The Nature of Art and Assumptions 3.

Art involves experience – Art cannot be

About Art abstracted from actual doing. To know art
is to
experience art.
Art is all around us. Whether we like it or
not, knowingly or unknowingly, we all
participate in appreciation of different
Skills alone is not enough to create a great
forms of art in our everyday life.
work , a great work must posses
-The reason we appreciate these things
Creativity – requires thinking outside the
and the people behind these things is
box , it is what set apart one artwork from
because
the another (uniquness)
-we see BEAUTY in them. BEAUTY is also
Imagination- allows endless posibilities ,
identical to GOODNESS.
imagination is more important than
The aim of Art Appreciation is to help knowledge
students develop their ability to ANALYZE,
Expression- not a reflection of what is
CRITICIZE and JUDGE works of art which
outside or external to them but a reflection
are truly good and the people behind those
of their interest.
artworks.
Art appreciation therefore is a way of
life.
-Students should learn how to analyze and Philosophical Perspectives on Art
identify which things are truly good and
beautiful, which artist or individual is truly Plato
giving out a good message, idea, opinion,
experience, etc using their art. Art as an imitation - Things in this world

Art is from the Latin word “ars” which are only copies of the original
means “craft or specific skill”
➢ They appeal to emotion rather than
Artwork – a product of any craft or specific reason.
skill
➢ They imitate rather than lead one to
So for something to be considered an reality.
“artwork” it should be:
Aristotle
Elements of art
Art as representation – an attempt to
1. Made by man
represent what things might be.
2. A product of a specific skill
➢ Art allows for the experience of pleasure.
Assumptions about Art
➢ Art has an ability to be instructive and
1. Art is Universal – Art is timeless. It is teach audience about life.
present in every culture. It is in every
nation, every language, every region.
2. Art is not nature – Art is made
by man, whereas nature is given around
us.
Immanuel Kant ❑ An art form where the artist expresses
his emotions through words. (ORAL)
Art as a disinterested Judgment –
judgment of beauty can be universal Architecture
despite its subjectivity.
❑ The making of beautiful buildings. It
➢ Subjective taste does not focus on the should embody 3 important elements:
properties of the object itself but rather on
the pleasure one experiences as he • Plan • Construction • Design
responds to it. To call and architecture artwork need the
➢ Universal taste is non-aesthetic and construction should be unique
does not consider the beauty of the work, Dance
but rather,the artwork is appreciated for
what it is. ❑ A series of movements that follows the
rhythm of the music accompaniment.
- Dance is freestyle
Leo Tolstoy - Cheography is synchronized
❑ Art as a communication of emotion – Literary Art
art plays a huge role in communication
to its audience’s emotions that the artist ❑ Focuses on writing using a unique style,
previously experienced. not following a specific format or norm.

➢ If language communicates information, Theater

art communicates emotions.
❑ Uses live performers to present
➢ It makes accessible feelings and accounts or imaginary events before a live
emotions of people from the past and audience. (live performances)
present.

Music
Forms of Expressions / Genres of Art
❑ The art of sound expressed through a
Visual Art song, through the use of instruments or a
combination of both.
❑ Appeals to sense of sight
Applied Arts
❑ The kind of art form that the population
is most likely more exposed to. (ex, ❑ Incorporating elements of style and
painting, sculpture and drawing) design to everyday items with the aim of
increasing their aesthetic value (Ex.
Film Jewelry making, fashion design, pottery
making)
❑ Refers to the art of putting together
succession of still, images in order to
create an illusion of movement.
(RECORDED) Subject and Content

Performance Art usually try to recognize and identify:

• One must be able to extract a specific
❑ A form of live art and the artist’s medium
image
is mainly the human body.
• Isolate the artist or makers’ intention
Poetry Performance
• Unearth a particular meaning 5. Religion - Artists used as inspiration the
religious texts as the Bible, Quran and
Basic Components of a work of art
Torah in conveying their ideas and beliefs
1. Subject – refers to the visual focus of the through their art works.
image that may be extracted from
6. Mythology - These are sources of
examining the artwork
subjects that come from the stories of gods
2.Content the meaning that is and goddesses of Ancient Greece, Rome,
communicated by the artist or the artwork Norse and Egyptians.

3.Form the development and configuration 7. Dreams and Fantasy - The wonder of
of the artwork. how the elements and the the unconscious is what is being expressed
medium or material are put together by art works under this subject source.

Types of Subject 8. Technology - The modernity of the

present is also an inspiration being used by
• Representational art –refer to objects or artists as a source of subject.
events occurring in the real world. it also
called figurative art because the figures Content in Art
depicted are easy to make out and
Different Levels of Meaning
decipher
• Factual meaning – the literal statement
• Non-representational art - does not
or the narrative content in the work which
make a reference to the real world whether
can be directly apprehended because the
it is a person, place, thing or even a
objects presented are easily recognized.
particular event
Example:
- mainly visual elements such as shapes,
lines and colors that are employed If it is a drawing of a leaf, then the factual
totranslate a particular feeling, emotion and meaning is a leaf.
even concept
Conventional meaning – refers to the
Sources of Subject special meaning that a certain object
1. Nature - in the broadest sense, is or color has for a particular culture or group
equivalent to the natural world, physical of people. It also pertains to the
universe, material world or material acknowledged interpretation of the artwork
universe. using motifs, signs, symbol and other
cyphers as bases of its meaning.
2. People - They are considered the most
interesting subject of an artwork which may Example:
be real or imagined. People as subjects
If it is a drawing of a leaf, but it is a maple
may be presented as individuals or groups.
leaf, then the conventional meaning is, it
3. History - It is the depiction of factual represents the country Canada.
events that occurred in the past whose
• Subjective meaning – these meanings
purpose is either to remember important
stem from the viewer’s or audience’
events of long ago or to teach the learners
circumstances that come into play when engaging
about the lessons of the past. with art. The meaning may not be singular, rather,
multiple and varied.
4. Legends - Artworks based on legends
present to viewers of the art something Factors affecting subjective meaning:
tangible even when unverified. 1. What we know

2. What we learned
3. What we experienced 3 types of paper: hot-pressed paper is smooth, cold-
pressed paper has moderate texture, and the rough
4. The values we stand for paper has the most texture.
This is why if we listen to a song or watch a movie, 6. Painting described as the art of creating beautiful
the lesson that student 1 may effects on a flat surface. It is the process of applying
paint onto a smooth surface like paper, cloth, canvas,
learn may be different from the lesson that student 2
wood or plaster.
may acquire.

The Different Media used for Painting

The Medium of Visual Art
1. Watercolor – for watercolor paints, the pigments
Two types of Visual Art are mixed with water and applied
A. Graphic or Two-dimensional Art (drawing) to paper.
B. Plastic or Three-dimensional Art (SCULPTURE) 2. Gouache – this is paint in which the pigment has
Graphic or Two-dimensional Art been mixed with water and added with a chalk-like
material to give it an opaque effect.
Drawing - the fundamental skill needed in the visual
art 3. Oil Paints – the pigments are mixed with oil as its
binder. This medium was discovered by a Flemish
The Different Media for Drawing painter Jan Van Eyck in the 15th century.

1.Pencil – this is made of graphite which comes in 4. Tempera – this is pigment mixed with egg yolk as
different hardness or thickness, making possible a binder. Sometimes gum or glue is used in place of
wide range of value egg. The ideal surface for tempera is wood.

5. Fresco – this is pigment mixed with water and

applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster. The
Shading techniques wet plaster allows the color to stick to the surface and
thus, becomes a permanent part of the wall
Hatching – is drawing a series of parallel lines that
run in the same direction 6. Acrylic – this is the modern medium of synthetic
paint using acrylic emulsion as binder. It is widely
Cross–hatching – is drawing a series of thin parallel
used by contemporary painters. It has the quick
lines and criss-crossing it with another set of thin
drying quality of watercolor and is as flexible as oil
parallel lines.
paints..
Stippling – is using the sharp point of the pencil to
Mosaic – are wall or floor decorations made of small
make dot patterns to create depth in some parts of
tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or
the drawing.
glass called tesserae. These are meticulously fitted
Blending – accomplished by using the finger or a together to form a pattern and glued with plaster or
paper stump to gradually change the tone from dark cement
to light.
Collage- – derived from a French word “coller” which
2. Ink – one of the oldest material for drawing that is means “to stick”. A collage is a technique of making
still in use. It allows for a great variety of qualities, an artwork by gluing or pasting on a firm support
depending on the tools and technique used in materials or found objects
application.
Printmaking- a process used for making
3.Pastel – composed of dry pigment held together by reproductions of graphic works. Printmaking allows
a gum binder and compressed into sticks. There are for the repeated transfer of a master image from a
3 kinds of pastel: soft pastel, hard pastel and oil printing plate onto a surface.
pastel.

4. Charcoal – this is an organic medium that comes

B. Plastic or Three-Dimensional Art
from burnt wood. There are 2 kinds of charcoal: the
compressed or manufactured charcoal and the vine Sculpture – the word sculpture has originated from
charcoal. the Latin word “sculpere” which means “to carve”. It
is defined as the art or practice of creating three-
5. Paper – the most common surface used in two-
dimensional forms or figures.
dimensional art. Paper is an organic material made
from wood, grass and linen rags. There are generally
3 Kinds of Sculpture Medium of Music

Freestanding – these are sculptures which can be Vocal Medium – the oldest and most popular
viewed from all sides. medium for music is the human voice. It is the most
personal as it comes from within the person.
Relief – These are sculptures in which the figures
project from a background. Vocal Medium

• Low relief (bas relief) – the figures are slightly raised 1. Soprano – is the highest female singing voice.
from its background, less shadows are created.
2. Contra Alto – is a female singing voice that is low
• High relief – almost half of the figures project from and rich in quality.
its background, more shadows are created.
3. Tenor – is the highest adult male singing voice.
Kinetic (mobiles) – A sculpture that is capable of
movement by wind, water or other forms of energy. 4. Bass – is a male singing voice that is low and rich
in quality.
The Different Media of Sculpture
5. Baritone – is a male singing voice that is between
1. Stone – a natural medium. It is hard and relatively tenor and bass.

permanent. Sculptures made from stone will last for Instrumental Medium – the materials that
produce/create sound. These medium may be
many years. Marble is deemed by sculptors as the natural or invented to produce a distinct type of
sound.
most beautiful stone for sculpture.
1. String instruments – provide the basic orchestral
2. Wood – also a natural medium. Compared to
sounds. They produce tones by means of the
stone, wood is relatively easy to work on. The major vibrations of the stretched strings.

weaknesses of wood is moisture that causes it to • Bowed strings – produce tones by means of a bow
or horse hair.
rot; fire and termites.
• Plucked strings – produce tones by plucking the
3. Metal – the medium is used for sculpture because string with a finger or with a plectrum held in one’s
of its three unique qualities: tensile strength, ductility hand.
and malleability. The ideal metals for sculptures are
alloys (stainless steel, bronze and brass) Woodwind instruments – create sounds by blowing
into them. Sounds can be altered by shortening or
lengthening the column of air inside the instrument.

4. Plaster – specifically, Plaster of Paris, is finely (Brass instruments – have cup-shaped

mouthpieces andexpands into a bell-shaped end.
ground gypsum mixed with water and poured into a The sound can be altered depending on the
tension of the lips.
mold.
4. Percussion instruments – make sound by hitting
5. Terra cotta (cooked earth) – this is baked
them with the hand, special sticks or by striking or
clay or clay fired in a kiln at a relatively high shaking their parts together.

temperature. The major weakness of clay is its 5. Keyboard instruments – make sound by means
of a keyboardwhich consists of a series of black and
fragility; it breaks easily. white keys.
6. Glass – this is made by heating and cooling a Some Genres of Music
combination of sand and soda lime. Glass may be • Classical music • Folk music • Pop music • Jazz
transparent, translucent or opaque. • Blues • Rock music • Alternative music
Plastic – a synthetic medium made from

organic polymers. While plastic is soft, it can be

molded into a form.

Elements of Arts Classification of Shapes

Line - An intended mark made by the artist to convey 1.Natural or organic shapes – are those seen in
meaning beyond its physical description nature like the shapes of leaves, animals, mountains,
flowers and seashells.
Kinds of Lines
2.Abstract shapes – are those that have little or no
1.Straight Lines – are geometric and impersonal resemblance to natural objects
and differ in the direction they take. They may move
from left to right, start from top going down, slant or 3. Non-objective or biomorphic shapes – seldom
move up and down forming angles. Whatever is the have reference to recognizable objects, but most
direction, each kind indicates a specific type of often show a similarity to some organic forms
emotion.
4 Geometric shapes – are the triangles, rectangles,
a)Horizontal lines – move from left to right or vice squares, cylinders, cubes, etc.
versa. It is the line that appears to be laying down
Texture
Vertical lines – start from the bottom going up or vice
versa. It is the line thatappears to be standing • Refers to the feel or tactile quality of the surface of
an object.
Diagonal lines – are slanting lines. In visual art it
suggests two meanings, a positive and negative one. Space
On the positive, it indicates action and movement.
• Space is an illusion in the graphic arts.
On the negative, it conveys a feeling of uncertainty,
stress or defeat. • Created by techniques that adds depth and
distance to two-dimensional art
Zigzag line – are angular lines that resulted because
of abrupt change in the direction of a straight line • In sculpture and architecture, space is actually
thus forming angles. present
2.Curved lines – are technically curvilinear lines. Positive and Negative Space – this is usually
These lines are found in nature particularly in living identified with the white space is the negative space.
organisms. The positive space on the other hand is the space
where shadow is heavily used

Movement
Color
• Portrays motion in artworks
• A property of light, so when the light goes out, color
goes with it. 2 ways to present motion or movement
• It expresses moods, feelings and personality 1.Actual movement in art, specifically in sculptures
results in kinetic art. Actual movements may be
Properties of Color
achieved naturally using wind and water or
1.Hue – the name given to the color, for example: mechanically through some energy source (batteries
red, green, violet and blue or electricity).

2.Value – refers to the lightness and darkness of a 2.Implied movement results when a variety of lines
color. are used together, repeated, changed in position, or
decreased/increased in size. This gives the
3.Intensity – denotes the brightness and dullness of impression of movement in a stationary two-
a color. dimensional art.

Shape

• In visual arts, a shape is formed when two ends of

a line meet to enclose an area.

• Shape refers to 2 dimensions: height and width

• Form is refers to three dimensions: height, width

and depth.
Principles of Art Elements and Principles of Music

MUSIC – defined as the art of combining and

regulating sounds of varying pitch to produce
1. Balance – refers to the distribution of the visual compositions that expresses various ideas and
elements in view of their placement in relation to feelings.
each other. 3 forms of balance:
1. Rhythm – is a movement or pattern with uniform
• Symmetrical – the elements used on one side are recurrence of accented and unaccented beat.
reflected on the other
2. Melody – is the succession of tones arranged in
• Asymmetrical – the elements are not the same on such a way as to give it a musical sense. It may also
each side, putting the heaviness on one side refer to the rising and falling of the tune in time.
• Radial – there is a central point in the composition, 3. Harmony – is a sounding of a series or group of
around which the elements and objects are tones at the same time. It may also refer to the
distributed. pleasing sound that is produced when two or more
notes are played together.
2. Scale and Proportion – the size of an object in
relation to another or relative to a whole composition. 4. Timbre – is tonal quality or the character of the
tone that is produced by an instrument or by the
• Natural – relates to the realistic size-relations of the
human voice.
visual elements in the artwork.
5. Form – is the structure or framework of a
• Exaggerated – this refer to the unusual size-relation
composition. • Vocal Forms • Instrumental Forms
of visual elements
VOCAL FORMS
• Idealized – the size-relation of elements achieve
the most ideal size-relation. • Opera – is a drama set to music complete with
actions,costumes and scenery
3. Emphasis – allows the attention of the viewer to
a focal point, accentuating or drawing attention to • Cantata – is a religious story told in music without
these elements or objects actions.
4. Contrast – the disparity between the elements • Moro – is Philippine drama set to music which
that figure into the composition. One object may be depicts the conflict between the Christians and the
made stronger as compared to other objects Muslims.
5. Unity – a sense of accord or completeness from INSTRUMENTAL FORMS
the artwork
• Sonata – is a long composition for solo instruments
6. Variety – the principle that aims to retain the (e.g.piano or violin).
interest by allowing patches or areas that both excite
and allow the eye to rest. • Symphony – is a sonata for the orchestra.

7. Harmony – elements or objects achieve a sense 6. Dynamics – is the loudness and softness of the
of flow and interconnectedness sound in music indicated by symbols to regulate the
volume of the sound.
8. Movement – refers to the direction of the viewing
eye as it goes through the artwork, often guided by
the areas or elements that are emphasized.
Film / Cinema / Motion Picture
9. Rhythm – this is created when an element is
repeated, creating implied movement The cinema can be described as a series of images
that are projected onto a screen to create the illusion
10. Repetition – the elements may appear in the of motion. This is also known as motion pictures,
artwork in a recurring manner movies or films.

11. Pattern – the image created out ofrepetition. Genres of Motion Pictures

1. Feature films – are the movies most commonly

shown inlarge movie theaters. They typically last
from 1 1⁄2 to 2 hours.These films portray fictional
stories or stories based on real events but are
portrayed by actors.
2. Animated movies – follows the same format as
feature films, but use images created by
artists/animators. These films create the illusion of
movement from a series of two- dimensional
5. Make-up, Hair and Costume Design – These
drawings, three-dimensional objects, or computer
people are responsible for applying the specific type
generated images.
of make-up, hairstyle and costume to the actors
3. Documentary movies – deal primarily with facts, before they face the camera.
not fiction. They are usually not shown in theaters,
but are broadcast regularly on cable and television.
6. Sound, Camera and Special Effects Technician –
4. Experimental films – are sequence of images,
sound technicians are responsible for making the
literal or abstract, which do not necessarily form a
dialogue clear and music of fine quality. The use of
narrative. Experimental film can be animated, live
camera and the functions of the special effects
action, computer generated or a combination of all
technician are indispensable in cinematography.
three.

5. Educational films – are specifically intended to

facilitate learning at home or in the classrooms. Their
aim is to provide instruction on various subjects
ranging from history to cooking

People Behind a Motion Picture

• Actors – play the roles of the characters in the film.

They do more than just act. They prepare
themselves for the role both mentally and physically.

• Producer – handles finances which includes:

paying for the production of the project, hiring actors
and production team, supervising the production
process, and making arrangements for distributing
the finished films to theaters.

• Screenwriter – develops stories and ideas for the

screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work
as motion pictures.

Director – studies the script, plans and visualizes

how the film should be portrayed, and guides the
actors and the production crew as they carry out the
project.

The Elements of Cinema

1. Acting and the Stars – acting is the art of portraying

or impersonating a character in the story. A
performer, during filming should embody the
character he is portraying.

2. Set and Art Directors – should know the setting of

the storyand build artificial sets. A well researched,
realistic setting makes the story authentic.

3. Music and Musical Director – Music is

indispensable in motion picture. The musical director
is in charge or selecting, composing new songs,
writing orchestration, preparing background music,
creating musical score and supervising all recording.

4. Color – in the movies is an innovation in

cinematography. It costs twice as much as the black
and white film.