Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo
OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF Education
MATH 109: Modern Geometry
Problem Set (Projective Geometry)
Name:
Course/Year Level:
A. Introduction to Projective Geometry
1. How does the concept of incidence in projective geometry define the relationships between
points, lines, and planes? Discuss the incidence of the following pairs: point and line, point
and plane, and line and plane. Explain how these elements interrelate within a given
geometric space. Additionally, provide a diagram that visually represents their relationships.
B. Simplest Geometric Objects
2. In projective geometry, what are the defining characteristics or properties that distinguish a
triangle from other geometric figures? Please provide an in-depth explanation, supported by
relevant examples and a well-labeled diagram illustrating the unique attributes of a triangle
within the context of projective geometry.
3. What is a complete quadrangle in projective geometry? What are the key components of a
complete quadrangle? What are the lines in a complete quadrangle called? How do any pair
of points relate to the lines in a complete quadrangle? How do any pair of lines relate to the
points in a complete quadrangle? What is the significance of the term "complete" concerning
a complete quadrangle?
4. Draw a diagram illustrating a complete quadrangle in projective geometry. List the steps
involved and identify the sides and vertices of the quadrangle. Identify and discuss the
opposite sides and the diagonal point.
5. Explain the concept of a complete quadrilateral in projective geometry. Draw a diagram
illustrating a complete quadrilateral and provide a step-by-step enumeration of the
construction process. In your diagram, identify the vertices, sides, opposite vertices, and the
diagonal line.
C. Projectivities
6. What is the definition of "range" and "pencil" in projective geometry? Draw a diagram
illustrating the relationship between the two concepts. Furthermore, explain the
correspondence between a range and a pencil. Under what conditions can we establish a one-
to-one correspondence between the two? Draw a diagram that illustrates the correspondence
between the range and pencil and provide a discussion describing the diagram.
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NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo
OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF Education
D. Perspectivities
7. How can we determine if two ranges in projective geometry are related by perspectivity?
Could you please provide a diagram that illustrates this concept, along with an explanation of
how perspectivity establishes the relationship between the two ranges?
8. How can we determine if two pencils in projective geometry are related by perspectivity?
Provide a diagram that illustrates this concept, along with an explanation of how perspectivity
establishes the relationship between the two pencils?
E. Construction of Two Perspectivities
9. Construct diagrams showing the two perspectivities of ranges and pencils in projective
geometry. List the steps and provide a discussion illustrating the diagrams.
F. Theorem on Projectivity
10. Explain the theorem: "Any four collinear points can be interchanged in pairs by a projectivity"
in projective geometry. Provide illustrations in the form of diagrams to substantiate your
answer.
G. Invariant Point
11. Explain the concept of an invariant point in projective geometry. Create a visual
representation, to illustrate this concept. Include a thorough analysis and discussion of the
invariant point depicted in your diagram.
H. Basic Axioms and Theorems on Projective Geometry
12. Illustrate each of the seven basic axioms in projective geometry.
Axioms:
i. There exists a point and a line that are not incident.
ii. Every line is incident with at least three distinct points.
iii. Any two distinct points are incident with exactly one line.
iv. If A, B, C, and D are four distinct points such that AB intersects CD, then AC intersects
BD.
v. If ABC is a plane, there is at least one point not in the plane ABC.
vi. Any two distinct planes have at least two common points.
vii. The three diagonal points of a complete quadrangle are never collinear.
Tel. No.: 3970-314 Website Address: www.nipsc.edu.ph
Facebook Fanpage: NISU Barotac Viejo Page E-mail Address:
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Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
NISU Barotac Viejo Campus, Brgy. Pto. Princesa, Barotac Viejo Iloilo
OFFICE OF THE COLLEGE OF Education
I. Perspective Triangles
13. Explain the concepts of "Perspective from a Point" and "Perspective from a Line" in Projective
Geometry and support your explanation with a diagram and detailed description.
14. How does Desargues' theorem in projective geometry establish a connection between the
perspective of triangles from a point and their perspective from a line, and what is the
significance of the theorem and its converse in understanding the relationships between
points, lines, and triangles in projective geometry? Please provide a clear illustration (diagram)
to support your explanation.
J. Quadrangular Set and Harmonic Set
15. Consider a projective plane P, where points A, B, C, and D are defined. A quadrangular set
is a collection of four distinct points in the projective plane, no three of which are collinear.
In this context, answer the following questions:
a. Is the set of points {A, B, C, D} a quadrangular set in the projective plane P? Justify your
answer.
b. Can you find a different arrangement of points A, B, C, and D in the projective plane P
that forms a quadrangular set? If so, provide the new arrangement of points. If not,
explain why it is not possible.
c. Suppose there is a line passing through points A and B in the projective plane P. Is it
possible for points C and D to lie on this line and still form a quadrangular set? Explain
your reasoning.
d. Given that points A, B, C, and D form a quadrangular set in the projective plane P, can
you determine the number of lines that pass through exactly two of these points? If so,
how many such lines exist? If not, explain why it is not possible.
16. Discuss and provide an illustration of the concept of a harmonic set in projective
geometry.
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