Dr.
Ahmed Yakout, 2022
• Provide sustainable electrical energy for all
Egyptian customers through available resources
according to international standards at
Electricity competitive prices by corporate effort
adopting quality policies, optimal utilization
Holding of resources and environment conservation
Company based on high-efficient human potentials
and technologies performing work in an
Mission ethically responsible manner for the benefit
of our customers, employees and society
Transmission System
Reference
Egyptian Electricity Holding Company Annual Report 2020/2021
Economic Operation of Steam
Plants
Lecture Objective
• In this lecture we will learn about
– The economic dispatch problem.
– The input output Curve of steam units.
– The optimization with constraint problem.
– Applying Lagrange method to the economic
dispatch problem.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 2
The Economic Dispatch Problem
• A modern power system
is fed from a number of
power plants. With a
very large number of
generating units, it is
the job of the operating
engineers to allocate
the loads between the
units such that the
operating costs are
minimum.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 3
Input- Output Curve
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 4
Input-Output Curve Model (The
ost Function)
• The input output Curve can be represented as a
quadratic equation
F = ɲ + ɴ P + ɶ P2
Where
• F = fuel input in kcal/hr or MBTU/h
• P = output in MW
Or
C = a + b P + c P2
Where
• C = Cost of fuel input in L.E. /hr
• C = (ɲ + ɴ P + ɶ P2)(cost of fuel in L.E./kcal or L.E./MTBU)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 5
Optimization with Constraint
1. Build Lagrange Function
L = F (x) + ʄ Ø(x)
Where
• L is the Lagrange function
• F(x) is the Objective function
• ʄ is the Lagrange multiplier
• Ø(x)=0 is the constraint function.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 6
Optimization with Constraint
(Continue)
2. Differentiate L(x) by x and ʄ each at a time.
3. Equate both differentiated equations to
Zero.
4. Solve the obtained equations for x and ʄ.
5. X would be the value which optimizes the
objective function f(x) under the constraint
Ø(x).
6. Lets apply this technique to our problem.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 7
Applying Lagrange Method to Our Problem
• Consider n steam generating units or plants are
generating P1 ,P2,…., Pn to supply a Load PLoad
• The Objective function or Cost Function becomes
CTotal(P1,P2,…., Pn)= C1(P1)+C2(P2)+……+ Cn(Pn) (1)
• The Constraint function becomes
Ø (P1 , P2 ,….,Pn ) = PLoad - (P1 + P2 + … + Pn) (2)
• And the Lagrange function becomes
L= [C1(P1)+C2(P2)+…+ Cn(Pn) ]+ ʄ [PLoad - (P1 + P2 + … + Pn)](3)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 8
Applying Lagrange Method to Our Problem
(Continue)
• Partially differentiate the Lagrange function by each
of the variables P1,P2,…., Pn and ʄ; and equate to
Zero.
• You will obtain (n+1 ) equations as follows
dC1/dP1 = IC1 = ʄ,
dC2/dP2 = IC2 = ʄ, ...,
dCn/dPn= ICn = ʄ (n equations)
And (P1 + P2 + … + Pn) = PLoad (+1 equation)
• Solve the (n+1) equations to find the values of
P1,P2,…., Pn and ʄ, which optimizes the cost function.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 9
Example 1
• Two Areas are interconnected as shown in Figure. Total
generating capacity in each is 600 MW. The Cost characteristics
are
– C1=2000 + 20 P1+ 0.05 P12 L.E./h
– C2=2750 + 26 P2+ 0.031 P22 L.E./h
• Find the cost of generation if (a) each supplies its load (b) units
are loaded as per economic scheduling. Assume that the line
has unlimited capacity and transmission losses are negligible.
Also, find the saving and tie line loading.
( Ans.: 41525.275 L.E./hr, 41448 L.E./hr, 77.275 L.E./hr, 30.9 MW)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 10
Example Ϯ
• The incremental costs in L.E. per MW hr of two
250 MW units are as under:
– IC1 = 0.2 P1 +30
– IC2 = 0.15 P2 +40
• The minimum load of each is 20 MW. Find the
load division between the two units at system
load of 225 MW.
• Also compute the saving per year for economical
load allocation compared to equal load sharing .
Assume that the system Load remains constant
throughout the year.
( Ans.: P1 = 125, P2= 100 , 239498 L.E./year )
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 13
Thank you
for your attention
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 1ϰ
Economic Dispatch Problem Including
Transmission System Losses
• Transmission losses
should be considered in
the economic dispatch
problem.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 14
Economic Dispatch Problem Including
Transmission System Losses
Same as before only the constraint function becomes
Ø (P1 , P2 ,...,Pn ) = (PLoad + P Losses)-(P1 + P2 + … + Pn)
Where,
Plosses is function of P1, P2, …, and Pn ;
Hence the co-ordination equations become
dC1/dP1= ʄ(1 - dPlosses/dP1),…….,
dCn/dPn= ʄ(1 - dPlosses/dPn) and
(P1 + P2 + … + Pn) – Plosses= Pload
The above equations are non linear and are solved by
iterations.
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 15
The Transmission Line Losses Calculation
• PL = 3 I12 rb + 3 I22 rc+ 3(I1+I2)2 ra
• Since I1 and I2 in phase (assumption)
• Then (I1+I2) = (I1) + (I2)
• PL= 3 I12(ra+rb) + 3 I22(ra+rc)+6 I1 I2 ra
• Let P1 and P2 be the power outputs. V1 and
V2 be the bus voltages and cos Ø1 and
cosØ2 be the power factors of sources 1
and 2 respectively. Then
• I1=P1ͬ;яϯs1 cos Ø1) and I2=P2ͬ;яϯs2 cos Ø2)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 16
The Transmission Line Losses (Continue)
Substituting values of I1 and I2 in transmission loss
equation, we get
PL=B11P12+ 2 B12 P1 P2 + B22 P22
Where
• B11= (ra+rb)/(V1)2 (cosØ1)2,
• B22= (ra+rc)/(V2)2 (cosØ2)2
• B12= ra/(V1)(V2) (cosØ1)(cosØ2)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 17
Example 5
• Determine the economic operating point for
these three units when delivering a total of 850
MW.
– C1=561 + 7.92 P1+ 0.001562 P12 L.E./h
– C2=310 + 7.85 P2+ 0.00194 P22 L.E./h
– C3=78 + 7.97 P3+ 0.00482 P32 L.E./h
• Including the following simplified loss expression
– Ploss = 0.00003 P12 + 0.00009P22+0.00012P32
(Ans.: P1=434.13, P2=299.99, P3=130.71,
Plosses=15.83, ʄ=9.5284 after 4 iterations)
Dr. Ahmed Hassan Yakout 18
Network Losses
z Example
repeat the first example, but include a simplified loss
expression for the transmission network
Ploss = 0.00003P12 + 0.00009 P22 + 0.00012 P32
z the incremental cost functions and the constraint function are
formed as:
dFi § ∂P ·
= λ ¨¨1 − loss ¸¸
dPi © ∂Pi ¹
dF1 dP1 = 23.76 + 0.009372 P1 = λ [1 − 2(0.00003)P1 ]
dF2 dP2 = 23.55 + 0.01164 P2 = λ [1 − 2(0.00009 )P2 ]
dF3 dP3 = 23.70 + 0.02892 P3 = λ [1 − 2(0.00012 )P3 ]
P1 + P2 + P3 − 850 = Ploss = 0.00003P12 + 0.00009 P22 + 0.00012 P32
this is no longer a set of linear equations as before
Network Losses
z Example
a new iterative solution procedure
step 1 pick starting values for P1, P2, and P3 that sum to the load
step 2 calculate ∂Ploss/∂Pi and the total losses Ploss
step 3 calculate λ that causes P1, P2, & P3 to sum to Pload & Ploss
step 4 compare P1, P2, & P3 of step 3 to the values used in step 2; if
there is significant change to any value, go back to step 2, otherwise,
the procedure is done
z pick generation values
P1 = 400 MW P2 = 300 MW P3 = 150 MW
z find the incremental losses
∂Ploss ∂P1 = 2(0.00003)(400 ) = 0.0240
∂Ploss ∂P2 = 2(0.00009 )(300) = 0.0540
∂Ploss ∂P3 = 2(0.00012 )(150) = 0.0360
Network Losses
z Example
z total losses
Ploss = 3 × 10−5 (400 ) + 9 × 10−5 (300 ) + 12 × 10−5 (150 ) = 15.6 MW
2 2 2
z solve for λ
23.76 + 0.009372 P1 = λ (1 − 0.024 )
23.55 + 0.01164 P2 = λ (1 − 0.054 )
23.70 + 0.02892 P3 = λ (1 − 0.036 )
P1 + P2 + P3 − (850 + 15.6 ) = 0
z in matrix form
ª− 0.009372 0 0 0.976º ª P1 º ª23.76º
« 0 − 0.01164 0 0.946» ⋅ « P2 » = « 23.55»
« 0 0 − 0.02892 0.964» « P3 » «23.70»
«¬ 1 1 1 0 »¼ « λ » «¬865.6»¼
¬ ¼
P1 = 437.20 P2 = 296.49 P3 = 131.91 λ = 28.54
Network Losses
z Example
since the values of P1, P2, and P3 are quite different from the
starting values, we return to step 2
z find the incremental losses and total losses
∂Ploss ∂P1 = 2(0.00003)(437.2 ) = 0.0262
∂Ploss ∂P2 = 2(0.00009 )(296.5) = 0.0534
∂Ploss ∂P3 = 2(0.00012 )(131.9 ) = 0.0317
Ploss = 3×10−5 (437.2 ) + 9×10 −5 (296.5) + 12×10−5 (131.9 ) = 15.73 MW
2 2 2
z solve for λ in matrix form
ª− 0.009372 0 0.9738º ª P1 º ª 23.76 º
0
« 0 − 0.01164 0.9466» ⋅ « P2 » = « 23.55 »
0
« 0 0 0.9683» « P3 » « 23.70 »
− 0.02892
«¬ 1 1 10 »¼ «¬ λ »¼ «¬865.73»¼
P1 = 431.03 P2 = 298.38 P3 = 136.33 λ = 28.55
Network Losses
z Example
summarization of the iteration process
iteration P1 P2 P3 losses λ
count (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW) ($/MWh)
1 400.00 300.00 150.00 15.60 28.54
2 437.20 296.49 131.91 15.73 28.55
3 431.03 298.38 136.33 15.82 28.55
4 432.45 297.92 135.45 15.80 28.55
5 432.11 298.06 135.63 15.81 28.55
6 432.19 298.02 135.59 15.80 28.55
7 432.17 298.03 135.60 15.80 28.55
Numerical Methods for Economic Dispatch
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z The solution to the optimal dispatch can be approached by
graphical methods
plot the incremental cost characteristics for each generator
the operating points must have minimum cost and satisfy load
z that is, find an incremental cost rate, λ that meets the demand PR
z graphically:
dF1 dF2 dF3
dP1 dP2 dP3
($/MWh) ($/MWh) ($/MWh)
P1 (MW) P2 (MW) P3 (MW)
Σ
PR = P1 + P2 + P3
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z An iterative process error (e)
assume an incremental cost [1]
solution: (|e| < tolerance)
rate λ and find the sum of the
power outputs for this rate [3]
z the first estimate will be
incorrect
0 λ
if the total power output is too λ[2] λ[3] λ[1]
low, increase the λ value, or if
too high, decrease the λ value
[2]
z with two solutions, a closer
N
value of total power can be
e = ¦ Pi − PR
extrapolated or interpolated i =1
the steps are repeated until the Lambda projection
desired output is reached
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z This procedure can be adopted for start set λ
a computer implementation
the implementation of the power calculate Pi
for i = 1 to N
output calculation is rather
independent of the solution method calculate
z each generator output could be N
ε = Pload − ¦ Pi
solved by a different method i =1
as an iterative procedure, a stopping
criterion must be established first iteration?
z two general stopping rules are
project λ
appropriate for this application
total output power is within a |ε| ≤ tolerance?
specified tolerance of the load demand
iteration loop count exceeds
end print schedule
a maximum value
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z Example
consider the use of cubic functions to represent the input-
output characteristics of generating plants
H (MBtu/h ) = A + BP + CP 2 + DP 3 (P in MW )
for three generating units, find the optimum schedule for a
2500 MW load demand using the lambda-iteration method
z generator characteristics:
A B C D Pmax Pmin
Unit 1 749.55 6.95 9.68×10-4 1.27×10-7 320 800
Unit 2 1285.0 7.051 7.375×10-4 6.453×10-8 300 1200
Unit 3 1531.0 6.531 1.04×10-3 9.98 ×10-8 275 1100
z assume that the fuel cost to be $1/MBtu
z set the value of λ on the second iteration at 10% above or below
the starting value depending on the sign of the error
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z Example
initial iteration: λstart = 8.0
z incremental cost functions
λ = dF1 dP1 = 6.95 + 2(9.68 × 10−4 )P1 + 3(1.27 × 10−7 )P12
λ = dF2 dP2 = 7.051 + 2(7.375 × 10−4 )P2 + 3(6.453 × 10−8 )P22
λ = dF3 dP3 = 6.531 + 2(1.04 × 10−3 )P3 + 3(9.98 × 10−8 )P32
z find the roots of the three incremental cost functions at λ = 8.0
P1 = (–5575.6, 494.3), P2 = (–8215.9, 596.7), P3 = (–7593.4, 646.2)
use only the positive values within the range of the generator upper
and lower output limits
z calculate the error
e = 2500 − (494.3) − (596.7 ) − (646.2 ) = 762.9 MW/h
z with a positive error, set second λ at 10% above λstart: λ[2] = 8.8
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z Example
second iteration: λ[2] = 8.8
z find the roots of the three incremental cost functions at λ = 8.8
P1 = (–5904, 822.5), P2 = (–8662, 1043.0), P3 = (–7906, 958.6)
z calculate the error
e = 2500 − (822.5) − (1043) − (958.6 ) = −324.0 MW/h
error out of tolerance
z project λ
[2 ] [1]
[3] λ − λ 8 .8 − 8 .0
λ = [1] [2 ] (e[2 ] ) + λ[2 ] = (− 324.0) + 8.8 = 8.5615
e −e 762.9 + 324.0
z continue with third iteration
The Lambda-Iteration Method
z Example
results of all iterations
Iteration λ Total Generation P1 P2 P3
1 8.0 1737.2 494.3 596.7 646.2
2 8.8 2824.1 822.5 1043.0 958.6
3 8.5615 2510.2 728.1 914.3 867.8
4 8.5537 2499.9 725.0 910.1 864.8
z Issues
under some initial starting points, the lambda-iteration
approach exhibits an oscillatory behavior, resulting in a non-
converging solution
z try the example again with a starting point of λstart = 10.0
