REPRODUCTION How Do Organisms Reproduce DNA anon cae of DNA copying + Importance of Vayration. Asexual Reproduction aS ee eco Ua Be ace es elie Corea = Be a oma Sule See BOTA ore TaCA Pee ear e uemeL Planit ST RCN Con Sars TOMAR - Puber: areca add eA (OO eS PSUS ena Bac soe Tah ne menaFormation of new life from pre-existing Life % called Reproduction. It is essential for: f P t eR > Replacement of dead O8ganisms. > continuation of life on e&sth . Mainly these Ave two types of tepyoduction — asexval and sexual 2% DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) :- The individuals, produced by repsoduckon ave similar to each other and tek patents. MARs Sinilaity occurs. be late of DNA. mpovtarve of DNA ebsi: 7 Makntenance of body déstan, > Transfer of trafts 5 > Variation ate Introduced at the Hime of DNA copying. Lmbov}jance_of _vavfatfon* , , ation ensuyes sbecles can survive, duving these were a popviation of bacteria. fving. in’ temperature water, and the 4emb. yises Suddenly. Most of the bacterta bull. dive ' but few vyasfents resistant 7 heat riould stevive and grow further. rr ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION whe spaing % produced by single pavent with ox without the renal ccd ga mn tne tes Torani weproductive cells ov & cells lucfon3e 9, on Modes of Asexual Reproduction’ Sepual ep yoaue L ect b a ay at FT| 2 Fragmentation 3. Regenesatfon 4. Budd 5. Vegetalive propagation 6. choy fovraloa unfavourable Condftfons. Foveg* If A unicellular ov anism , dike. bucterfa sblits frto 2 ov ovgant sins. Geneva qari i WIE ly ft Ts of two tybes — binary and multiple fRymn. Binasy Fission’ In Binawy tfssion, ovganisms split into 2. new ovgamisn undey speuifc condeltbee # oea Bh fssion °n_Arnoeba : se peepee At first the, nucleys olfviles into jun synte _tcte mS TEs followed by divisfon 6 Sm 1 B-eh-0@ =~ Then ial elit fon ot eal Peta = 2 Frio two ddvahew co) cocbis. =e es Mulifble Fisstons The peer organism divides Tinto many Yentfeal devi exgamnisirs at the same fine. . multtble fssFon canbe seen fn organisms guch be iene imalavial pews) . Fragmentation the elit a FAV bxeavkup fintd tub! oF move smulk fuaaments ov pieces. Each Fragment Subsequently getws'to forin @ a omple row ganism » J gfe 9 4 L 2 0. Tle Bagh! “tn Fo iN met why a. complex, multfox ans carmot = a ¢ mpi fndivrdu im welr cuted 5 Regeneration can bd. Us only Pr, thase ovgamlsfn ‘hove badly 78 veletfely simple when, compased ee garisaifor of Ns H'scue ov celh . Boutin complex mvbcellulay "organism. cell combine to makeup Hssve y Hssue fo Oa, Organ to ov4an System! and nally organ system tty arti. Ts ast. a. Ow! i hel reoon' that cormblex any Ninganisms cnet fawn by cuted Sp fe ee Gmall pass of body. ¢ 2 ‘ Pe red 81 CAs then detach “and foamnereahive. smal Hee & formed on one ile of fs ‘at by simple raioHe ¥ 4 : “ dva 7s ae mu icellulay R tits ov anism, if ane oduce gsexvallly- ee of blag ushhg ay Five oe bude ows and forms mouth ard tentacl Fal Ihe he ive Yeu! hyda. Le et poner toy md Live 0 4 singular orgasm SN rarive, (WOpa ra nonig En vegetative, pio agate, nerd plant axe obtained from nt af old pit, without ‘he feo yeti (ot. Vegatative ekg pam ale te vont and olvel lope mr of plat i tet i, bp lant. U onion Fie we + Bp 1 ols o Bahia: G Bis fs fi fropagation Anifffefal ge abana teil alt “ta rae mn Conlon meld sare propagation are ® Cutting : A small lant % removed by ewtting Pr with ash this ii . sigtane oman wach eke a li ° Loyosing * = A past (generally bsanch) of plant *s bend towasd around leaving ib pt Hl rest of) oe by ssil oer Sasrine! | lemon ek- © Guotting * ft method tin which stan of 2 plant'(one with woot and othey without root) ave jotned ta ate allowed. 40 TOW os a. striple planb- 24 Apple's pear ete ‘ vantages of Avtitictal He p mss ° Ma ae ot beta "hte mn pod nt plant with omy olesPred. chawactes of sent © Plants Grown by this process reed. less atention. oO Many plans canbe. grown by Same pater.U @ Tissue Curtue* The produetfon of new plot fiom a small ptece of lant }fesue (ov cells) yemnoved from _ on qui plant y whch & grown undey suftable medivin is known ‘as Hesve “cu Hure, otk a \ + technique of 9x0wing plant © Pls prod ee dlieoue- $4 md P © No. of plant produce tn few and Week of Hane and takes Jess space for grou In spo formation , the payent plant produce hundied of mfcroscopte reproduce unit called shoves. When the Shove ‘case of the plant burst, then thé spove spread 40 alyy where, these atv-bosne spore land’ ov sofl and under favourable condPtfon they germinate. into rew plant S WN. eye Spore formation fh Rhizopus > SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, Soxyal vebroducfors takes place combinatfon of 2. spectal we edu cll cal i cel! hey ave also tae oct ‘geo cell’. ey ae Ltypes of sex cell > Male sex cell female sex cell male gamete female gamete Male gexm cell female Yam ell The fiston betwee, male gamete and female porrete led 4 formatfon of ‘zysote! cell whlch tren uwop toa new orgdnism sae tp: oF past WIC AeA al cl Toy re a8 AP he plane tn which sex organ axe covvied by flower , and Ye seed & enclosed iitein frit ase Called Arieigepesms/ Floweuhg plants. They bear the veproduetive ts within +he flower and” thety seeds ane endosed tn a fut. Most plants have both male ond female vopsoductive organs in the same flower and are known ov bisexval flowess. While ofrexs have efthey male or female rbreductie pasts ina Howes known as unisexval Howlers. © Stamen* Tt 7 the male yepsoductfon part of He mal “Z Pate A singe flower may ai nner ee ae mit,@ © Anthes: Tt fs a bilobed Stuclve containing two pollen Sacs pruent at tp of stamen- These Produce, pollen gsatns Hat axe yellovish eae , pa © Coupel s (Prstfl) It ts the ferrale rebioductive pasty which {s present tn the eentye of th He i faye pth & ane wo ©) Stomat 1 is the termin part of easbel which may be sHfeky. Tt helps to vecelvi the Pollen grains ding polltation P ’ t psi ¢ oD ihe Tbs the middlé “clongated part of coxpel. Ht helps fh te atachement of st ma i DVON' iy Owen) Soin botlom Post of Cavpel. Tt conjains ovules having an gg cell (female gre » Polltnation® Transter of, pollen gains from the anther of the, dame 1 the ifm a Tous fs tevmed ay pollinarion. ao Set pollination ® pollen fsom tne stamen of 0 Howe {pol if fone ea al of Gener ° flower. Coss pollination 2 pollen from +e stamey ofa flower fs if Transfer jorne ay ma, if different flowes. © Ferffiisation® follinations 5 followed by fevtfltsatfon fn of fusion of ma eam cells with the fem join, 18 aris rise fo a zygote. As Sogn’ as the pollen Idnds on sutable sHama f+ veaches. the female. geim cells fn ovary. Tris occurs via. pollen tube: The pollen tube quows out of the. pollen grainy 'yteavels Hraevgh the. style and fet weacles the ovary, o),6 Atty fertilisation tne zyzote Bi'vides many ines and forms an embryo within the owl. Tis ovule then develops a tough codt ard gels corverted into 4 seedl ‘The ovny yaptdl ors and vipens a4 fault. The seed Contatins he fulvee by tat develops Flo unde suitable conditions. This poten is called germinal f Pollen grain — Stigma \ ovary Female germcol bots. It fs the prowess a sul PUBERTY * Theaye at which ‘sex hormonts’are produeed and a boy ova gal becomes seu Ng matures called age of puberty. e 5 13-] rong is > (0-12 Wp 5 Testis produce male sek hormore Testosterone ard ovaries produce 2 sex hormone oestrogen and progestexone. In both boys and ails, caxtatn obavges fake, place doting Ynis seproductive phase. Trust changes age the sfanals of sexual ‘matvraionCommon champ ale oe badly eh oe nl he 2 (ow! re x haty tn) new) a owmpits 0 ce © ca bctoca ype: 1 sO He bd Sich ab amp © Thimer haly on aoms and legs ,an well as On face © The skin frequently. becomes cil, ard. begins fo develop priphes. ¢ in Gfalss © taht coed bephs to Freres © Davkeringy OF the ripple at the. fips of breast © start of menstwaton. TesHs > Foornation of gevm.cellox speym. lotated aubide Po the abdomiml! cavity fn scrotum because. Sbeum sera J forrraffon zequives af lowes temperatuie. “ron the vormal ” body temperature. + SPERMS ave tiny bodies +rat consis lor tall icy that helps ‘heen move se he ote gesm elk a ‘Vas Defevens s Delivers the steam foamed iahfch veurites “" with a is mes ‘vlna bauer +somereliuhs = quis “Urea Comnan passage for bol sherm and urine. en eae Secretes fluid ke ty E eau + te Shean . This flufd also provides Series fH Ho Yeisen te ~ Scuotum’ small. pouch that contains fests. Tt fs present outside abdominal cavity. As spears Oye. formed. heve this “xequiies a lowew tempnatve than” the vowel) way tempesodvre. Penis’ faker pale a gan. which teansfees pens inhothe Vagina of te Ovarfes* Pate Oval-shaped exgans located. Tr Wor cal neay kidney. It pioduas thousa OF eg Cells. ond secveahe fertale s—% Frew horrines Sike cestioyen ard progesterone.@ Oviduct (Fallopian tube) = A cee ova OF cag fem ovasy to vlews. tis te of fertilisation’ "It hasa furnel- shaped jen near the Ova yard other ofening fro uterus "4 both sfoles Uten Ib) + A Holl Shaped bag like stucluie wh vouth and sm ip flte ha pce mE HH Vagina. + It vecteves shems fiom male pastres, serves ws a. bivth Canal Ceavix: Lower and the naveower i of utexus which opens Into the yaaine. © The, ma seduces sperm whereas female, parent puoduee ovum. © Duving opel eam enters owm dnd ete ne Mate which fn raul? p frst c new payarism o8 of febs int Fe-cypole- © The Zyante i various divisions to foam an é e ue a Sink down omol weactes fnto the. soft ant idck Lenta of vtevus ie. embeddi ing of the embryo in the wick inky of the vberus 164 known as Tmplan ta on. ° ie prdg nancy sthe placenta grows tito a die between ie vtestne wa and syo- Places forms firges-lrke projecvons calle villi towards embyyo . ° The a na of the chileh inside tne “mobnea's body takes ifpoaimidy nine mors 2 Stron aytnmic amseley contiactons tn the yews cause child bith to take place FE the hy fs not fext?lfsed. Up What ra ms when the 4 i ol Fevtflfsed 2 a N OCcUYs. > esi ION? 0 Stnce the ovary veleases ond, ere ap the, utesus also i a 6 every month +0 veceyve a fetid ga. Thus, ‘ ‘ay nda becornes “hi ond ° if egg fs not festilised , it Ines for, yt one day. Now however 9 tris ond ret needed any lovger. So, the lining slowly pedis ond comes out ‘eg e agin a blood” god "mucous > Tus 4c fakes p place. ro/ghhy. evay mon apt and. fs known as menstwvaHon. Tp vsvallt Jan's for about two to HRebroductve Health the Ei ft ns mental and soufal fttress-4o lead aL tka women 3 nok veady fey pi rat ee hea Hy will be adres affected. xe 0% many Ways 5 + orevenifo aeeas wed contador or ath rae anck Hit paeventHon of paegnancy © Condom, on the penis oy siriflay covering woot Pn the vagina whfch ac as mechanical basstex So that spest does “not tach of ° Chemical Mernod + Dovys arse taken ovally os pills ro change the homona| balance of the body so, Hat eags aie not aelecaed and fertlisatfon carmot Ley ee ae nL tte seas 40 plover: I ° ov the ¥-T ve placed inthe teas to preve) only. They Can An side effects due ie Taoitaton of utewus. P Pagan Mey Surgfeal Method + Tf the yas deferens fntne male fs blockedy shetm transfer will be pwyented. Jt fallopfar, tube fir the female fo blockeds the e9a will not be able te veoch the uterus In both cases fedflisalfon wf) not take place- Svrgical methads con be used fo make such blocks (8) Tho, diseases which canbe tearsmitted foman tected person toa heat ea Hough sexual contact ave known os Sexvallly farsi tel qs 7ATDs (Acquited Immuno Deficiency Syndaoine) > Genetal Watts > Gonovthoea ete.1 MARK QUESTIONS (INCLUDING MCQs) Q1. In the figure, the parts marked A, B and C are sequentially (Se \ A ~ / vr Y (a) Plumule, Cotyledon and Radicle (b) Radicle, Cotyleden and Plumule (c) Radicle, Plumule and Cotyledon (d) Plumule, Radicle and Cotyledon (IM, 2013, 2014] Ans I. (d) In the figure, the part marked A is Plumule, B is Radicle and C is Cotyledon 2. After observing the prepared slides of binary fission in Amoeba and budding in yeast, the following observations were reported a. Single cells of Amoeba and Yeast were undergoing binary fission and budding respectively. b. Cytokinesis was observed in the Yeast cell. c. Elongated nucleus was dividing to form two daughter nuclei in Amoeba. d. A chain of buds were observed due to reproduction in Amoeba The correct observation(s) is/are: (a) d,aand © (b) cand d (c) b only (d)aande [1M,2012] Ans 2. (d) The correct observations are: a. Single cells of Amoeba and Yeast were undergoing binary fission and budding respectively. c. Elongated nucleus was dividing to form two daughter nuclei in Amoeba. Q3, What is the effect of DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate on the reproduction process? [1M,2008] Ans 3. Imperfect DNA copying in the reproduction process leads to variations or evolution. 4. A student after observing a slide showing different stages of binary fission in Amoeba draws the following diagrams. However these diagrams are not in proper sequence. ow ay o o The correct sequence is: (a) 1, V,1V, Ul, I(b) I, V, Ill, IV, I (c) 1, 1V, V, (d) None of these [M,2011, 2013] Ans 4. (d) None of these QS. Select the correct statements for the process of budding in yeast: |. A bud arises from a particular region on a parent body. Il. A parent cell divides into two daughter cells; here the parental identity is lost. II Before detaching from the parent body a bud may form another bud. IV. A bud when detached from the parent body grows into a new individual. (a) tl, land IV. (b) I Il and Il (c) Ill, IV and (d) None of the above [1M2018] Ans 5. (C) This is the correct sequence of budding in yeast 6. Students were asked to observe the permanent slides showing different stages of budding in yeast under high power of a microscope. [1M,2015] (a) Which adjustment screw (coarse/fine) were you asked to move to focus the slides? (b) Draw three diagrams in correct sequence showing budding in yeast Ans 6. (a) A fine screw is used to focus the slides of budding in yeast under high power of a microscope. (b) Chain of buds Yeast cell Q7. Name two simple organisms having the ability of regeneration, [IM,2017] Ans 7. Hydra and Planaria have the ability of regeneration 8. What is vegetative propagation? —_[1M,2015] Ans 8. Vegetative propagation is an asexual method of plant reproduction that occurs in its leaves, roots and stem. This can occur through fragmentation and regeneration of specific vegetative parts of plants. Q9. What is DNA? [1M,2016] Ans 9. DNA is the information molecule. It stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins. These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called genes. Each gene stores the directions for making protein fragments, whole proteins, or multiple specific proteins. 10. Name the type of reproduction mostly seen in unicellular organisms. _[1M,2015] Ans 10. Asexual reproduction is the type of reproduction mostly seen in unicellular organisms.2 MARKS QUESTIONS Ql. With the help of diagrams show the different stages of binary fission in Amoeba. [2M,2010, 2017, 2018] Ans Il. Ena reie ‘rary sion in Aon QI2. List any four reasons for vegetative propagation being practised in the growth of some type of plants. [2M,20]] Ans 12. Reasons for vegetative propagation (i) lis done for plants which have lost the capacity to produce seeds. (ii) Vegetative propagation is a cheaper, easier and more rapid method of propagation in plants than growing plants from their seeds. (ii) Better quality of plants can be maintained by this method. (iv) It results in propagation of those plants which do not produce viable seeds or produce seeds with prolonged periods of dormancy. (v) The plants generated from vegetative means are more uniform and genetically similar to the parent stock. O15, State the role of j, Seminal vesicle ii, Prostate gland in the human body. [2M,2011] Ans 13. i. Seminal vesicles - It secrete alkaline secretions which lower the pH of semen and provides nourishment. ii, Prostate gland - It increases the motility of sperms 14. Draw a labelled diagram in proper sequence to show budding in Hydra. [2M,2019] Ans 14, Tentacles BudQI5. A student is observing a permanent slide showing sequentially the different stages of asexual reproduction taking place in yeast. Name this process and draw diagrams, of what he observes, in a proper sequence. [2M,2012, 2016] Ans 15. Yeast reproduces asexually by the process of budding Different stages of budding observed by the student are depicted using a diagram below: oveping bad yeasteet \. pera QI6. Define the term puberty. List two changes observed in girls at the time of puberty. [2M,2012] Ans 16. The period when the rate of general body growth begins to slow down and reproductive tissues begin to mature is called puberty. Two changes observed in girls at the time of puberty are: i) The breast size begin to increase ii) Menstruation starts QI7. What is the importance of DNA copying in reproduction? _—_[2M,2016] Ans 17. DNAs are the carriers of genetic information. For an organism to produce its own kind, it becomes necessary that the offspring get similar DNAs as in parents. DNA replication is the way through which a cell makes additional copies of DNA so that they can be transferred to the offspring. This explains how DNA copying is an essential (i) Regeneration: Ability of organisms to give rise to new individual organisms from their body parts. (ii) Planaria/Hydra (iii) Amoeba/Rhizopus/Banana/Sugareane/any other. (iv) Regeneration is carried out by specialized cells which are not present in non-regenerating organisms. QI8. What is a clone? Why do offspring formed by asexual reproduction exhibit remarkable similarity? [2M,2017] Ans 18, Clone is an organism which is genetically identically with its parent organism. Cloning is an artificial method of asexual reproduction. In case of asexual reproduction, genes are contributed by a single parent. Due to this, offspring produced by asexual reproduction are clones of their parent. QI9. Why does bread mould grow profusely on a moist slice bread rather than on a dry slice of bread? [2M,2017] Ans 19. Moistened bread slice offers both moisture and nutrients to the bread mould, hence it grows profusely. Dry slice of bread offers nutrients but not moisture hence hyphae fail to grow. 3 MARKS QUESTIONS 20. What is regeneration? Give one example of an organism that shows this process and one organism that does not. Why does regeneration not occur in the latter? [3M,2017] Ans 20. (i) Regeneration: Ability of organisms to give rise to new individual organisms from their body parts.(ii) Planaria/Hydra (ii) Amoeba/Rhizopus/Banana/Sugareane/any other. (iv) Regeneration is carried out by specialized cells which are not present in non-regenerating organisms. 21. What is multiple fission? How does it occur in an organism? Explain briefly. Name one organism which exhibits this type of reproduction [3M,2016] ‘Ans 21. Multiple fission is an asexual reproduction in which parent organism splits to form many new organisms at the same time. Process a) Sometimes during unfavourable conditions, a protective wall or cyst is formed around the cell of a single celled organism, b) Inside the cyst, the nuclous of the cell splits several times to form many smaller nuclei called daughter nuclei. Each nucleus gathers a bit of eytoplasm around itself, develops a membrane around each structure. o) Thus many daughter cells develop which on liberation grow into adult organisms at the same time. Plasmodium is a protozoan which reproduces by asexual method of multiple fission. Q22. List any four methods of contraception used by humans. State in brief two advantages of adopting such preventive methods. [3M,2015] Ans 22. Four methods of contraception used by humans: Intrauterine devices, oral contraceptive methods, surgical methods and natural methods (coitus interrupts) Two advantages of adopting such preventive methods i. It helps in preventing unwanted pregnancies. ji, It reduces the chance of getting STDs such as AIDS. 23, What is the effect of DNA copying, which is not perfectly accurate, on the reproduction process? How does the amount of DNA remain constant though each new generation is a combination of DNA copies of two individuals? [3M,2014, 2018] Ans 23. The DNA copying which is not perfectly accurate in the reproduction process results in variations in populations for the survival of species. The amount of DNA remains constant because the gametes are special type of cells called reproductive cells which contain only half the amount of DNA as compared to the normal body cells of an organism. 024, Explain the meaning of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's). Give two examples of STD's each, caused due to i. bacterial infection ii. viral infection. State in brief how the spread of such diseases may be prevented. [3M,2008, 2012, 2013] Ans 24. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD's) are diseases which are usually passed through sexual contact with an infected partner. i. Sexually transmitted diseases caused due to bacterial infection: Gonorthoea and Syphilis. ii, Sexually transmitted diseases caused due to viral infection: AIDS and Herpes. Akey strategy in the prevention of STD's involves screening, diagnosis and treatment of patients as well as their sexual partners to interrupt transmission. Prevention of transmission of STD's: (a) Having sex with an infected or any unknown person should be avoided. (b) Sharing of needles, syringes etc. must be prohibited. (c) Surgical and dental instruments should be sterilised properly before use.(d) Avoid blood transfusion from an infected person. Blood should be tested before transfusion. (e) Adequate medical treatment should be provided to the pregnant woman to protect the child from getting infected Q25. List three techniques that have been developed to prevent pregnancy. Which one of these techniques is not meant for males? How does the use of these techniques have a direct impact on the health and prosperity of a family? [3M,2017] Ans 25. Techniques to prevent pregnancy: (a) Coitus interruptus (b) Barrier methods like use of condoms, cervical cap and diaphragm. (c) Use of intra-uterine devices such as loop and copper-T Use of intra-uterine devices is not meant for males. The use of these techniques will keep the mother in good health. With a small family size, parents will be able to provide quality resources to the child such as food, clothes and education. This will improve the overall mental and physical well-being of the family. Q26. What is vegetative propagation? State two advantages and two disadvantages of this method. [5M,2017] Ans 26. Vegetative propagation is a type of reproduction in which several plants are capable of producing naturally through their roots, stems and leaves. Advantages of vegetative propagation: Plants not capable of producing sexually are produced by this method. itis a fast and certain method to obtain plants with desired features. Disadvantages of vegetative propagation: There is no possibility for variation. The new plant grows in the same area os the parent plant which leads to competition for resources. 5 MARKS QUESTIONS Q27. What is binary fission in organisms? With the help of suitable diagrams, describe the mode of reproduction in Amoeba. [5M,201]] Ans 27. Binary fission is an asexual method of reproduction. Amoeba reproduces by this method During this process, nuclear division takes place first, followed by the appearance of a constriction in the cell membrane, which gradually increases inwards and divides the cytoplasm into two paris. Finally, two daughter organisms are formed. SoS) ewes wu $ RSG oreo028. (a) Identify A, B and C in the given diagram and write their functions. (b) Mention the role of gamete and zygote in sexually reproducing organisms.[5M,2013, 2015] Ans 28. (a) A- Stigma, Function- The stigma is a sticky surface where the pollen grains land and germinate. B- Pollen tubs Function- It carries the pollen grains to the egg cell for fertilisation. C- Egg cell Function- It fuses with the male gamete and leads to the formation of the zygote. (b) Role of gametes- Gametes cary the entire genetic information of the organism. These gametes upon fusion result in the formation of the zygote, which develops into a new individual Any deformation in the gametes will lead to deformity in the newly formed offspring Role of zygote- Zygote is the diploid cell formed by the fusion of male and female gametes during fertilisation in sexual reproduction. Zygote is the first stage in the development process of an organism and it contains all the genetic information of both the parents essential for the growth of the new organism. Q29. Define pollination. Explain the different types of pollination. List two agents of pollination? How does suitable pollination lead to fertilization? [5M,2019} The process of transfer and deposition of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower is called pollination. There are two different types of pollination : (i) Self-pollination: It is the process of transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same flower. (ii) Cross-pollination : It is the process of transfer of the pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. = Pollination can be achieved by the agents like wind, water and animals. - After the pollen lands on a suitable stigma, it has to reach the female germ-cells which are in the ovary. For this, a tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovary and then fertilisation occurs. Q30. What is placenta? Describe its structure. State its functions in case of a pregnant human female. [5M,2016] Ans 30. The placenta is an organ attached to the lining of the womb during pregnancy. ~The placenta is composed of both maternal tissue and tissue derived from the embryo. it contains blood spaces on the mother's side and villi on the embryo's side. Functions of the placenta 1. It provides food and oxygen to the foetus 2. The footus gives away waste products and carbon dioxide to the mother's blood for excretion.Q3I. (a) Name the human male reproductive organ that produces sperm and also secretes a hormone, Write the functions of the secreted hormone. (b) Name the parts of the human female reproductive system where (i) Fertiizations takes place (ii) Implantation of the fertilized egg occurs. Explain how the embryo gets nourishment inside the mother's body. [5M,2015] Ans 8. (a) Testes produce sperms and secrete a hormone called testosterone. The function of testosterone is to control the development of male sex organs and male features such as a deeper voice, moustache, beard and more body hair as compared to females. (b) i. Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct or fallopian tubes. ii, Implantation of the fertilised egg occurs in the uterus. After implantation, a disc-like special tissue called placenta develops between the uterus wall and the embryo. The placenta helps in the exchange of nutrients, oxygen and waste products between the embryo and the mother. Thus, it provides nourishment to the growing embryo. 32. (a) Write the functions of each of the following parts in a human female reproductive system (i), Ovary (ii) Uterus (ii) Fallopian tube (b) Write the structure and functions of placenta in a human female. [5M,2017, 2018] ‘Ans 52. (i) Ovary It produces female gametes. One ovum is released by one ovary every month. It also secretes hormones estrogen and progesterone. (ii) Uterus: It protects and nourishes the developing embryo. (ii) Fallopian tube: It passes down the ovum towards the uterus released by the ovary. ~ Structure of the placenta in human female: (i) The placenta is a disc which is embedded in the uterine wall. (ii) contains villi on the embryo side. The mother's end of the placenta has blood spaces which surround the vill ~ Functions of the placenta in human female: (i) Nutrients and oxygen are received by the foetus from the mother's blood. (ii) The foetus gives away waste products and carbon dioxide to the mother's blood for excretion. Q83. What is pollination? How dees it occur in plants? How does pollination lead to fertilization? Explain. [5M,2018] ‘Ans 88. - The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination. = The transfer is accomplished by an external agency such as wind (anemophily), water (hydrophily), insects (entomophily), birds (ornithophily), bats (chiropterophily), etc. Both wind and water are abiotic agencies while insects, birds, bats etc. are biotic agencies of pollination, After falling on stigma, the pollen grain absorbs water and nutrients. it produces a tube called pollen tube. Pollen tube grows through style and reaches the ovary. Its tip contains a tube nucleus and two male gametes or sperm cells. The advancing pollen tube enters an ovule, generally through micropyle and reaches the interior of the embryo sac. Here the tube bursts to release its two male gametes. One male gamete fuses with the egg to form a zygote and the second male gamete fuses with binucleate central cells which forms endosperm.ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS Rule : Assertion is labelled as (A) and the Reason is labelled as (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of the assertion (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of the assertion (A) (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true Q34, Assertion: Pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the anther. Reason: Pollination is carried out by wind, birds and insects. ‘Ans 54. (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion. 85. Assertion: The uterus prepares itself every month receive Reason: The ovary releases one egg every month. ‘Ans 35. (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are correct and reason is the correct explanation of assertion.