventing the lose of genes during cell division
B) thus allowing cell to continue replication
2. Length of telomere determine the life span of the cell
It is the site of translation of mRNA to form polypeptide. mRNA bind to small
ribosomal subunit, where six bases at a time are exposed to the large
ribosomal subunit. mRNA code for a specific sequerice of amino acids.
Ribosome will move along the mRNA one codorrat a time. The ribosome
provide site of attachment to two tRNA at a time, where each tRNA carries
a specific amino acid. mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon bind. together.
Where 2 amino acids are held close together for formation of peptide bond
through condensation reaction catalysed by peptidyl transferase in large
ribosomal subunit... assembling the amino acids into a primary structure.
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
26 May/ June 2017 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 22
Globular Globular
2 alpha globins
+
2 beta globins
Disulfide
UGU
UGU
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
32 May/June 2018 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 23
4-
Absence of good health and presence of signs/symptoms
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
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5-
Yes Yes Yes
No No No
1 1 3
Deoxyribose Ribose Ribose
34 Oct/ Nov 2018 Syllabus- 9700 Paper 22
Polymer as it is made up from many repeated subunits
Macromolecule as it has large molecular mass
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
Deoxyribose Ribose
Adenine Adenine
Guanine Guanine
Thymine Uracile
Cytosine Cytosine
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Biology 9700 AS Paper 2 Nucleic acid & protein synthesis
43
6 (a) Mutations in body cells can sometimes result in a tumour. Some tumours are cancerous.
(i) Outline how mutations can result in the development of a tumour.
Mutation in tumor suppressor genes will lead to loss
...........................................................................................................................................
of control over cell division, and cell divides
...........................................................................................................................................
continuously by mitosis with no apoptosis and no
...........................................................................................................................................
contact inhibition
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Tumour cells have antigens on their cell surface that are not present on non-tumour
cells.
These antigens are the result of gene mutations and are known as tumour specific
antigens (TSA).
*Example One type of TSA differs in structure from the protein found on the cell surface of
non-tumour cells by a single amino acid.
from Explain how a gene mutation could result in the production of this TSA.
notes: Mutation due to change in a single base of DNA sequences
Sickle Cell
...........................................................................................................................................
which may be due to substitution. So changes mRNA
Anemia
...........................................................................................................................................
codon and changes tRNA molecule with different amino
...........................................................................................................................................
acid
...........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................[2]
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