Assignment I

#1

Given the following data

Year 1944 1954 1964 1974 1984 1994
Population 62000 75000 100500 135000 175000 212000

Year Population Change(∆p) % change(%∆p)

1944 62000 (p2-p1) (p2-p1)*100/p1
1954 75000 13000 20.97
1964 100500 25500 34.00
1974 135000 34500 34.33
1984 175000 40000 29.63
1994 212000 37000 21.14

Average Change=(13000+25500+34500+40000+37000)/5= 30,000

%Average Change=(20.97+34.00 +34.33+29.63+21.14)/5= 28.01 %
I)using arithmetic method

Pn=P0+Kt
P0=212000
Where, k=3000 &
t=(2015-1994)/10=2.1 decades
P2015=212000+30000*(2.1)=275,000

II) Using geometric mean method

Pn=P0(1+AGR/100)n

=212000(1+28.01/100)2.1
=356,081 People

III) Using decreasing rate of increase method

Saturation Population (Ps) = (2P0P1P2-P12 (P0+P2))/ (P0 P2- P12)

Ps = (2*135000*175000*212000-1750002*(135000+212000))/ (135000*212000-1750002)
Ps = 304,200 people.
Kd = -LN ((ps-p2)/(ps-p1))/(T2-T1) = -LN ((304,200 -212,000)/( 304,200 -175,000))/(10) = 0.03374

Kd = 0.03374

Pn = P2 + (Ps-P2) (1-e-( Kd*∆t))

∆t=2015-1994=21 year.

P2015= 212,000 + (350,000 -212,000) (1-e-( -0.02375*21))= 258,805 People

#2

Given
 Present population (p0) = 58,000
Population after 20 years (p20) = 72,000
Population factor = p20/ p0 =72,000/58,000 = 1.25

Q0 day-avg = 9,526,500 m3/12 month = 9,526,500 m3/ (365 day) = 26,100 m3 /day
Q0 day-max = 42,000,000 liter/day = 42,000 m3 /day

Solution
Q20 day-avg = 1.25*26,100 m3 /day = 32,625 m3 /day
Q20 day-max = 1.25*42,000 m3 /day = 52,500 m3 /day
# 3.

Given
Q=300l/c/d
Population =120,000

Solution Q3
P = 120,000
Domestic demand = 120,000 x 300 L /c/d/ (1000 m3/L) = 36,000 m3/day
QF = 231.6 P (1-0.01 P) = 231.6 120,000/1000(1-0.01 120,000/1000) = 2,259.13 m3/day
Assume Q day-max F = 1.6 and PHF = 2
Q day-max = 1.6 x 36,000 m3/day = 57,600 m3/day
Q hr-max = 2 x 36,000 m3/day =72,000 m3/day
The capacity of water treatment plant = 57,600 m3/day

The design capacity of the water distribution system = max (72,000 m3/day; 57,600 + 2,259.13 m3/day) =
59,859.13 m3/day

#4.
Given
Population=40,000
Per capita water demand=150l/c/d
Institutional & commercial area=200 ha

Industrial area=100 ha
Expected water demand=20m3/ha/day for institutional areas &
15m3/ha/day for industries
Unaccounted & system loss = 15% of the total water
Public water demand=5% of the total water
Required= Total water demand excluding fire flow. a

Solution Q-4
P = 40,000

Domestic demand = 40,000 x150 L /c /d x (m3/1000 L) = 6,000 m3/day

Institutional and commercial demand = 200 ha x 20 m3 /ha /day = 4,000 m3/day
Industrial areas demand = 100 ha x 15m3/ha/day = 1,500 m3/day
Public water demand and unaccounted for system losses = 20% of total demands.
(Domestic + Institutional and commercial + Industrial demands) accounts 80 % of the total demands.
From this (6,000 + 4,000 + 1,500) =11,500 m3/day = 80%

? = 100%

Total demand = 11,500 m3/day x 100% ÷ 80% = 14,375 m3/day

#5

Given data bellow in the table

q = 150 – 99.6e-0.04t; where, q = per capita demand [l/c/d]

t = is time in years starting from 1985.
Population census records

Year 1985 1995 2005

Population 5000 7500 9480

Qdaymax=175% of the average day demand

Qpeakhur=250% of the average day demand

a. The design capacity of a treatment plant if it is to serve the town until the end of 2020.
b. The design capacity of the distribution main

Use the decreasing rate of increase method for population forecasting and assume a fire demand of
3m3/min.

Solution

Year 1985 1995 2005 2020

Population 5,000 7,500 9,480 10,847

Per capita demand(l/c/d) 50.4 83.24 105.25 125.44

Average demand (m3/d) 252 624.3 997.8 1360.64

Q day-max 441 1092.5 1746.2 2381.1

Q peak-hr 630 1560.8 2494.5 3401.5

Using decreasing rate of increase method

Saturation Population (Ps) = (2P0P1P2-P12 (P0+P2))/ (P0 P2- P12)

Ps = (2*5000*7500*9480-75002*(5000+9480))/ (5000*9480-75002)
Ps = 11700 people
Kd = -LN ((ps-p2)/(ps-p1))/(T2-T1) = -LN ((11700 -9480)/( 11700 -7500))/(10) = 0.063758

Kd = 0.063758

Pn = P2 + (Ps-P2) (1-e-( Kd*∆t))

∆t=2020-2005=15 year.

P2020= 9480 + (15,000 -9480) (1-e-( 0.063758*15))= 10,847 people

Fire Demand (QF) = 3m3/min = 3*24*60 m3/day = 4320 m3/day

For Treatment plants design (Q day-max) = 2381.1 m3/day

For design capacity of the distribution main=Max(Q peak-hr; Q day-max+ QF)

Max (3401.5; 2381.1+ 4320) = 6701.1 m3/day

Water Supply and Urban Drainage

Assignment-2
1. The following observations were recorded during a pumping out test on a tube well penetrating fully
in an unconfined aquifer:
Well diameter: 25 cm
Discharge from the well: 300 m3/hour
R.L. of original water surface, before pumping started = 122.0 m
R.L. of water level in the well at constant pumping = 111.1 m
R.L. of water level in the observation well = 121.3 m
R.L. of impervious layer = 92.0 m
Radial distance of observation well from the tube well = 50 m
Determine:
A) The field permeability coefficient of the free aquifer, and
B) Radius of zero drawdown.

Given
 2rw=25cm
 Q=300m3/hr
 h1=121.3m-92m=29.3m
 h0=122m-92m=30m
 hw=111.1m-92m=19.1m
Required
A) K B) r0

solution

A) =
ℏ

/
=
( . . ) . ×

K=1.16m/hr= 3.2 x 10-2cm/s

ℏ
B) =

. / ( . )
300 /ℎ =

a = 0.504

r0=82.79
2) A tube well penetrates fully an 8 m thick water bearing stratum (confined) of medium sand having
coefficient of permeability of 0.004 m/sec. The well radius is 15 cm and is to be worked under a
drawdown of 3 m at the well face. Calculate the discharge from the well. What will be percentage
increase in the discharge if the radius of the well is doubled? Take radius of zero drawdown equal to 400
m in each case.

Given
 b=8m
 K=0.004m/sec
 rw=150m
 r0=400m
 s0=3
Required
a) Q
b) Percentage increase in Q when rw doubled

Solution
( )
A) =

ℎ − hw = s0=3m

× . / × ( )
Q=
×
 Q=6603.06m3/day

B) rw=30cm
× . / × ( )
Q=
×

Q=7239.14m3/day
Percentage increase=9.63

3) Design a tube well for the following data:

(i) Yield required = 0.2 cumec
(ii) Thickness of confined aquifer = 40 m
(iii) Radius of circle of influence = 300 m
(iv) Permeability of coefficient = 80 m/day
(v) Drawdown = 6 m

Given
 h-hw=6m
 k=80m/day
 b=40m
 Q=0.2m3/s

Required
 Design the well

Solution
( )
Q=
× / × ×
0.2m3/sec =

6.978 = ln

rw=27.9cm=28cm

4) Table 1 gives the mean monthly flow of a river for a low flow water year. It is proposed to locate a
dam at the site where the direct rainfall, evaporation and demands are as given in the table. Determine
the required storage capacity. Assume the net increase in reservoir surface area to be 350 ha.

Month Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb Mar. Apr. May Jun.

Mean monthly 35 28 25 30 18 5 2 3 5 6 4 1
flow, m3/s
Rainfall, 12.5 15.0 14.0 2.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 10.0
cm/month
Evap, 15.5 8.5 7.0 12.0 6.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 19.0 20.0
cm/month
Demand, 1150 1700 2400 3500 4200 4200 4300 4250 4200 2000 1200 1100
x104m3/month

Solution

Mean
monthly
flow, Rainfall, Evap,
Mont m /mont m3/mont m3/mont inflow
3
Demand,m Cumulative cumulative cumulative
h h h h m3/month 3/month Demand in flow Deficiency deficiency

Jul. 9072 43.75 54.25 9061.5 1150 1150 9061.5 -7911.5 0

Aug. 7257.6 52.5 29.75 7280.35 1700 2850 16341.85 -5580.35 0

Sep. 6480 49 24.5 6504.5 2400 5250 22846.35 -4104.5 0

Oct. 7776 8.75 42 7742.75 3500 8750 30589.1 -4242.75 0

Nov. 4665.6 1.75 21 4646.35 4200 12950 35235.45 -446.35 0

Dec. 1296 0 14 1282 4200 17150 36517.45 2918 2918

Jan. 518.4 0 17.5 500.9 4300 21450 37018.35 3799.1 6717.1

Feb. 777.6 0 24.5 753.1 4250 25700 37771.45 3496.9 10214

Mar. 1296 0 35 1261 4200 29900 39032.45 2939 13153

Apr. 1555.2 7 42 1520.2 2000 31900 40552.65 479.8 13632.8

May 1036.8 14 66.5 984.3 1200 33100 41536.95 215.7 13848.5

Jun. 259.2 35 70 224.2 1100 34200 41761.15 875.8 14724.3

The required storage capacity = 14724.3 x 104 m3

Add 20% for safety = 1.2 x 14724.3 x 104 m3 = 17565.48 x 104 m3
5) An artesian well is pumped at a constant rate of Q = 2 m3/min. The recorded drawdowns at different
times at a distance r = 92 m from the pumping well are given in Table 2.
A) Determine T and S by the Cooper-Jacob method
B) Calculate the radius of influence at t = 45 min and 100 min

A)
s’= 0.1695ln(t) - 0.5092
ln(t)=(s’+0.5092)/ 0.1695
to find to ,s’=0
to=20.168sec
∆s’ = [(0.1695ln(100) - 0.5092) – (0.1695ln(10) - 0.5092)]
= 0.271- (-0.119)
= 0.390m

.
=
∆

. ∗ /
=
∗ ∗ .

T = 0.939m /min

2.25
= 2

2
2.25∗0.939 ∗0.336
= 2
(92 )

= 8.387 ∗ 10
B) At t=45min

.
=

. ∗ . / ∗
=
. ∗
r=1064.70m
At 100min

. ∗ . / ∗
=
. ∗
r=1587.16m
6) Table 3 below gives the details about the average seasonal discharges of a river for 12 years.
Determine the storage capacity required to maintain a flow of 475 cumecs throughout the year

TABLE 3
Year 16th June to 30th 1st Oct. to 31st 1st April to 15th
Sept. (cumecs) March (cumecs) June (cumecs)
1960-61 1050 300 50
1961-62 3000 250 40
1962-63 3500 370 90
1963-64 2000 150 120
1964-65 1200 350 65
1965-66 1400 400 100
1966-67 3600 200 80
1967-68 3000 150 120
1968-69 700 210 50
1969-70 800 120 80
1970-71 2400 320 120
1971-72 3200 280 80

Given
 Average seasonal discharge of river
 Demand = 475 m3/sec

Required
 Storage Capacity

Solution
Year Inflow Demand Deficiency Cum. Deficiency
1960-61 1050 475 -575 0
300 475 175 175
50 475 425 600
1961-62 3000 475 -2525 0
250 475 225 225
40 475 435 660
1962-63 3500 475 -3025 0
370 475 105 105
90 475 385 490
1963-64 2000 475 -1525 0
150 475 325 325
120 475 355 680
1964-65 1200 475 -725 0
350 475 125 125
65 475 410 535
1965-66 1400 475 -925 0
400 475 75 75
100 475 375 450
1966-67 3600 475 -3125 0
200 475 275 275
80 475 395 670
1967-68 3000 475 -2525 0
150 475 325 325
120 475 355 680
1968-69 700 475 -225 455
210 475 265 720
50 475 425 1145
1969-70 800 475 -325 820
120 475 355 1175
80 475 395 1570(max)
1970-71 2400 475 -1925 0
320 475 155 155
120 475 355 510
1971-72 3200 475 -2725 0
280 475 195 195
80 475 395 590

The required reservoir Capacity =1570 m3, add 20% for safety =1884 m3

10
7. A 20 cm diameter well penetrating a confined aquifer is pumped at a uniform rate of 30 lit/s
and the drawdowns measured in an observation well 60 m away are given below.
Construct the Type Curve (Use Excel spreadsheet) and determine the aquifer parameters T and S
using the Theis method and estimate the drawdown in the well at the end of 7 days pumping .

t, hours 0.0167 0.0333 0.0666 0.1333 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
s, meter 0.20 0.30 0.41 0.53 0.76 0.90 1.00 1.07 1.12

t, min t,sec s, m
1 60 0.201
1.5 90 0.265
2 120 0.302
2.5 150 0.338
3 180 0.369
4 240 0.415
5 300 0.454
6 360 0.485
8 480 0.533
10 600 0.567
12 720 0.6
14 840 0.634
18 1080 0.671
24 1440 0.719
30 1800 0.759
40 2400 0.8
50 3000 0.847
60 3600 0.878
80 4800 0.927
100 6000 0.963
120 7200 1
150 9000 1.042
Solve for zero drawdown 180 10800 1.07
s' = 0.169ln(t) - 0.509 210 12600 1.1
to =e(0.509/0.169)
to =20.32sec =0.34 min

8 Well interference problem. Three wells are located at 75-m intervals along a straight line. Each
well is 0.50 m in diameter. The coefficient of transmissivity is 2.63 x 10-3 m2/s, and the storage
coefficient is 2.74 x 10-4. Determine the drawdown at each well if each well is pumped at 4.42 x
10-2 m3/s for 10 days. Draw the drawdown curves for the three wells.

11
Given
 Well interference problem
 Three wells located at 75-m intervals along a straight line.
 Diameter of well 0.50 m
 T = 2.63 x 10-3 m2/s,
 S = 2.74 x 10-4
 Q 1=Q2 = Q3 = 4.42 x 10-2 m3/s
 t = 10days = 864,000 sec
Required
 Drawdown at each well
 Draw the drawdown curves for the three wells.
Solution
Drawdown at well 1
From well 1
2.3 2.25
= ( )
4

2.3 ∗ 4.42 ∗ 10 2.25 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10 / ∗ 864,000

= ( )
(0.25 ) ∗ 2.74 ∗ 10
4 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10

= 26.07
From well 2

2.3 ∗ 4.42 ∗ 10 2.25 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10 / ∗ 864,000

= ( )
(75 ) ∗ 2.74 ∗ 10
4 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10

= 10.83
From well 3

2.3 ∗ 4.42 ∗ 10 2.25 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10 / ∗ 864,000

= ( )
(150 ) ∗ 2.74 ∗ 10
4 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10

= 8.98
Drawdown at well 1 = 26.07 m + 10.83 m + 8.98 m = 45.88 m

Drawdown at well 2

12
From well 1= 3
2.3 2.25
= ( )
4

2.3(4.42 ∗ 10 ) / 2.25 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10 ∗ 864,000

= ( )
4 (2.63 ∗ 10 ) / (75 ) ∗ 2.74 x 10

= 10.83
From well 2

2.3(4.42 ∗ 10 ) / 2.25 ∗ 2.63 ∗ 10 ∗ 864,000

= ( )
4 (2.63 ∗ 10 ) / (0.25 ) ∗ 2.74 x 10

= 26.07
Drawdown at well 2 = 10.83 m + 26.07 m + 10.83 m = 47.73 m

Drawdown at well 3
The same as well 1 = 45.888
9. Two wells located 106.68 m apart are both pumping at the same time. Well A pumps at 0.0379
m 3 /s and well B pumps at 0.0252 m 3 /s. The diameter of each well is 0.460 m. The
transmissivity is 4.35 x 103 m 2 /s and the storage coefficient is 4.1 x 10-5.What is the
interference of well A on well B after 365 days of pumping? Find also the total drawdown in
well B after 365 days of pumping

Given

 Two wells located 106.68 m apart

 Q A = 0.0379 m 3 /s
 QB = 0.0252 m 3 /s
 Diameter = 0.460 m.
 T = 4.35 x 10 -3 m 2 /s
 S = 4.1 x 10-5
 t = 365 days

Required
 Interference of well A on well B
 Total drawdown in well B

Solution

13
Interference of well A on well B

2.3 2.25
= ( )
4
2.3 ∗ 0.0379 2.25 ∗ 4.35 ∗ 10 ∗ 365 ∗ 86400( )
= ( )
4 ∗ 4.35 ∗ 10 (106.68 ) ∗ 4.1 ∗ 10

s’ = Interference of well A on well B = 9.282m

Drawdown in well B from well B

2.3 2.25
= ( )
4
2.3 ∗ 0.0252 2.25 ∗ 4.35 ∗ 10 ∗ 365 ∗ 86400( )
= ( )
4 ∗ 4.35 ∗ 10 (0.23 ) ∗ 4.1 ∗ 10

s' =11.83 m
Total drawdown in well B
s' = 11.83m + 9.28 m =21.11 m

10 Given
 Design flow rate =190 m 3 /d for the average day
 Top of reservoir = 50 m above ground level
 Friction losses = minor losses in piping from well to top of reservoir = 0.15 m
 Altitude = 2500 m above mean sea level
 Static water level before pumping = 5.2 m below grade
Extract from Well Log

Strata Thickness, m Depth, m

Sand 7.6 7.6
Glacial till 19.8 27.4
Gravel 9.1 36.5
Dolomite 53.3 89.8
Shale 61.0 150.8
Sand 38.7 189.5
Shale Well terminated

Drawdown at observation well 300.0 m from test well pumped at 0.035 m3/s

Time, min Drawdown, m

100 3.10
500 4.70
1,700 5.90

14
Required
 Well diameter
 Transmissivity T,
 Storage coefficient S
 Drawdown
 Pump requirement assume 6 hrs of pumping

6.5
s' = 0.988ln(t) - 1.449
6
R² = 1
5.5
5
s' , m

4.5
4
3.5
3
10 100 1000 10000
t, min

s' = 0.988ln(t) - 1.449

Solve for zero drawdown, s’ = 0
0 = 0.988ln(t) - 1.449
t0 = 4.334 min
Δs’ = (0.988ln (100) - 1.449) - (0.988ln (10) - 1.449)
Δs’ = 2.275 m

Transmissivity T,

. . ∗ . /
= ′ =
.

T = 2.82 x 10-3 m2/s

Storage coefficient S

. . ∗ . ∗ / ∗ . ∗
= = ( )
-5
S = 1.83 x 10

Drawdown s’

15
 2.3 2.25
= ( )
4
2.3 ∗ 0.035 / 2.25 ∗ 2.82 ∗ 10 / ∗ 21600
= ( )
4 ∗ 2.82 ∗ 10 / (300 ) ∗ 1.83 ∗ 10
= 4.362

16