What is ICT?
Traditional File System (Keeping all the records in Files)
Traditional Computer Based System - a personal computer - Single User
Vs
Digital Communication Technologies - Network of computers – People
Work together through a network
Data vs Information
Data
Collection of numbers, characters, symbols
Raw fats
Meaning less
Information
Processed data
Meaning full
Useful for decision making
Valuable than data
What is a computer ?
A computer is an electronic machine that
accepts Data
processes it according to specific instructions
provides the results as information.
Use of a Computer
Communication
Education
Business purposes
Entertainment
Travel
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER
There are four main type of computers
Super computers
Main frame Computers
Mini Computers
Micro Computers
SUPER COMPUTERS
designed for scientific works like
whether forecasting and artificial intelligence etc.
They are fastest and expensive.
super computer contains a number of CPU in parallel to make it faster.
Applications
whether forecasting,
weapons Application
weapons research and development
Aviation Control
MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS
Mainframe computers are offer faster processing and
grater storage area.
The word “main frame” comes from the metal frames.
It is also known as Father computer.
Application:
Central data base server.
MINI COMPUTER
These are small general purpose system.
They are generally more powerful system.
Mini computer are also known as mid range computer or Child
computer.
Application
Departmental systems,
Network Servers,
work group system (Bank).
MICRO COMPUTER
Micro computers are the smallest computers.
There size range from calculator to desktop size.
It also known as child Computer.
Application
personal computer,
Multi Application
HISTORY OF COMPUTER
The main purpose of computer was to make easy our calculations.
Here some machines used to calculate before:
The Abacus
The Pascaline
The Leibniz Wheel
Babbage’s Difference Engines (this is known as 1st computer)
And so on……
Generation of Computers
Computer history is categorized into 5 generations
Those are :
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
1ST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1940-1956)
Used technologies are :
vacuum tube,
magnetic drum
magnetic tapes
Disadvantages:
Large in size and expensive
Heavy
Lots of power consuming
Produce more heat.
Not moveable
2ND GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1956-1963)
Used technologies are:
Transistor
Magnetic core
Magnetic disk
Advantages
Disadvantages
Less heat than 1st one
required Air Conditioning
Increased speed
Required Frequent maintenance
Little bit small than 1st one
difficult to handle and expensive
3RD GENERATION COMPUTER (1964-1971)
Used technologies are : IC (integrated circuit) and hard disks.
IC is a chip which contains number of transistors.
Invention of IC was the main reason to become the computer smaller size
and cheaper.
Advantages
Less heat than 2nd one
Increased speed than 2nd
smaller than 2nd one
Few maintenance is enough
cheaper
4TH GENERATION COMPUTER (1971 ONWARDS)
Used technology is : VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)
and SSD (solid-state disk)
Incorporated many millions of transistors & electronic
circuits on a single chip
advantages
cheaper.
larger memory
high functional speed.
consumed less power.
generated a negligible amount of heat.
5TH GENERATION OF COMPUTER
Technology: AI (Artificial Intelligence)
This is future computer
There are many expectation about this from all class of
people.
Computer System - Components
Liveware
Users
Hardware
physical components
Software
Programs and data
Firmware
Embedded instructions into electronic devices
Computer Hardware
Processing Device
Memory Device
Input & Output Device
Storage Device
Control Flow (Buses)
Computer Hardware – Processing devices
Brain of the computer
Manipulate the data
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Processors made of silicon and copper
CPU contains three units
Control Unit - Coordinates processing steps
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - Performs calculations and decisions
Registers - Small, fast storage areas for instructions and data
Computer Hardware – Memory
Two main types of physical memory are used in
modern PCs:
ROM- Read-only memory
RAM – Random access memory
ROM - Read Only Memory is a special type of
memory chip from which existing software can be
read but not written to.
(PROM,EPROM,EEPROM)
RAM - Stores current data and programs.
(DRAM,SRAM)
Computer Hardware – Input Devices &
Output Devices
Input devices accept data
Eg :- Keyboard, mouse
Output devices deliver data/Information
Eg :- Monitor, printer, speaker
Some devices are input and output
Eg :- Touch screens
Computer Hardware – Storage devices
Hold data and programs permanently
Secondary storages
Three types of storages
1. Magnetic storage
Uses a magnet to access data
Floppy and hard drive
2. Optical storage
Uses a laser to access data
CD, DVD, Blue ray
3. Solid state/ Flash memory
consists of a flash memory integrated with a USB (Universal Serial Bus) interface.
USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable
Pen drive, Memory chip
Main board / Mother board
Ports
UPS
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is a
device that allows a computer to keep running
for at least a short time when the primary power
source is lost. It also provides protection from
power surges.
Power Supply Unit
A power supply unit (or PSU) converts mains
AC to low-voltage regulated DC power for the
internal components of a computer.
Types Software
System Software
System software is a type of computer program that is designed
to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
Operating System is a software that communicates with
the hardware and allows other programs to run.
eg: Windows, Mac, Ubuntu, Unix, Linux
Utility Software is computer system software intended to analyze,
configure, monitor, or help maintain a computer.
eg: Antivirus, Defrag, Disk Cleanup
A translator is a computer program that performs the translation of a
program written in a given programming language into a machine
language.
eg: Assembler, Interpreter, Compiler
Application Software
An application program (app or application
for short) is a computer program designed to perform a
group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the
benefit of the user.
eg: Word processor, Spreadsheet, Presentation,
database
Computer Networking
Why networks ?
To share resources (such as printer, scanner etc) &
exchange files.
Networks Types
There are Two types of Network
Peer to Peer
client/server (Server-based).
Peer-to-Peer
This is a simple network configuration that requires some basic
knowledge-how to set up.
Each of the interconnected machines share dual capability and
responsibility on the network
Advantages
Peer-to-Peer
Easy to install and configure.
No dedicated server required.
Users control their own resources.
Inexpensive to purchase and operate.
No specialist software required.
No dedicated administrator to run the network required.
Disadvantages
Difficult to employ security.
Too many passwords for shared resources.
Backups difficult to manage.
No centralization.
Limited users.
Client/server (server-based).
Server based networks, has a machine at the heart of
its operations called the server.
A server is a machine that provides services over a
network by responding to client requests.
install, configure or manage its capabilities.
The server's essential role on the network is to be
continuously available to handle the many requests
generated by its clients.
Client/server (server-based).
Advantages
Centralized user accounts, security and access controls simplify network
administration.
More powerful equipment means more efficient access network resources.
Single password login, means access to all resources.
Supports greater numbers of users, or networks where resources are heavily
used
Disadvantages
More costly to install and maintain.
Single point of failure, server goes down, the network goes down.
Complex special-purpose software requires appointment of expert staff,
increasing costs.
Dedicated hardware and software increases costs.
Network Topology
Network Topology is the logical and structural layout
of computer network.
BUS
RING
STAR
TREE
MESH
Bus Topology (Linear)
A bus topology uses one cable as a main trunk to connect all of the system
together.
A bus topology is very easy to setup & requires no additional hardware
such as switch, hub.
The cable is also called a trunk, a backbone.
With a bus topology, when a computer sends out a single the signal travels
the cable link in both direction from the sending computer.
When the signal reach the end of the cable length it bounces back & return
in the direction it come
Bus Topology (Linear)
Advantages
Low cost
Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to bus.
Requires less cable length than a star topology.
No need to purchase any additional devices such as switch and
hub.
Disadvantages
if there is a break in the main cable, Entire network shuts down.
Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down.
(Difficult to troubleshooting).
Ring Topology
In a ring topology all computer are connected via a cable that
loops in a ring or a circle.
It is a circle that has no start & no end.
terminators are not necessary, because there are no ends
Advantages
It is less expensive than star topology.
Nodes can be easily added or removed.
Disadvantages
It is more difficult to install and maintain.
If a node fails, it affects the entire network.
Star Topology
In star topology all computers are connected through
one central device known as a switch or hub.
Each workstation has a cable goes from the network
card to the hub device.
One of the major benefits of a star topology is that if
there is a break down in a cable it causes only the work
station not entire network.
Star Topology
Advantages
It is easy to install and to maintain.
Can easily add and remove nodes to and from the network without
affecting the network.(scalability)
If need to add another workstation with a star topology we can simply
connect that system an unused part of the hub.
If any node fails, other nodes are not affected.
Disadvantages
This type of network depends upon the central Hub. If Hub fails the
entire network is failed.(But hub troubleshooting is easier than bus
topology)
Each computer is directly connected to the Hub through a cable, so it
becomes more costly.
Tree Topology
A tree topology combines characteristics of bus and star topologies.
It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a
bus backbone cable.
Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network
Advantages
Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.
Supported by several hardware and software venders.
Disadvantages
Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used.
If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down.
More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies.
Mesh Topology
In a mesh topology, each computer is connected to every other
computer by a separate cable.
This configuration provides redundant paths, so if one computer
encounters a problem, the entire network still works.
On a large scale, multiple LANs can be connected using mesh
topology with the help of telephone lines, coaxial cable or fiber optic
cable.
Advantages
Provides redundant paths between devices
The network can be expanded without disruption to current users.
Disadvantages
Requires more cables than the other LAN topologies.
Complicated implementation
COMPUTER – NUMBER SYSTEM
Data in Computing System
The computer systems, help us to store, present and
modify Data like:
Text
Audio
Images and graphics
Video
How do computers represent data?
There are two types of Signals
Analog - continuous data which changes values very smoothly.
Digital – discrete data which jumps from one value to the next in a step
by step sequence
Convert analog signals to digital signals (0,1) after capturing
them by the input devices
ALL data must be represented in memory as binary digits (bits)
What is Binary ?
All computer data are really a number known as a Binary
Digit (often shortened to just binary)
Binary is represented by the numbers 1 and 0.
Different combinations of these 1's and 0's are used to represent
all the different kinds of data
For example:-
The word 'Hello' is stored as the binary combination of
0100100001100101011011000110110001101111
Data Units
Bit: It is the smallest unit 0 or 1
Nibble = 4 bits.
Byte = 8 bits.
Kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes
Megabyte (MB) =1024 KBs
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MBs
Types Of Number System
Binary numbers (base 2): weights in powers of 2
Binary digits (bits): 0,1
Octal numbers (base 8): weights in powers of 8
Octal digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Decimal numbers (base 10): weights in powers of 10.
Decimal digits : 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Hexadecimal numbers (base 16): weights in powers-of-16.
Hexadecimal digits: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Number system Base Digits
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
Binary 2 0,1
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Hexadecimal 16 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,
C,D,E,F
Conversion Among Bases
The possibilities:
Decimal - Binary
Binary – Decimal
Decimal Octal
Binary – Octal
Octal – Binary
Binary - Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal - Binary
Decimal – Octal
Octal – Decimal
Decimal – Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal – Decimal Binary Hexa
Octal - Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal – Octal
Converting a Decimal Number
into Binary
Technique
Divide the decimal number by 2 and take its remainder
The process is repeated until it produces the result of 0
The binary number is obtained by taking the remainder
from the bottom to the top
2 125
2 62 1
12510 = ?2 2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1 12510 = 11111012
Converting a Decimal Number
into Binary…
5310 =>
53 / 2 = 26 remainder 1
26 / 2 = 13 remainder 0
13 / 2 = 6 remainder 1
6/2=3 remainder 0
3/2=1 remainder 1
1/2=0 remainder 1
= 1101012 (6 bits)
= 001101012 (8 bits)
(note: bit = binary digit)
Converting a Binary Number into
Decimal
Technique:
Multiply each bit in the binary number with the weight (or position)
Add up all the results of the multiplication performed
The desired decimal number is the total of the multiplication results performed
1110012
=(1x25)+ (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) +(0x21) + (1x20)
= 32 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1
= 5710
000110102
= 24 + 23 +21
= 16 + 8 + 2
= 2610
Converting a Binary Number into
Octal
Octal Binary
Technique
0 000
Make groups of 3 bits, starting from the binary point. 1 001
Add 0s to the ends of the number if needed. 2 010
Convert each bit group to its corresponding octal 3 011
digit.
4 100
100011001010012 5 101
Take the binary number and from right to left, group
all placeholders in triplets. 6 110
Add leading zeros, if necessary: 7 111
010 001 100 101 001
Converting a Binary Number into
Octal…
010 001 100 101 0012 = 214518
STEP TWO:
Convert each triplet to its single-digit octal
equivalent.
HINT: For each triplet, the octal conversion is
the same as converting to a decimal number):
010 001 100 101 001
2 1 4 5 1
Converting a Octal Number into
Binary
157648 = 0011011111101002
STEP ONE: Take each octal digit and convert each digit
to a binary triplet.
1 5 7 6 4
001 101 111 110 100
Octal Binary
Converting a Binary Number 0 000
into Hexadecimal 1
2
001
010
Technique : 3 011
4 100
Make groups of 4 bits, starting from the binary point.
5 101
Add 0s to the ends of the number if needed.
6 110
Convert each bit group to its corresponding hex digit
7 111
8 1000
101101010010112 = 0010 1101 0100 1011 9 1001
2 C 4 B A 1010
B 1011
101101010010112 = 2C4B16 C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111
Converting a Hexadecimal
Number into Binary
Technique :
Replace each hexadecimal digit with its equivalent 4-bit
binary sequence
26CF516 = 0010 0110 1100 1111 0101 2
2 6 C F 5
0010 0110 1100 1111 0101
Converting Decimal a Number
into Octal
Technique
Divide the decimal number by 8 and take its remainder
The process is repeated until it produces the result of 0
The octal number is obtained by taking the remainder from
the bottom to the top
123410 = ?8 8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2
123410 = 23228
Converting Decimal a Number
into Octal…
462910 becomes
4629/8 = 578 remainder 5
578/8 = 72 remainder 2
72/8 =9 remainder 0
9/8 =1 remainder 1
1/8 =0 remainder 1
462910 =110258
Converting a Octal Number into
Decimal
Technique:
Multiply each number in the Octal number with the weight (or position)
Add up all the results of the multiplication performed
The desired decimal number is the total of the multiplication results
performed
What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number 6428?
= (6 x 82) + (4 x 81) + (2 x 8º)
= 6 x 64 + 4 x 8 + 2 x 1
= 384+ 32 + 2
= 41810
Converting Decimal a Number
into Hexadecimal
Technique:
Divide the decimal number by 16 and take its remainder
The process is repeated until it produces the result of 0
The Hexadecimal number is obtained by taking the
remainder from the bottom to the top
123410 = ?16
16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4
123410 = 4D216
Converting Hexadecimal a
Number into Decimal
Technique:
Multiply each number in the Hexadecimal number with the weight (or position)
Add up all the results of the multiplication performed
The desired decimal number is the total of the multiplication results performed
What is the decimal equivalent of the octal number C4216?
=
= (12 x 256) + (4 x 12) + (2 x 1)
= 3072+ 48 + 2
= 312210
Converting Octal a Number into
Hexadecimal
Technique:
First convert the octal to binary
7455238 = 3CB5316
7 4 5 5 2 3
111 100 101 101 010 011
re-group by 4 bits
Then convert the binary to hex:
0011 1100 1011 0101 0011
3 C B 5 3
Converting Hexadecimal a
Number into Octal
First convert the hexadecimal to binary:
re-group by 3 bits
Then convert the binary to octal:
ABCDEF16 = 523467578
A B C D E F
1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
101 010 111 100 110 111 101 111
5 2 3 4 6 7 5 7
