GS 4

Saturday, August 27, 2022 7:22 PM

Value added material for Ethics by AYUSH GOEL (AIR 171 UPSC CSE 2022)
GS 4 Marks : 129

Topics wise additions

Topic Example Quote

Sacrifise for • Manjunath who sacrifised their life

Honesty and for honestly and Integrity
Integrity • IES officer Satyender nath dubey
was murdered for finding
corrpution in construction of
Golden quadrilateral
• Durga Shakti nagpal unveiling the
land scam in Uttar pradesh

Governance • Good governance should be like

air. Its existence need not be
discussed, but its absence would
make a huge difference.
• E governance to me is easy,
effective and efficient
governance. Narendra Modi.
Social persuasion • Social change : Aurangabad DM
had Mid-day meal made by a Dalit
Widow to give a message of rising
above caste lines and bringing
change in existing attitude.
• Legal enforcement : when odd-
even was implemented in Delhi,
people were given Roses instead of
challans on the 1st day to follow
the scheme voluntarily
• People's movement : PM Modi
appealed to the general public to
become Swachhagrahis for Swachh
Bharat to become Jan-Andolan
(people’s movement)
• Motivating colleagues and
subordinates: During times of
crisis like floods, earthquakes,

Data sheet Page 1

 crisis like floods, earthquakes,
landslides etc, an able
administrator can persuade his/her
team to serve citizens with full
vigour and spirit of service
• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
• SBA
Integrity • Mahatma Gandhi withdrew non- Lack of Integrity
cooperation movement as the • For example, Rajat Gupta’s
Chauri-Chaura incident impinged involvement in insider trading
on his moral conscience, and disgraced him and his alma
risked losing popular support. mater
• Mahabharata teaches that duty is • using official vehicle for private
sacrosanct. In fighting for the truth use
and justice, one should not
hesitate in going against family.
This is the essential teaching of
integrity
• Shree Krishna emphasizes
'Nishkama Karma' or selfless work,
over convenient dereliction of
duty.
• Deontology philosophy prohibits
against choosing convenient ends
if not justified by moral means
• E.g. Sachin Tendulkar walking off
the crease even when given not
out by Umpire
Honesty vs • I broke a vass in museum. By not • Honesty is the first character in
Integrity speaking about it, I am not not the book of Wisdom
being dishonest • “Realization of Truth is higher than
• But if I have integrity, I will notify all else. Higher still is truthful
the manager about my mistake. living”- Guru Nanak
Because even if others are not • Honesty is the fastest way in
looking it, my conscience is looking preventing a mistake to turning
at it. into a failure
• E.g. Policeman ordered to fire on • The first step towards greatness is
unarmed peaceful protestors. honesty
Honest policeman will obey the
order. Policeman of integrity, will
refuse to fire.
Public service • Mir Mohammad Ali, 2011 batch • “The best way to find yourself is to
kerala cadre IAS officer made lose yourself in the service of
Kannur the first plastic free district others.”- MG
in 2017
Righteousness Principle, Righteousness
• Always do what is right, it will
gratify half of humanity and
astound the other half
Data sheet Page 2
 astound the other half
• An Army of principles can
penetrate where army of
soldiers cannot
Values • Values are like lighthouses, they
are signals giving us direction,
meaning and purpose
Role of family, APJ Abdul Kalam example • Family is the first teacher and
School teacher is the second family

Change • Every saint has a past, and every

sinner has a future -- Oscar Wilde
• Success is walking from failure to
failure
• Be the change you want to see in
the world - MG

Dedication for • Reforms in Tihar jail by Kiran Bedi

Work
Transparency • TN Seshan for cleansing the • Corruption is the biggest disease,
election system Transparency is the vaccine

Laws for Transparency and

minimise corruption
• Right to Information Act, 2005
(RTI Act),
• Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,
2013,
• Citizen’s Charter,
• social audit,
• Digitization of records

Importance
• Cultivate public trust: As per
the 2nd Administrative Reforms
Commission, transparency in a
democracy allows bidirectional
information flow, which allows
citizens to participate in
governance thereby building
public trust
• Detect, prevent and deter
Corruption : e.g., An RTI filed
by activists uncovered an
unholy nexus in the Adarsh
Housing Scam

Data sheet Page 3

 Housing Scam
• increasing the chances of
getting caught by the officials
involved in corruption. For eg.,
Andhra Pradesh uses
blockchain technology to
address issues of fraud and
corruption in the state in land
ownership data records
• deters senior officials from
putting pressure on
subordinates into taking
biased decision-making.

Media ethics Ethical issues in Media Steps to stregthen Media ethics

• Commercialization of media Always write in terms of Legal and
• Misuse of freedom of speech Social change
and press
• violates the right to privacy. Legal
• Impedes right to fair trial: Media • Independent self-regulatory
trial impedes the right to a fair body:
trial • Legal rules under IPC, IT
• Irresponsible reporting: Covering regulation act, 2000
news without checking veracity • Regular audit
of facts • Showcasing the ownership and
• Fake news media funding
• Sensalisation of news • Encouraging a central role for
• Vested interests of Political civil society:
parties, Business houses • Using technology to check fake
• Media funding and stakeholder news:
pattern
Social measures
Impact of Unethical reporting • Sensitisation of people in media
• Creating a misinformed society industry
• Biases and prejudices • Proper training
• Riots and disturb communal
harmony Quotes
• Harms right to information • One who control the media
• Degradatiion of 4th pillar of control the mind. One who
democracy control the mind control
• Crowding out the real issues everything
• Propagating fear and anxiety • Arthur Miller said, "Good
Newspaper, I believe is a Nation
talking to itself".

• 'Neither bow and arrow nor

sword do you require, publish a
newspaper when faced with a

Data sheet Page 4

 newspaper when faced with a
cannon fire.'

Accountability • Vikram Sarabhai accepted the How to uphold accountability

failure of ISRO first mission • Control and monitoring
without actually putting it on the • Checks and balances (Ar 74)
mission head (APJ Abdul Kalam). • Institutions of CAG, CVC,
Thus taking full accountability for Judiciary, ED, NHRC
the failure of his team. • Conduct rules
• Citizen charter, RTI, E-
governance
Quotes • Judicial : Writ jurisdiction
• Accountability is the first • Legislative : Financial control,
chapter in the book of public Parliamentary discussions
service
Why accountability is still not
upheld
• Weak implementation
• Loopholes
• Nexus, corruption
• Policy level corruption
• Lack of guarantee of taking
action
• Lack of time, expertise and
resources to monitor countless
government decisions

Type of accountability
• Judicial
• Political
• Financial
• Administrative

Responsibility vs Responsibility : An elected MP/MLA Accountability without

accountability is responsible for development of responsibility ?
entire country. • It creates space for corruption
Accountability : For example: An e.g., through appropriation of
elected MP/MLA is accountable for government subsidies by
development of his constituency creating ‘ghost beneficiaries’.
only • It builds up inefficiencies such as
construction of poor-quality
roads and infrastructure
• Despotic governance E.g.
incidents of police overturning
vegetable carts while enforcing
lockdown restrictions, or an IAS
officer slapping a person for
alleged violation of lockdown
guidelines
Data sheet Page 5
 guidelines
• Absence of grievance redressal
leads to non-responsive
governance
Courage • Ashok Khemka working even after Courage is not the absence of fear,
50 transfers in 25 years but the triumph over it". - Nelson
• Sam Manekshaw during 1971 War. Mandela

Law vs Ethics • In law a man is guilty when he

violates the rights of others ; In
ethics he is guilty he only thinks of
doing so
Law and Justice • Injustice anywhere, threat to
justice everywhere
• Law without justice is a wound
without a cure
Role of Law Role of Law
• clarifying the values, procedures
and course of action/ behaviour
• regulating the provision and use
of public goods and natural
resources. For example,
distribution of food grains
through the Targeted Public
Distribution System
• promote order, fairness, and
safety of the citizens. For
example, Traffics rules and
regulations bring order to city
road traffic
Morality vs Law Why laws are not enough? • Society cannot be made strong by
• Conflicting laws:For example, strong laws. For that people with
the conflict between sharing of good character is needed. Swami
information in public domain Vivekananda
through the RTI Act and • Art, like morality consist of
restrictions as per the Official drawing the line somewhere
Secrets Act
• Evolving laws with society
morality: As the society evolves,
it is not the laws and rules but
larger public values and moral
principles E.g., Section 377 of
Indian Penal Code, Pre-
Conception and Pre-Natal
Diagnostic Techniques Act etc.
• Actions driven by compassion:
Owing to his compassion, civil
servant might have to go beyond

Data sheet Page 6

 servant might have to go beyond
the limiting laws. E.g. Swarochish
Somavamshi
• Lack of Sensitization and
awareness : E.g. Citizen Charter
• Role of individual’s conscience:
At times, an individual’s
conscience helps as a guide to
take ethical decisions. For
example, public administrators
are involved in corruption cases
despite the Prevention of
Corruption Act, 1988
Private ethics vs
Public ethics
Breach of Trust • Lance Armstrong winning 7 tour de
a. france titles due to performance
enhancement drugs
Selflessness • Super 30 by Anand kumar in Bihar. Philosophical references:
Free coaching to poor and • Gita: Selfless performance of
marginalised students duty (Nishkam Karma)
• Swarochish Somavanshi : AC • Gandhi: Service to people
Donation especially vulnerable,
• Umaria collector downtrodden section of society.
• Mother teressa cancelling Nobel • Vivekananda: Service to men is
prize launch for feeding poor kids service to God.
• Ratan tata donating Cancer • Kant: Moral command is given
hospital in Assam to the person by own conscience
to act in selfless manner. It is
moral duty
Immanuel Kant • All human beings will act in same
Philosophy manner in same situation i.e.
person will like his/her action to
become a universal law.
• Action should not be considered as
means to achieve some ends,
rather action should be end in
itself.

Relevance
• Eradicate social evil practices in
a society like human trafficking,
child labour, and bonded labour
which consider humans as
means to achieve certain ends
• Treating people as ends in
themselves will help in
protecting their dignity and
respect.
Data sheet Page 7
 respect.

Limitations of philosophy
• Human actions cannot become
always end in itself. Some
situations require means and
ends relation. E.g. stealing
medicine for sick mother
(Utilitarian or Teleology).
• In terrorist exchange for
hostages : If principle of zero
terrorism is followed the
hostages cannot be saved
Kindness • Operation sulaeimani in Kozhikode
a. district where no one is left
hungry. Anyone can collect a
sulaemani coupon from authorised
distribution centres
Innovation in • Armstrong pame : 100 km road
Public Service solely through crowd funding
Conflict of • As a district collector, deciding the Ethics
interest/Ethical circle rate of properties where my • The time is always right to do
dilemma ancestral propertly also lies what is right - Martin Luther king
• Deciding admission cutoffs when • If it is not right do not do it, if it
my daughter is also applying for is not true do not say it - Marcus
the admission in college in which I Aureillis
am the principal
• Judge hearning the case of his own
son (CJI SH Kapadia in Vodafone
case)
• a police officer got the tip of an
upcoming drug deal in the city, and
he had to rush there to catch the
drug dealers. At the same time, his
wife is on the verge of delivering
their baby. She needs the presence
of her husband with her. In this
situation, the officer is in an ethical
dilemma where he has to select
one value over the others. Here,
professional and family duties
conflict.
Ethical Dilemma • Sikh soldier was asked to fire in
Gurudwara during operation blue
star
• Indian partition (Getting
independence vs Death of millions
due to partition)

Data sheet Page 8

Conflicting values • Loyalty versus professionalism • Integrity versus bureaucratic
faced by Civil • Transparency versus accountability: Conflict of
servants Confidentiality: Conflict could conscience in implementing laws
arise in need to dispense security- and policies perceived to be
sensitive information under RTI immoral. E.g., Resignation of IAS
• Modernity versus Traditions: officer Sasikanth Senthil over CAA
Issues on environment, gender, • Dutifulness versus wellbeing:
caste etc. E.g., discouraging slash Taking strict actions against cartels
and-burn agriculture among tribals and criminals could bring threats
• Bureaucratic attitude to family, self and career. E.g.,
(Impartiality, Neutrality, murder of Neha Shoree, a drug
Anonymity) vs Business like (Fast, officer in Punjab
Efficient, Incentive structure) • Probity versus efficiency: Taking a
• Equity vs Efficiency strict stand on issues related to
corruption could result in delays.
E.g., delays in projects, tender
allocation etc.
• Morality vs law
• Ethics in private relations vs
Ethics in public relations
Aptitude • IIT Delhi students made smokeless Aptitude required in civil servants
chulah for mine workers in bhatti • Emotional intelligence
mines ○ Dealing emotionally sensitive
• Sonam Wangchuk in leh, ladakh situations : E.g. Mob lynching
• Mars orbiter mission at less than ○ High pressure situation from
Rs. 5/km senior ministers
• Professional competence
○ Efficiency
○ Responsiveness
○ Commitment
○ Objectivity
• Ethical competence
○ Knowing the ethical
standards
○ Following complete honesty
and integrity
• Social competence
○ Ability to understand
different socio-cultural
practices
○ Important as interface with
varied stakeholders in the
society
○ Persuasion abilities
• Integrity
• Transparency
• Responsibility and
responsiveness
• Innovation
Data sheet Page 9
 • Innovation
• Citizen friendliness
• Precision in decision making
Attitude • ABC factor to change attitude Bhagavadgita for attitudinal
change
• Affect : Influence emotions.
E.g. People are persuaded to 1. Sama: Instructions/information.
wear helmets, weak seatbelts 2. Dana: Incentive.
by person depicting ‘Yama’ 3. Danda: Punishment.
standing on traffic signal. 4. Bheda: Discrimination.
(Feeling of death affects people
to change their attitude). E.g. Abdul Kalam said, his father
used to held discussion with people
• Behaviour : It is reflection of
from all religions. This made his
attitude but also change the
attitutde more tolerant and secular
attitude. E.g. If a civil servant is
having complacent attitude but
Causes for prejudiced attitude in
works in office with good work
Indian society
culture, his attitude will change
over the time and he will • Tradition and culture
become active • Caste structure
• Political mobilisation on basis of
• Cognition : Knowledge part of narrow interests
human mind. Persuading by
• Dominance of forward class in
giving right arguments by
many walks of life
appealing to rationality. E.g. In
• Socialisation process
Swacch Bharat Mission,
• Education institutions
attitude of people changed
themselves
towards sanitation through
advertisements, pictorials
• Resource scarcity and power
concentration
(giving them knowledge about
importance of sanitation) • Reservation provisions

• Stephen hawking diagnosed with

ALS at age of 21. He lived till 76
years and made great finding
about universe
• Battle of Kalinga to Ashoka
change of Attitude
Ethical governance • strengthen CVC, Lokpal,
WhistleBlowers Act
• Citizens’ charters, social audits ,
RTI
• promoting moral education to
inculcate values like integrity,
honesty, selflessness, sacrifice,
spirit of service
• From bureaucratic attitude to
democratic attitude
Citizen charter Suggestions
• Sevottam model
Data sheet Page 10
 • Sevottam model
• Implementation of Seven step
model recommended by 2nd
ARC that ensures citizen
centricity.
• local language
• Proper allocation of funds for
awareness generation
• Training
Perseverance • Story of Ira Singhal, UPSC CSE 2014
toper, First differently abled IAS
exam toper
• Story of Japan from ashes in world
war 2 to modernisation in just 2
decades
Custodial deaths • NCRB : In last 20 years, 1,888
custodial deaths were reported
across the country, in which 893
cases were registered against
police personnel and 358
personnel were charge-sheeted.
Tolerance • Professor Kalam parents always • The highest result of education is
invited people from all religions for tolerance : Helen Keller
discussions. This made him • Anger and intolerance are the
become more secular and tolerant enemy of correct understanding :
person Gandhi
Temperance • Ex : Calling off NCM after the
chauri chaura incident
• MS Dhoni maintains his tempo
during cricket matches
• Buddhism talks about taking
middle path in all actions. This is
nothing but following temperance
in one’s action.
Leadership • Lal bahadur shastri used to fast • A sign of good leader is not how
every Monday when country was many followers you have, but how
facing food crisis many leaders you create
• You cannot be a good leader
without a good character
• A boss has the title, a leader has
the people
Sympathy vs • If a poor person come to an Compassion
empathy vs administrative officer without • If you want others to be happy,
compassion adequate documents for a LPG practice compassion. If you want
connection. to be happy, practice
• In case, he just shows his concern, compassion - Dalai Lama
it is sympathy.
• Further, in case he consoles the
Data sheet Page 11
 • Further, in case he consoles the
person and tells him that he shares
his agony and suffering, it is
empathy.
• Finally, in case he not only shows
his solidarity but also uses his
discretionary powers to allocate
him a connection, it is compassion.
• Compassionate Kozhikode is a
project by district administration
of Kozhikode to facilitate people
who are willing to give to people
who are in need.
Empathy • India gave shelter to 80,000
tibetans in India. We provided
medical and education facilities to
them
• Abdul kalam as a project head took
the children of his junior for the
exhibition due to engrossment in
work by the junior
Fairness • Justice HR khanna judgement
a. during emergency
Conscience • Conscience is the inner sense of “There is higher courts than courts
a. right or wrong that helps a person of justice and that is conscience :
make correct decisions MG
• Conscience also helps in building
moral courage and integrity
• For example: Sanjiv Chaturvedi
(IFoS) acted as whistle-blower
in the Haryana Forestry case.
• For example: conscience give
courage and ability to say no to
illegitimate demands of
seniors/ministers

• Ramkrishna paramhansa gave duty

to steal rice so that no one is
looking. Swami vivekananda came
empty handed as he knew that he
himself was looking himself in the
wrong deed
Cognitive • Cognitive dissonance refers to a
dissonance situation involving conflicting
attitudes, beliefs or behaviours.
This produces a feeling of
discomfort
• For example, when people smoke
(behaviour) and they know that
Data sheet Page 12
 (behaviour) and they know that
smoking causes cancer (cognition),
they are in a state of cognitive
dissonance.
Ethics and unjust • Gandhi Civil disobedience
laws movement against Rowlatt act
a. • Martin Luther king
• Nelson mandela against Apartheid
regime
• JP Narayan movement
Objectivity • Objectivity refers to taking ○ Lack of Critical thinking: ASI
decisions on fair basis without any began gold hunting in Uttar
bias or external influence. Pradesh, on order of a union
• For example, a judicial magistrate minister who believed a baba.
with objectivity would go by the ○ They showed lack of critical
merits of a robbery case rather thinking by blindly following
than being influenced by the public dictates of some person.
perception of the culprit.
Fairness vs • Objectivity should not be
Objectivity misconstrued as a mechanical and
rigid adherence to laws and rules.
There must be an element of
fairness in the decision making.
• Ex: A judge imposing same fine on
a rich and poor man when both
have done same crime may be
objective but not fair
Non-performance • Doctor not reaching hospital on
of duty time
• Teacher not evaluating the
students timely
Public trust Good examples
• E.g. : Election Commission
enjoys high trust and this has
helped it to implement 'Model
Code of Conduct' even without
Legislature's backing.
• Belief in Judiciary
Bad Examples
• Politicians
• Police, CBI
Non-Partisan • Non-alignment movement (NAM)
a. to be neutral of USA and USSR
Duty • Yato Dharmastato Jayah
○ "Where there is Dharma, there
will be Victory"
Schools of Ethics • Virtue Ethics

Data sheet Page 13

Schools of Ethics • Virtue Ethics
• Do what a virtuous person
would do in similar situation
e.g., taking guidance from
Gandhi’s talisman
• Utilitarianism
• Do what has good
consequences and avoid bad
consequences.
• E.g. No act is wrong in itself.
Even committing a murder is
right if it serves a good
purpose.
• Deontology
• This theory suggests actions
themselves are good or bad
based on their adherence to a
set of rules
• Action must be Universal in
Nature
• e.g., killing is wrong because it
cannot be universalized.
• God-based Ethics
(Supernaturalism):
• It prescribes that only source of
ethics is God and his words are
generally contained in religious
scriptures

Role of teacher • Gokhale-Gandhi • “Swadeshe Pujyate Raja, Vidwan

• Chanakya- Chandragupt maurya Sarvatra Pujyate”
○ “A king is honoured only in his
own country, but one who is
learned is honoured
throughout the world."
Attitude vs • Sachin and Vinod kambli used to
Aptitude have similar aptitude but ut was
a. the attitude which made all the
difference
International Good examples • "World hear the argument of
relations • Vaccine Maitri policy of India power and not the power of
• despite overwhelming argument"
developmental needs, India has
committed to achieve net zero
emissions by 2070
• India welcomed the UNCLOS
decision on maritime dispute
with Bangladesh even though it

Data sheet Page 14

 with Bangladesh even though it
lost maritime space
• Non-alignment movement
• Gujral Doctrine
• Vasudev Kutumbakam

Bad examples
• US leaving Afghanistan in Crisis
• India continues to purchase
cheap oil from Russia despite
criticism from the West
• USA, biggest exponent of the
democracy, supported
dictatorship regimes in South
America and Africa
• Global War on Terror (GWT) of
America, led to loss of several
innocent lives by Drone strikes
War ethics • The debate before war i.e. Negatives of war
whether war is ethical or unethical. • Application of power rather than
Whether country should involve in human intellect
war or not • War is not indicator of
• During and after war, what ethical application of high level of
standards should be followed by all wisdom
parties in war • result in loss of life of many
people
Examples of ethical war • War results into arms race
• Ramayana and Mahabharata
(protection of dharma)
• Indian war of independence During war
(Defending own dignity and • Civilian population should be
rights) avoided
• India-Pakistan War 1971 • When military surrenders or
(Protection to life and declares for peace, others side
establishing peace) should respect it & follow war
conventions. E.g. Geneva
Examples of unethical war convention etc.
• Ukraine - Russia war • Soldiers killed in war should be
(Aggression by the Russia over handed over each other side
sovereign nation) with due respect or bury in their
• World Wars (Racism, greed to country with all burial
capture colonial markets) ceremony.
• Iraq war (Self-interest) • Military should not violate
human rights In conflict zone.
Saint Augustine gave ‘Just War
Theory
• Waged by a legitimate
authority (State).
• In a just cause.
Data sheet Page 15
 • In a just cause.
• Waged with a right intention. •
• Be a last resort.
• Be proportional

Misuse of Power • misuse of political power to

influence public officials; horse
trading; money for votes
• Misuse of article 356
• Public officials please and placate
their political bosses, in order to
continue on plum postings
• Criminalisation of politics : tickets
are given to strongman candidates
to leverage their winnability
• Nepotism and crony capitalism

Impact of digital Earlier • Taking a ‘Goldilocks’ approach to

technology on children’s screen time – not too
socialisation much, not too little – and focusing
more on what children are doing
online and less on how long they
are online, can better protect them
and help them make the most of
their time online.

Now

Dedication • In AP, MLA slept near graveyard to

chase away fear of construction
workers.
• Sreedharan, Metro Man, was
made MD of DMRC at the age of
65. He completed the project
within/before the time and within
the allocated budget.
Greed Greed is the unsatiable desire to • In words of Gandhiji, the world has
possess things in excess of one’s enough for everyone's needs but
needs not enough for anyone’s greed
Examples
• Harshad Mehta, Nirav Modi
scam
Data sheet Page 16
 scam
• Bureacrats taking bribes
• Pooja Singhal money laundering
case

Result of greed
• Dissatisfaction and Crime : co-
existence of prosperity and
extreme poverty in the same
society due to systemic greed.
• Revolutions : French and Russian
revolutions against the
bourgeois society, or the Naxal
movement against landlords in
India.

Public service • IFS Vikas Ujjawal in Lohardaga

forest division boosting green
cover, employment, and tourism
Compassion • DM Prashant Nair for
Compassionate Kozhikode
Humanitarianism • Mother teresa cancelled the Nobel
prize dinner to feed the hungry
people
• In Kalyansundaram, 74 year old
men donated his entire life saving
30 crores for the education of poor
children
Justice • Bachpan bachao andolan (Saved
a. 88,000 children from Child labour
till now)
Injustice • Uighur Muslims in China
• AFSPA.
• Stalin’s tyranny in USSR
Success many not • Sushant singh rajput
lead to happiness • Owner of CCD
• Chester bennington
• Scammers : Nirav modi, Harshad
mehta
Happiness leading • Doing what one likes : Manjamma
to success Jogathi (a transwoman) does what
makes her happy i.e. dance and
was awarded Padma Shree in 2021
• Fullfill emotional and spiritual
needs : All the wealth of the
kingdom could not make Prince

Data sheet Page 17

 kingdom could not make Prince
Siddhartha happy. Buddha was
content and happy only after
enlightenment, when he had no
material possession
Hatred • Hitler vs Jews
• Colonial people towards Indian
poor
• Apartheid regime
Utilisation of funds • Former PM Rajiv Gandhi said every
a. 1 rupee spent on public welfare
and only 15 paise is reached to the
poor

RTI CIC : More than 90 RTI activists have 2nd ARC : RTI is the light in the era
been Murdered. of darkness
• E.g. Rajendra Singh was killed in
West Champaran in 2018 for Good examples of RTI
using the RTI Act to expose land Implementation
encroachments and scams in • Vyapam scam
construction works • Commonwealth
• Aadarsh scam
RTI act and its features • UPSC started giving cut-offs
• Legal right to every citizen to
seek info Bad examples of RTI
• Should be given within 30 days • It was expected that people
• On failure to give info within 30 would apply RTI for public
days, penalty of Rs. 25,000 interest, but 80% of them are for
• Every governemnt department private purposes
must have a PIO • Long pending requests and
• Complaint redressal mechanism delays
in terms of appellate authority • RTI activists are harrassed
and information commissioners • Poor and incomplete
• As per section 8 of RTI act, some information
categories of information and • Limited power in the hands of
some institutions would not be PIO
under the purview of RTI • At many departments PIOs are
• As per section 22, RTI will have not even appointed
overriding powers over OSA

Corruption Corruption perception Index : 80th • Corruption is the biggest disease,

rank out of 180 Transparency is the vaccine
E.g, 2G Scam, Coal block scam, • Corruption is not simply a matter
Vyapam, and recent Puja Singhal of theft but a betrayal of trust
case • Power tends to corrupt, and
absolute power corrupts
absolutely

Data sheet Page 18

 absolutely
Emotional Tackling issues examples • As quoted in Bhagwat Gita that
Intelligence • Effectively process the political greatest knowledge is the
rhetoric, cancel-culture, trolling knowledge of the self
etc • EI decides 80% of success at
• Family stress management workplace while IQ is responsible
• Gandhiji Chauri chaura incident for only 20% (Daniel Goleman)
• Time management : a DM with • Draw diagram of 80/20 principle
high EI can perform his official • The true hero is one who conquers
duties and also attend to his his own anger and hatred
personal commitments without
getting herself hassled.
• Robust mental health. E.g., EI
will enable a student to improve
his weak areas rather than resort
to self-harm after failing in an
exam.

Benefits examples
• Good relationship
management : DM having better
relations with his subordinates
• Good communication :
expression of one’s
feeling/emotions towards the
other
• Going out of negative outlook
towards failure. E.g., an athlete
with high EI can unshackle
himself from a defeat and will
prepare for next competition
with renewed zeal
• Sense of purpose . E.g., an IFS
officer in a war-torn country
Values vs ethics • Suppose someone highly values
success, we will expect him to be
goal oriented.
• But the method he choose to
achieve that success, either by
correct or incorrect ways, is a
matter of ethics.
• E.g. Value of achievement by
Harshad Mehta achieving wealth
by Unethical means
Democracy • Democracy is the government of
the people, by the people, for the
people
• Democracy is where weakest has

Data sheet Page 19

 • Democracy is where weakest has
the same powers as the strongest :
Mahatama Gandhi
• Dissident and dissent are very life
blood of democracy
Principles for Broad principles for responsible
Artificial management of AI (NITI Aayog):
Intelligence • Principle of Safety and Reliability
• Principle of Equality
• Principle of Inclusivity and Non-
discrimination
• Principle of Privacy and security
• Principle of Transparency
• Principle of Accountability
• Principle of protection and
reinforcement of positive human
values
Performance based Benefits
incentives • Reward, recognition act as
motivation to further serve
better
• According to Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs, person seeks to satisfy
basic minimum needs (ego
needs) first
• Indian society has changed due
to LPG reforms and individuals
have become more ambitious
• More lucrative opportunities in
Private sector
• Need to attract best talent of the
country

Problems
• Basic motive must be public
service
• Principle of Nishkam Karma
(Selflessness)
• May encourage corruption
• Attract wrong type of people
• It may create more and more
conflict of interest situations for
the civil servants while
discharging their duties

Equity vs Equality • Equality is treating everyone

equally, concerning their status,
rights and opportunities, without

Data sheet Page 20

 rights and opportunities, without
considering whether they are
already equal or unequal.
• Whereas, when existing inequality
is considered and compensated
for, it is called equity

Laws related
Topic Example Quote

Corporate governance Corporate governance • Good corporate

• CG is defined as good governance is about
governance for corporate being proper and prosper
sector • Community is not just the
• It involves collective way of stakeholder, but the very
decision making with reason for existence of
participation of all the company
stakeholders, and upholding • Commerce without
complete transparency and morality is a Sin
accountability

Committees and examples

• Narayan Murty committee
• Kumar Mangalam Birla
committee
• Companies act,2013
• Narayan murty gave
Compassionate capitalism
• Good treatment of
employees at Tata even after
leaving the company

New companies act, 2013

• 1/2 of the members must be
independent
• Defines independent director
• Atleast one women should
be independent director
• 2% of net profit must go for
CSR activities

Issues with CG in India

• 68% business in India are
family owned
Data sheet Page 21
 family owned
• Environment provided by
govt is not coducive for good
corporate governance
○ It promotes Jack, Jugaad
and bribe

Women harassment • POSH (Prevention of sexual

harrassment) act, 2013
• Vishakha guidelines
• Harassment of women at
workplace act, 2013
• Domestic violence act
• Dowry prohibition act
• POCOSO
• Sati prevention act, 1987
• Equal remuneration act, 1976
Child marriage • Prohibition of child marriage
act, 2006
Untouchability, SC/ST • Article 17
• Untouchability (Offences) act ,
1955
• Protections of civil rights act
• Prevention of atrocities (SC, ST)
Begging • Bombay prevention of begging
act, 1959
• Juvenile justice act, 2015
• Ar 23 (Rights against
exploitation)
Pregnancy related • Maternity benefits act, 1961
• Medical termination of
pregnancy act, 1971

Environment • Wildlife protection act, 1972

• Environment protection act,
1986
Disaster • Disaster management act,
2005
• NDMA guidelines
Transgender • Transgender protection of

Data sheet Page 22

 • Transgender protection of
rights act , 2019
Children related • POCSO act, 2012
• Juvenile justice act, 2015
• Child labour act, 2016
• RTE, 2009
Internet related • Indian telegraph act, 1885
• Information technology act,
200 (IT)
○ Section 69 was enacted
deal with survellience of all
electronoc communication
Role of Laws Role of Laws
• Social welfare : National food
security act
• Rights based development :
Right to education, 2009
• Transparency : RTI act
• Accountability : Social audit
in MGNREGA
• Anti-corruption provisions :
Lokpal act, Prevention of
corruption act
Role models Does present generation lack
role models?
• According to PRATHAM
Survey, 40% young students
lack role models
• Present day role models have
narrow perspectives of
caste/religion
• Social media influencers as
the new age role models

Trafficking • Article 23
• Immoral trafficking prevention
act, 1956
Anonymity and Secrecy Tools to maintain secrecy • Anonymity allows civil
• Official secrets act, 1923 servants to furnish free
• Oath & secrecy and fair advice without
• Indian evidence act the fear of adverse
• Prevention of corruption act consequences.
• Conduct rules for civil • E.g., victimization after
servants change of government is
possible in absence of
bureaucratic anonymity
Code of conduct 1. Civil services conduct rules,
1964

Data sheet Page 23

 1. Civil services conduct rules,
1964
2. AIS conduct rules amended,
Suggestions
2016
• Minimize steps of
3. Central services conduct rules, enquiry. i.e. number of
1964 procedures &
4. AIS act, 1951 processes.
• Should be Code of
5. PoCA 1988 & other laws Ethics for Civil Servants
including IPC, IEA, OSA & Code of Conduct for
6. Conventions ministers.
• Anti-Corruption laws
should be amended so
Code of conduct as effective that there's separation
deternece between commission
• Provide moral values for of offence & amassing
decision making of wealth.
• Create fear of punishment • ARC-II has also
• essential for discipline, recommended for
good behaviour, order, adopting a civil service
honesty & integrity code replacing the
• They act as internal as well present conduct rules
as external check on civil which will consists of
servants Level-1, Level-2 and
• 'Perform or Perish' : After Level-3.
15 years of service,
performance is reviewed &
if not satisfied warning is
given. After 25 years, if
performance is not found
satisfactory, service is
terminated.

Not a effective deterence

• Enquiries are often delayed
even it takes more than 2
years.
• Article 311 works as road
block in removal of C.S.
• Prevention of corruption
Act, liabilities are on C.S. to
prove their innocence.
Joint secretary & above
level officers-enquiry
needs permission from
higher authorities.
• There are lobbies IAS, IPS &
nexus between politician
bureaucrats & corruption
• Most of corruption cases,
Data sheet Page 24
 • Most of corruption cases,
officer haven't been
punished

Good civil servants examples

• Tejaswi Satpute on tackling illegal hooch problem in solapur as SP (2012 batch IPS)
• Mir mohammad ali, 2011 batch kerala cadre IAS officer made Kannur the first plastic free district in
2017
• Vikram Sarabhai accepted the failure of ISRO first mission without actually putting it on the mission
head (APJ Abdul Kalam). Thus taking full accountability for the failure of his team.
• Ratan tata donating Cancer hospital in Assam
• Operation sulaeimani in Kozhikode district where no one is left hungry. Anyone can collect a sulaemani
coupon from authorised distribution centres
• Armstrong pame (Manipur Cadre) : 100 km road solely through crowd funding
• Story of Ira Singhal, UPSC CSE 2014 toper, First differently abled IAS exam toper
• Fairness : Justice HR khanna judgement during emergency
• For example: Sanjiv Chaturvedi (IFoS)acted as whistle-blower in the Haryana Forestry case
• Manjunath who sacrifised their life for honestly and Integrity
• IES officer Satyender nath dubey was murdered for finding corrpution in construction of Golden
quadrilateral
• Durga Shakti nagpal unveiling the land scam in Uttar pradesh
• Aurangabad DM had Mid-day meal made by a Dalit Widow to give a message of rising above caste
lines and bringing change in existing attitude.
• Reforms in Tihar jail by Kiran Bedi
• TN Seshan for cleansing the election system
• Ashok Khemka working even after 50 transfers in 25 years
• Sam Manekshaw during 1971 War.
• Swarochish Somavanshi : AC Donation
• Umaria collector
• Mother teressa cancelling Nobel prize launch for feeding poor kids
• Super 30 by Anand kumar in Bihar. Free coaching to poor and marginalised students
• Dutifulness versus wellbeing: Taking strict actions against cartels and criminals could bring threats to
family, self and career. E.g., murder of Neha Shoree, a drug officer in Punjab
• Lal bahadur shastri used to fast every Monday when country was facing food crisis
• Compassionate Kozhikodeis a project by district administration (DM Prashant Nair) of Kozhikode to
facilitate people who are willing to give to people who are in need.
• E.g. : Election Commission enjoys high trust and this has helped it to implement 'Model Code of
Conduct' even without Legislature's backing.
• Sachin and Vinod kambli used to have similar aptitude but it was the attitude which made all the
difference
• IFS Vikas Ujjawal in Lohardaga forest division boosting green cover, employment, and tourism
• Doing what one likes : Manjamma Jogathi (a transwoman) does what makes her happy i.e. dance and
Data sheet Page 25
 • Doing what one likes : Manjamma Jogathi (a transwoman) does what makes her happy i.e. dance and
was awarded Padma Shree in 2021
• Humility : Ratan Tata had lunch with workers on his retirement day
• when odd-even was implemented in Delhi, people were given Roses instead of challans on the 1st day
to follow the scheme voluntarily
• E.g. Sachin Tendulkar walking off the crease even when given not out by Umpire
• Battle of Kalinga to Ashoka change of Attitude

Ethics

Intervention by Government
• The present government has taken a set of radical measures to create a professional staff like
○ 1. A centralised bio-metric system for punctuality and discipline
○ 2. SPARROW, PROBITY and Solve for integrity and performance
○ 3. 360 degree for performance based culture
○ 4. Perform or Perish to dismantle traditional bureaucratic attitude
○ 5. Lateral Entry for professional behaviour

Important committee
• Criminal justice : Malimath committee
• Corporate governance : Narayan murty, Kumar mangalam birla
• Police : Prakash singh badal case
• Governance : NCRWC, 2nd ARC
• Elections : Dinesh Goswami, Vohra committee

Important DPSP
• Education : Article 21A
• Social justice (Inequality) : Article 38
• Legal Aid : Article 39A
• Working class : Article 41, 42
• Women : Article 42 (Maternity relief)
• UCC : Article 44
• Children : Article 45
• Minorities interests : Article 46
• Public health : Article 47
• Health, Nutrition, Standard of living : Article 47
• Environment : Article 48A

Introduction

Introduction - 1
Data sheet Page 26
Introduction - 1
○ The above case is an example of increasing social media usage in influencing election results.
○ Such actions goes against the right to privacy under Article 21 of an Individual

So basically in introduction, firstly mention case briefly. Then mention law/constitution/facts

Introduction - 2
Real life current affairs event
○ The case study relates to a similar case of chardham project by Indian army

Stakeholders
○ Do not mention (I, ME) in stakeholders
○ Use varied diagrams (Horizontal, Circle, Vishakaha)

Ethical Issues

Write the instance

○ 2-3 sub point below of ethical issue in the instance

Election profiling case

○ Profiling of people through questionnaire
 Against right to privacy
 Against individual freedom
 Against right to choose

Critical evaluation of options

1. Bad option
a. Merits
i. Temporary peace of mind
ii. Good books of government
b. Demerits
i. Compromise honesty and integrity
ii. Compromise medical ethics
iii. Crisis of conscience

Course of Action

Establish standard operating procedure (SOP) to reduce arbitrariness

Aim : To provide justice to minorities and maintain law and order

Divide into short term and long term

First information collection and then action

Data sheet Page 27

First information collection and then action
In action (Social aspects (NGOs, Campaigns) and legal aspects)

○ First think of information collection for better understanding and then action
○ Write as step 1, step 2
○ Write my Aim just before course of action

○ Division : Divide into immediate action and long term action (If space permits) otherwise write together
but think in terms of short term and long term
○ For all the stakeholders : Also try to think in terms of resolving the issues of all the stakeholders E.g. In
case of sexual harrasment at workplace, Justice to victim, Punitive action against convict, better
functioning of company, Awareness to all employees, confidence to other female employees etc.

Give adequate space to course of action (Atleast 3/4th to full page)

Dedicated toll free number in cases of social exploittion (Child labour, Human trafficking)

Justification of action
○ Use philosophies (Utilitarian , Kantian, Virtue ethics, Gandhian principle)
○ Fullfilling the social contract between State and the citizens
○ Kautilya Arthshastra mentions the duty of the king to serve the citizens
○ It is my fundamental duty
○ Accountability to public
○ Satisfy inner conscience
○ Quote DPSP, Fundamental rights

Conclusion

Must be atleast 4 lines or 2 lines and a quotation

○ Minorities : The situation demands compassionate understanding and sensitive approach towards
minorities
○ General : The above issue need a multidimensional approach with involvement of all stakeholders from
public, civil society and private arenas
○ Policy suggestion : The approach of the state must be based on thorough research and studying the
international best practices. Final decision must be guided by common good approach
○ Welfare scheme : To become a truly welfare state, we must uphold equality among all (Article - 39) and
work to achieve the goal of holistic human development
Data sheet Page 28
 work to achieve the goal of holistic human development
○ Therefore, my action would be based on transparency, selflessness and upholding constitutional values
in the interest of larger public welfare

Conclusion quotes
○ We must follow gandhiji's advise "…."
○ In the end we can quote "….."

Education
○ “Swadeshe Pujyate Raja, Vidwan Sarvatra Pujyate”
 “A king is honoured only in his own country, but one who is learned is honoured throughout the
world."

Health
○ “Om Sarve Bhavantu Sukhinah, Sarve Santu Nir-Aamayaah”
 This verse from ancient times which means “May everyone be happy, may everyone be free from all
diseases”pen

Change
○ Every saint has a past, and every sinner has a future -- Oscar Wilde
○ Be the change you want to see in the world - Mahatma Gandhi

Duties
○ Yato Dharmastato Jayah
 "Where there is Dharma, there will be Victory"

Ethics
○ The time is always right to do what is right - Martin Luther king
○ If it is not right do not do it, if it is not true do not say it - Marcus Aureillis

Stakeholders

Data sheet Page 29

Case Ethical dilemma Ethical Issues
Civil Examples Positives of civil servants on
servants on • Smita Sabhaewal, an IAS oficer social media
social media has questioned through social • fundamental rights of
media, “as a woman and civil freedom of speech and
servant I sit in disbelief, on expression
reading the news on thee #Bilkis • Civil servants may be using
BanoCase. social media for personal
• Shah Faisal expressed views on relation like family, relatives
AFSPA as Draconian law. and friends
• Many civil servants have their fan • Awareness creation for
pages government schemes
• Raise transparency
Negatives • Improve public participation
• It affects their dedication to public in governance
service • Motivation for new
• Threat of cyber security and aspirants
privacy • Raise personal satisfaction
• Usage during office hours show of civil servants
non-performance of duty which is
equal to moral corruption
• against the civil service values of
anonymity
• Some garner for publicity and
flaunting their social imagery
• There is some objectionable
content on social media which
may not be verified
• Sometimes fake news lead to
embarrassment for government
and the civil servant

Abortion ○ Right to life of mother

○ Right to life of foetus
○ Bodily autonomy of female
○ Sexual and reproductive
rights
○ Social stigma associated with
abortion
○ Lack of debate on safe
abortion with dignity and
respect to the pregnant
women
○ Sex determination at birth, if
girl then abortion
○ Burden on states and family
if the child comes with
Data sheet Page 30
 if the child comes with
disability
Changing ○ Always think in terms of ABC
attitude framework
case studies
Case study ○ Gandhi 7 sin of "Commerce
on business without morality"
○ Trusteeship principle
○ Compassionate capitalism
Polio ○ When only course of action is
vaccination asked then divide into Short
in tribal area term and long term course of
and action
misinformati
on about Short term
vaccine. ○ Social persuasion
My course ○ Help of local leaders
of action ○ Taking vaccine in public by
myself and my team
○ Nukkad nataks for better
information spread
○ Use of media to teach them in
vernacular language/Tribal
language
Training of medical staff
○ Sensitivity training
○ Communication training
Safety of medical staff is utmost
priority

Long term
○ There is a need for promoting
education to promote
scientific temper
○ Enhance communication
channels
○ Socio-economic development
○ Recruitment of health workers
from the local tribal
community.
○ Bottoms up approach :
increasing people participation
in decision making.
Case study ○ Tribal Panchsheel
on Tribals or ○ FRA, 2006
Environmen ○ PESA, 1996
t ○ EPA, 1986
○ WPA, 1972
Forest conservation, 1980
Data sheet Page 31
 ○ Forest conservation, 1980
○ Environment impact
assessment
Good lines When asked to remain silent on a
corruption issue
• To remain silent regarding crime is
also a crime
Minor girl ○ Life of girl vs life of foetus Course of action
pregnant, ○ Right to life for the girl I am head of the NGO
passage of ○ Right to have free will • Take the girl to medical
24 weeks, ○ Law vs morality board immediately and
sexual ○ Outraging the modesty of assess her overall health and
exploitation women her baby
○ Privacy concerns as the girl is • Written representation to
HIV positive state government and
○ Lack of social justice : Due to district magistrate for
delays in permission for exemption
abortion • Approach HC to take
exemption for this particular
case
If the court give favourable
decision, then similar precedent
must be followed in other cases

If the decision is not favourable

• Then I will ensure safe
institutional delivery of the
baby
• Arrange the transfer of baby
to foster home
• Child may get adopted and
have a normal life

Law vs Morality
Which one to choose??
• Law must be followed in
letter and spirit
• Even law is driven by
parlimentary and contitution
morality
• There must be no
procedural delays to ensure
swift law enforcement

Euthanasia

Data sheet Page 32

Euthanasia

Vishing Q. Identify the various Course of action

attacks in • Strict surveillance : Help
dimensions of the crisis ?
one district. I from CERT-IN and local
am the SP of Ethical dimension cyber security team
district ○ Erosion of morality among • Help from private sector for
youth better technology
○ Lure of easy money • Intelligence collection
○ Materialism • Strict action under IT act,
○ Corruption of politicians PMLA, IPC
Social dimension • Awareness campaign
○ High poverty and ○ Nukkad natak
unemployement in district ○ Help from local NGOs
○ Lack of education SHGs
○ Gullibility of locals ○ Local leaders
○ Reduced fear of law ○ Target schools, hospitals,
Economic dimesion community centres,
○ Hamper economic life of panchayats meeting
innocent individuals centre
○ Bad image of India at global ○ Financial literacy
stage campaign
○ Economic activity declines with • Training and skill
increasing crimes upgradation of youth
• Monitoring of politicians and
criminals nexus

Laying off I am the HR ○ Duty as HR vs

employees Course of action compassion and
due to • Deduct remuneration of top humanity
recession executives to reduce costs ○ Loss of livelihood
• Value of work and ethics should ○ Manpower vs
also be considered along with Technology
abilities ○ Lack of business ethics
• Re-skilling of employees ○ Trust and loyalty vs
• A choice to work for reduced pay Profits
for the time being ○ Shareholder benefits vs
• If firing, then 3 month notice All stakeholders
period and one time benefits
compensation
• Firing must be compassionate and
consideration of financial
condition of employees
• Promise of prefernce during re-
hiring process
Data sheet Page 33
 hiring process

○ Fee Short term

hike • Talk to private schools to
by understand the rationale of
priv hike
ate • Talk to parents to persuade
scho them and tell the school
ols rationale
○ Pare • Bring both school
nts management and parents
prot on one table
est • Formation of parents
association to give
formalisation to grievances
• No future fee hike without
advance intimation
• Reduce the family burden
based on financial status
(EWS families)

Long term
• Take parents association
into confidence before
making nay decision
• Improvement in quality of
education in government
schools
• Reasonable ceiling limit for
annual fee hike
REFUGEES Legal status Conflict between National
Case • Foreigners act 1946 interests vs Interests of Human
• Citizenship act, 1955 • One view : India practice of
abiding by international
expectations, vasudeva
kutumbakam
• Another view : Security
threats, demographic bulge,
Already India host 1 crore
refugees
Husband ○ Whether to take soft Course of action
involved in approach or harsh approach • Collect all the information
bribing. ○ Ethics in public relations • Not use any of the things
Wife is also (integrity, honesty) Vs ethics related to corruption
IAS officer in private relations (love, maintain own integrity
care, trust)

Data sheet Page 34

 maintain own integrity
care, trust) • Convince him using
○ Responsibility in marriage vs emotional intelligence
professional duty (Vibhishna story)
○ should it be ignored or really • Take help of family
one should become harsh members or mentors
• If still not persuaded then
threatened to get
separated
• If still not, then file official
compaint
• File divorce

REASONS
○ Integrity public life cannot be
compromised even for the
sake of loved ones.
○ Civil service values suggests
that one should sacrifice
personal life for public life.
○ Following Kantian ethics, she
should take decisions based
on long term gains rather than
thinking of short-term loss.
○ She should get separated
(divorce) as in future she will
face guilt, humiliation and loss
of respect from family, society
and in service also.

Sexual ○ Dignity of women

harrassment ○ Outraging the modesty
at workplace of women (Section 354
in online IPC)
mode ○ Lack of workplace
(Obscene ethics
comments ○ Gender injustice
on personal ○ Absence of digital
chat) space ethics
○ Lack of morality in
some of the male
employees

○ Mini Course of action ○ Environmental issues

ng in Short term ○ Dsiplacement
an • Ensure there is no law and order ○ Livelihood
area situation ○ Social cohesion
. • People do not resort to violence ○ Law and order situation
○ Prot • Provide continuous information to ○ Vested interests
est

Data sheet Page 35

 • Provide continuous information to ○ Vested interests
est people to prevent misinformation
by • Convince them their rights and
local livelihood will be protected
peo • Investigate the issuse and find
ple whether any involvement of
by vested interests
hugg • Send a detailed report to state
ing government
tree
s Stakeholders who can help
○ I am • Mining people : Stop mining for a
the while till protest is over
distr • Civil society/NGOs : Build social
ict connect to convince people
magi • Leader of protestors
strat
• Independenet research
e
organisations : Scientific data on
impact of mining on forests and
wildlife

Long term
• DM should work with all
stakeholder to carry out the
overall development of the
region.
• Promotion of government
schemes like Van Dhan Yojana in
the area.
• Education and basic health
services
• Social capital building for
sustained livelihood
• Ensure the ecological balance by
protection of ecologically
sensitive areas and allowing
mining only where it is legally
permissible.
• Recommend to the government
for adopting a policy for no-go-
zone, so that, illegal activity can
be identified

Child labour ○ Childhood Vs Livelihood ○ Child labour robs

due to poor ○ Law Vs Ethics: Whether the children of their
family child should be punished childhood
conditions according to law or should be ○ Lack of social, moral
forgiven as the action is not and emotional
(10.1 miilion deliberate. developments
Child labour, Compulsion vs. Free will: No Lack of free-will
Data sheet Page 36
 deliberate.
Child labour, ○ Compulsion vs. Free will: No ○ Lack of free-will
Census child would like to work as ○ not adequate social
2011) child labour if he/she has safety nets
free will. ○ Lack of ethics in
governance: it shows
failure of governance of
the state to fulfil its
social contact moral
responsibility
Bhopal case ○ Lack of compassion
of loan ○ Poor leadership
taken by LIC ○ Absence of business
employee ethics
and ○ Lack of care for
recovered employees
from 17 year ○ Absence of humanity
old minor
Sexual ○ Continue in the organisation ○ Outraging the modesty of
harrassment or resign women
at ○ Tackle matter within the ○ Gender inequality
workplace organisation or as per law ○ Against Article 23
(file an FIR) (Exploitation)
○ Compromise with existing ○ Exploitation at workplace
state of affairs vs Speaking ○ Lack of honesty (As
out against injustice management not taking
○ Focus on future career vs action against the harrasers)
inner morality ○ Poor leadership
○ Follow management advise ○ Lack of business ethics
vs crisis of conscience
Action as a CEO

Immmediate actions
• Internal enquiry
committee
• Ensuring fair enquiry by
honest and competent
individuals
• Trust building meeting
with women employees to
giving them the confidence
• Meanwhile separate the
department of both (to
avoid conflict of interest)
and better functioning of
the company

Long term actions

• Clearly define sexual
harassment and
Data sheet Page 37
 harassment and
inappropriate behaviour
• Frequent sensitisation
training of all the
employees
• Constant evaluation and
monthly reports
• Special training of staff and
management in how to
deal sexual harrassment
issues
• Hot lines for anonymous
reporting
• Take swift corrective
action when sexual
harrassment is determined
• Strengthen borader culutre
of company to promote
women respect and dignity

Polarisation ○ Ethics in public life vs Ethics ○ Freedom of speech (Article

: Civil in private life 19)
servant ○ Anonymity vs Social ○ Lack of neutrality suggested
presenting responsibility by Conduct rules
his views on ○ Conduct rules vs Human ○ Not maintaining anonymity
polarising conscience ○ Difficulties in following inner
things in ○ Urge to be part of society vs morality
society. E.g. Discipline in civil service ○ Crisis of conscience
Polarising
movie, Action
Religion • Check the past conduct of
the civil servant (To judge
the character and track
record)
• High level enquiry to
understand the need to
present his views
• Verify whether it was done
to gain political support or
involvement of vested
interests
• Give him a warning if this
is a one off mistake
• Sensitisation training for
bureacrats to remain
neutral and maintain
anonymity

Pregnant Ethical Issues Suggestions for future

Data sheet Page 38
Pregnant Ethical Issues Suggestions for future
children • Law vs morality : Following the • Standard operating
10 year old law in letter not in spirit procedure for such cases
girl pregnant • Lack of medical ethics (Trafficking, road accidents,
with 32 • Child right Rape victims)
weeks due • Right to life • Sensitivity training of judges
to court • Dignity and outraging the • Training of doctors in
delay and modesty of women handling such cases
not allowed • Health of the girl
for abortion • Social justice Course of action for me as a
human rights activist
• Pursuade chief medical
officer for allowing abortion
• In meanwhile provide
mental and physical health
facilities
• Contact local NGOs for the
help
• Go to district collector to
ensure a standard operating
procedure for future
• If the case goes to court
ensure that free legal aid is
provided
• As an activist, I would
demand a change in
legislations for more
compassionate and humane
approach

Promises by Ethical issues

minister but • Lack of leadership qualities
not fullfilled • Breach of trust
• Lack of accountability
• Integrity is not maintained
Building ○ National security vs Ecology I am appointed as head of
highway in ○ National security vs committee to give suggestions
himalayas Livelihood of local people • Detailed study from all
for benefit ○ Economic development vs perspectives and dimensions
of army Preservation of ecology (Social, security,
○ Judiciary in dilemma to Environment, Livelihoods)
whether interfere in National • Member of committee
security matters should conduct site visits
• Interact with local offcials,
local people

Suggestions
• Project must be given go-
ahead with giving priority to
Data sheet Page 39
 ahead with giving priority to
national security
• Disaster resilient
infrastructure with
minimum loss to ecology
• Rehabilitation of local
communities
• Oversight committee for
continuous monitoring and
publishing reports
Making Course of action
student to • Ensure minimum
come back infrastructure is at place
to school (Desks, Chairs)
after covid • Proper sanitisation of all the
premises
• Good teacher pupil ratio
• Extra incentive for teacher
for better motivation
• Door to door campaign for
awareness of parents and
teachers

Drug Causes of failures of de-addiction Course of action

addiction programe • Access the status of rehab
issue and de- • Traditional in nature with poor centres and stregthen them
addiction participation of governemnt and by overcoming their
programe civil society problems
• Lack of funds and physical • Focus on sources and
infrastructure channels of drug supply and
• Never ending supply of drugs action against it
• Nexus of politics, bureacracy and • Community awareness
criminals program with help of NGOs,
• Using one size-fits all approach SHGs, Panchayats
• Special helpline for mental
health issues
• Ultimately the goal must be
to decriminalise drugs
Resignation Ethical issues
of civil • Keeping personal interest in
servants due front of public service
to poor • Punishment to honest
structure, officials
hard • Poor incentive structure
postings • Lack of civil service values
• Loss to government and
society as he served 15
years and got so much of

Data sheet Page 40

 years and got so much of
experience

Suggestions
• Revamp incentive
mechanism
• 360 degree appraisals to
understand the difficulties
• Permant board for postings
and transfers
• Set accountability of board
and appoint only officers
with best track record of
integrity
• Motivate the civil servants
that even hard postings can
be utilised as learning
grounds

Falsification Ethical dilemma Ethical Issues

of covid data • Value of medical ethics vs • Lack of integrity by MLA in
to show low Directive by government to show such crisis situation
number of less deaths • Lack of scientific temper
deaths • Personal integrity vs government shown by MLA
directive • Lack of committement for
• Short term gain of covid free public service duty
constituency vs long term health
implications Course of action

Knowing and understanding

• Understand the SOP of data
maintenance
• Identify the people assigned
with the task
• Look into past records

Action stage
• Arrange brainstorming
session with all employees
concerned
• Educate them about the
importance of maintaining
transparency
• Design accountability
mechanism
• Use ICT effectively
• Send the report to
appropriate authority after
completion
Data sheet Page 41
 completion

Effective Suggestions
implementat • Increase in Use of ICT in RTI
ion of RTI • Identification of Genuine RTI
activists and protecting them
• Sensitivity training to PIOs
• Strengthen criminal justice system
• Appoinment of PIOs to vacant
posts
• Mandatory monthly report of RTI
filed and answered. It will raise
accountability
• Protection to RTI activists under
whistleblowers act
Human Ethical issues Course of action
trafficking of • Right to life • Lodge complaint
a young girl • Right against exploitation (Article immediately
23) • Maintain anonymity of
• Loss of dignity and respect victim at all the times
• Situation of helplessness • If possible, obtain the search
• Lack of social justice warrant from judicial
• Bonded labour through human magistrate
trafficking • The rescuing team must
have female officers
• Interview of the girl by
female officials
• Arrest the offenders if
present on the site

Post rescue procedure

• Legal counselling
• Medical counselling
• Medical care

Remedies for future

• Improve the database
• Good patrolling at locations
prone to trafficking
• Special training to policie
officers
• Special team at national and
state level focus majorly to
track and rescue trafficked
individuals
• Coordination with railways
police
• CCTV cameras at major

Data sheet Page 42

 • CCTV cameras at major
transit locations : Bus stand,
railway station
• Contact with neighbouring
nations, especially Nepal,
Bhutan, Bangladesh

Overchargin Ethical issues Course of action

g in • Compromise medical ethics
hospitals/an • Patient life Knowing stage
y other • Lack of transparency • Take stock of situation,
wrongdoings • Poor accountability • See who all are involved
in hospitals • Learn the proceudre and
laws related

Action stage
• Inform senior management
and seek remedy
• Inform CMO
• Inform medical council and
seek remedy

Whistle blowing if all the acts

fail

Disaster management case study

I am the District magistrate, flood in the area
○ Call emergency meetings of all senior officials for effective planning
○ Assess the available resources
○ Create several teams and assign specific roles
○ Emergency response teams and special helpline
○ Assistance from central government
○ Identify areas (Schools, hospitals) where rescued vicitims can be rahabilitated
○ Broadcast meesages for trapped vicitims
○ Ensure local shopkeeper are not hoarding and creating monopoly
○ Make a team for lost and found articles

Data sheet Page 43

Judge the behaviour of company on ethical principles
○ Common good principle
○ Public service principle
○ Utilitarian principle : Greatest good for the greatest number
○ Kantian principle
○ Trust and confidence
○ Duty towards the society

Flow chart in course of action

○ Write in possibilities with arrows

Ethical issues involved

○ Honestly and Integrity
○ Personal vs Professional ethics
○ Impartiality
○ Non-partisanship : Politics related
○ Selflessness
○ Test of moral strength (Morality)

Ethical dilemma
○ Ends vs means
○ Following law vs inner conscience
○ Business ethics vs Profitability
○ Personal ethics vs Professional duty
○ Profitability vs Environment
○ Responsibility vs Escapism

Ethical Issues in different case studies

International ethics
○ Nationalism vs Internationalism
○ Duty towards citizens vs duty towards humanity
○ National interest vs value of peace and humanity
○ Patriotism vs Nationalism

Society Ethics
○ Individual rights vs social interest
○ Traditional values vs Modern democratic values

Environmental ethics
○ Ecology vs Economic development
○ Profitability vs Sustainability
Humano cetrism vs Bio centrism
Data sheet Page 44
○ Humano cetrism vs Bio centrism

Case studies on Private sector

○ Responsibility and accountability towards all the stakeholders (Customers, Shareholders,
Managements , Regulators)
○ Transpareny and disclosure
○ Integrity, loyality and honesty
○ Responsiveness
○ Quality of products and services
End wth Gandhi's line that Corporates are just the trustees of the people and their ultimate aim must be in
public interest

Ethical dilemmas
○ Ends vs Means
○ Responsibility vs Escapism

End of case studies lines

○ As Gandhi ji has rightly said: “I will not let anyone walk through my mind with their dirty feet.”
○ As per a Greek saying: - “let the evil come in this world, let it even dominate this world, but not through
me.” If every person has same view than the wrong will never happen.
○ Altruism : As Kant has said, altruism is rational as it is irrational not to help others knowing that
someday you also will need their help
○ Gandhi Talisman
○ Vibhishana in Ramayana took the side of truth even against his brother and king Ravana, whereas Karna
in Mahabharata remained loyal to his friend, Duryodhana. We all know the results of their choices
○

Options available
○ Normal going with unfair means
○ The correct means
○ General options
 Resign
 Take tranfer
Write Merits and demerits of options in table

Types of training
○ Sensitivity training
○ Role playing training
○ Relaxation training : Yoga course
○ Communication training : Verbal and Non verbal cues

Social Issue case study

Data sheet Page 45

Social Issue case study

○ Intro : Discuss the issue. Some facts, laws etc.

○ Ethical issues : Write all the issues. E.g. Poor water quality, Manual scavenging, Social discrimination.
Then write the values inside them.
○ Options available
○ Merits/Demerits of the options
○ Course of action and Justification of the action
Social issues ( E.g. Female foeticide)
○ Write a letter to senior official to start an enquiry
○ Use government schemes ( Beti bachao beti padhao, MGNREGA)
○ Take help of local leaders, teachers, doctors across gender, communities for awareness
○ Social awareness campaign in schools, hospitals and other public places
○ Nukkad Nataks
○ Mobilise local NGOs, civil society
○ Help of local, national media houses to make people aware of the situation
○ Special training, sensitization
○ Make your subordinated aware and educated about the issues so they can spread the message
○ Role model approach. Show role model from the village itself who are successful. Or invite celebrity to
raise their enthusiasm
○ Start doing yourself for 1 hour daily to lead by an example

Artificial Intelligence
NITI Aayog Doc
7 Principles
○ Principle of Safety and Reliability
○ Principle of Equality
○ Principle of Inclusivity and Non-discrimination
○ Principle of Privacy and security
○ Principle of Transparency
○ Principle of Accountability
○ Principle of protection and reinforcement of positive human values

Ethical Concerns
○ Safe and reliable deployement : Black box problem
○ Can the relevant stakeholders understand why the specific decision was made : Fraud detection,
Credit scoring
○ Consistency across stakeholders : No cognitive biases
○ Incorrect decision leading to exclusion from particular services : Benficiary identification system,
Criminal identification system
○ Accountability of decision : Self-driving car making an accident : Who is accountable? Programmer,
Owner, Company etc.
○ Privacy risks : Privacy concerns over training data
○ Security risks
○ Impact on Jobs
○ Legal responsibility

Data sheet Page 46

Stakeholders in AI
○ Government
○ Private sector
○ Business
○ Citizens
○ Research community
○ Regulators
○ Standard setting body
○ Security auditors

Relevant Constitution articles

○ Ar. 14 : Right to equality
○ Ar. 15, 16 : Right against discrimination
○ Ar. 21 : Right to life and healthcare
○ Ar 21 : Right to privacy
○ Ar 38 : State DPSP for economic equality
○ Transparency and accountability : Superme court

Ethic in International relations

Significance of International ethics
• Principles laid down by UN
• Sustainable development goals
• Common but differentiated responsibilities
• Easy loans and aids to poor and developing countries
• India support during nepal earthquake, Solving Srilanka Crisis
• Global collaboration during covid crisis
• Non alignment movement (NAM)

Ethical Challenges
• Rising inequality due to globalisation
• Neo-colonialism in name of uplifting from poverty
• Concept of good terrorist and bad terrorist
• Lack of responsibilities by developed countries

Data sheet Page 47