PST711S Power Systems 315

Over Head Power

Transmission Line
Structures
 Power Systems
Power systems are responsible for
generating electrical power, transmitting
this power and then distributing it to
customers at voltage levels and reliability
that are appropriate to various users.
 System Layout
Generation Different Technologies

Transmission Extra High Voltage

Distribution Medium and Low voltage

Customer Service
 Overview
What is a Power System?
Power system includes all parts of an electric
system power sources and customers.

What is the function of the system?

The Function of the system is to generate power , transmit this

power and to distribute it to customers at voltage levels and
reliability that are appropriate to various users.
 System Components

What are the main component of a power system?

Generation plants

HV Substations

Transmission Lines

Bulk power Substations

Distribution system
Example of a Single Line Diagram
 Voltage levels

• Generation: 1kV-30 kV
• EHV Transmission: 500kV-765kV
• HV Transmission: 230kV-500kV
• Sub-transmission system: 69kV-169kV
• Distribution system: 120V-35kV
 Overview
➢ Power plants convert the energy stored in the fuel or
hydro into electric energy.
➢ The energy is supplied through step-up transformers
to the electric network.
➢ Power systems are comprised of 3 basic electrical
subsystems.
• Generation subsystem
• Transmission subsystem
• Distribution subsystem
 High Voltage Network

• High-voltage networks, consist of transmission lines, connects

the power plants and high-voltage substations in parallel.

• This network permits load sharing among power plants

• The typical voltage of the network is between 240 and 700 kV.

• The high-voltage substations are located near the load

centers.
 Sub-transmission Network
• The sub transmission system connects the high-voltage substations to
the distribution substations.

• The typical voltage of the sub transmission system is between 138

and 69 kV.

• In high load density areas, the sub transmission system uses a network
configuration that is similar to the high voltage network.

• In medium and low load density areas, the loop or radial connection is
used.
 Distribution Network
• The distribution system has two parts, primary and secondary.

• The primary distribution system consists of overhead lines or

underground cables, which are called feeders.

• The feeders supply the distribution transformers that step the voltage
down to the secondary level.

• The secondary distribution system contains overhead lines or

underground cables supplying the consumers directly by single- or
three-phase power.
 One Line Diagram

Question: Develop a simplified single line diagram showing the

basic layout of the power system network in your country.
 Overview …
Generators and loads are connected together through transmission lines
transporting electric power from one place to another. Transmission line must,
therefore, take power from generators, transmit it to location where it will be
used, and then distribute it to individual consumers.

The power capability of a transmission line is proportional to the square of the

voltage on the line. Therefore, very high voltage levels are used to transmit
power over long distances. Once the power reaches the area where it will be
used, it is stepped down to a lower voltages in distribution substations, and then
delivered to customers through distribution lines.
Overview …

Distribution line with no ground wire.

Dual 345 kV transmission line

 Preliminaries

An overhead transmission line usually consists of three conductors or bundles of

conductors containing the three phases of the power system. The conductors are
usually aluminum cable steel reinforced (ACSR), which are steel core (for strength)
and aluminum wires (having low resistance) wrapped around the core.
Preliminaries
In overhead transmission lines, the conductors are suspended from a pole
or a tower via insulators.
Preliminaries
In addition to phase conductors, a transmission line usually includes one or two
steel wires called ground (shield) wires. These wires are electrically connected to
the tower and to the ground, and, therefore, are at ground potential.

In large transmission lines, these

wires are located above the
phase conductors, shielding them
from lightning.
Preliminaries
Cable lines are designed to be placed
underground or under water. The conductors are
insulated from one another and surrounded by
protective sheath. Cable lines are usually more
expensive and harder to maintain. They also have
capacitance problem – not suitable for long
distance.

Transmission lines are characterized by a series resistance, inductance, and

shunt capacitance per unit length. These values determine the power-carrying
capacity of the transmission line and the voltage drop across it at full load.
 Conductors
➢ Conductors are physical media to carry electrical energy form
one place to other.
➢ These are the important components of overhead and
underground electrical transmission and distribution systems.

The choice of conductor depends on the cost and efficiency. An

ideal conductor has following features:
1.maximum conductivity
2.high tensile strength
3.least specific gravity i.e. weight / unit volume
4.least cost without sacrificing other factors.
5.Easy availability
6.Not brittle
 Conductor Materials
1. High Electrical Conductivity
2. High Tensile Strength
3. Low Cost
4. Low Specific Gravity
5. Easy availability
6. Not brittle

Commonly used conductor materials

1. Copper
2. Aluminum
3. Steel-cored Aluminum
4. Galvanized
5. Cadmium copper
Solid Conductors
Homogeneous Stranded Conductors
Composite stranded Conductors
 Types of Conductors
➢ In the early days conductor used on transmission lines were usually Copper,
but Aluminum Conductors have Completely replaced Copper because of the
much lower cost and lighter weight of Aluminum conductor compared with a
Copper conductor of the same resistance.

➢ The fact that Aluminum conductor has a larger diameter than a Copper
conductor of the same resistance is also an advantage.

➢ With a larger diameter the lines of electric flux originating on the conductor
will be farther apart at the conductor surface for the same voltage. This means
a lower voltage gradient at the conductor surface and less tendency to ionize
the air around the conductor. Ionization produces the undesirable effect called
corona.
 Types of Conductors …
The symbols identifying different types of Aluminium conductors are as follows:-
1. AAC: All Aluminium conductors.
2. AAAC: All Aluminium Alloy conductors
3. ACSR: Aluminium conductors, Steel-Reinforced
4. ACAR : Aluminum conductor, Alloy-Reinforced

➢ Aluminium alloy conductors have higher tensile strength than the conductor of
other grades

➢Aluminium or AAC, ACSR consists of a central core of steel strands surrounded

by layers of

➢Aluminium strands. ACAR has a central core of higher strength Aluminium Alloy
surrounded by layer of Electrical-Conductor-Grade Aluminium.
 ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced)
❖Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR) is concentrically stranded conductor
with one or more layers of hard drawn aluminum wire on galvanized steel wire core.

❖The core can be single wire or stranded depending on the size.

❖Steel wire core is available in Class A ,B or Class C galvanization for corrosion

protection.

❖Additional corrosion protection is available through the application of grease to the core
or infusion of the complete cable with grease.

❖The proportion of steel and aluminum in an ACSR conductor can be selected based on
the mechanical strength and current carrying capacity demanded by each application.
 ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) …
❖ ACSR conductors are recognized for their record of economy, dependability and favorable
strength / weight ratio. ACSR conductors combine the light weight and good conductivity of
aluminum with the high tensile strength and ruggedness of steel.

❖ In line design, this can provide higher tensions, less sag, and longer span lengths than
obtainable with most other types of overhead conductors.

❖ The steel strands are added as mechanical reinforcements.

❖ ACSR conductors are recognized for their record of economy, dependability and favourable
strength / weight ratio.

❖ ACSR conductors combine the light weight and good conductivity of aluminum with the high
tensile strength and ruggedness of steel.
 ACSR (Aluminum Conductor Steel Reinforced) …
❖ In line design, this can provide higher tensions, less sag, and longer span lengths than
obtainable with most other types of overhead conductors.

❖ The steel strands are added as mechanical reinforcements.

❖ The steel core wires are protected from corrosion by galvanizing.

❖ The product is available with conductor corrosion resistant inhibitor treatment applied
to the central steel component.
 BUNDLED CONDUCTORS
➢Bundle conductors are widely use for transmission line and has its own
advantages and disadvantages.

➢Bundle conductor is a conductor which consist several conductor cable

which connected.

➢Bundle conductors also will help to increase the current carried in the
transmission line.

➢The main disadvantage of Transmission line is its having high wind load
compare to other conductors.
 BUNDLED CONDUCTORS …
➢ The combination of more than one conductor per phase in parallel suitably spaced from each other
used in overhead Transmission Line is defined as conductor bundle. The individual conductor in a
bundle is defined as Sub-conductor.
➢ At Extra High Voltage (EHV), i.e. voltage above 220 KV corona with its resultant power loss and
particularly its interference with communication is excessive if the circuit has only one conductor
per phase.
➢ The High-Voltage Gradient at the conductor in the EHV range is reduced considerably by having
two or more conductors per phase in close proximity compared with the spacing between conductor-
bundle spaced wide spacing
➢ The three conductor bundle usually has the conductors at the vertices of an equilateral triangle and
four conductors bundle usually has its conductors at the corners of a square.
➢ The current will not divide exactly between the conductor of the bundle unless there is a
transposition of the conductors within the bundle, but the difference is of no practical importance.
➢ Reduced reactance is the other equally important advantage of bundling. Increasing the number of
conductor in a bundle reduces the effects of corona and reduces the reactance. The reduction of
reactance results from the increased Geometric Mean Radius (GMR) of the bundle.
Bundled conductors
Bundled conductors …
Mechanical Design of
Overhead
Transmission lines
 Mechanical Design

F.O.S = Factor of Safety (which is the ability of a system's structural capacity to

be viable beyond its expected or actual loads)
Basic Design Considerations
Basic Design Considerations…
Some terms used in mechanical
design
Some terms used in mechanical
design …
Some terms used in mechanical design
Some terms used in mechanical
design
Points to note!
Factors Affecting Sag
Factors Affecting Sag
Factors Affecting Sag…
 Factors Affecting Sag …
(i) Weight of the Conductor:
This affects the sag directly. The heavier the conductor, greater will be the sag. In locations
where ice formation takes place on the conductor, this will also cause increase in the sag.

(ii) Length of the Span:

This also affects the sag. Sag is directly proportional to the square of the span length. Hence
other conditions, such as type of conductor, working tension, temperature etc., remaining the
same a section with longer span will have much greater sag.

(iii) Working Tensile Strength:

The sag is inversely proportional to the working tensile strength of conductor if other conditions
such as temperature, length of span etc. remain the same. Working tensile strength of the
conductor is determined by multiplying the ultimate stress and area of x-section and dividing
by a factor of safety.

(iv) Temperature:
All metallic bodies expand with the rise in temperature and, therefore, the length of the
conductor increases with the rise in temperature, and so does the sag.
 Factors Affecting Sag …
• The sag plays an important role in the design of overhead line.

• It is disadvantageous to provide either too high sag or too low sag. In

case the sag is too high, more conductor material is required, more
weight on the supports is to be supported, higher supports are
necessary and there is a chance of greater swing-amplitude due to wind
load.

• On the other hand in the case of too low sag, there is more tension in
the conductor and thus the conductor is liable to break if any additional
stress is to be taken, such as due to vibration of line or due to fall in
temperature.
 Sag calculation

Point o from ground = D - d

Sag calculation
Sag calculation
Sag calculation
Components of Tension
Length y

A x = L/2 x = L/2 B
s = l/2 y=d
y

0 x
x
Length, (H = T0)
Length
Length
Length y

A x = L/2 x = L/2 B
s = l/2 y=d
y

0 x
x
Length
Calculation of Sag
Calculation of Sag
Sag Calculation

A x = L/2 x = L/2 B
s = l/2 y=d
y

0 x
x
Sag Calculation
Calculation of Tension
Calculation of Tension
y

A x = L/2 x = L/2 B
s = l/2 y=d
y

0 x
x
Calculation of Length
 Example
2
(g = 9.816 m/s ) 4N/m = (4/g) kg/m
Solution
Solution …
Supports at Different levels
(Unsymmetrical Span)
Supports at Different levels (Unsymmetrical
Span) …
(x22 – x12) = (x2 + x1) (x2 – x1)
Supports at Different levels
(Unsymmetrical Span) …

L= (x2 + x1), ……… (1)

(x2 - x1) = (2Hh)/(wL), ……… (2)

Supports at Different levels
(Unsymmetrical Span) …
Example
Solution
Solution …
Effect of loading due to Ice and Wind
Conductor Weight
Ice loading
Ice loading …
Ice loading …
Combined effect of Ice and wind
Effective loading
Problem
Solution
Solution …
Solution …
Solution …
Consider a conductor AOB of length “l” Problem 1
suspended at two points A and B and spaced
“L” units apart (span = L). Assume “O” is the
lowest point of the wire. Consider a length OP
of the curve length “q”. Where “w” is the
weight of the conductor per unit length; T0 is
the tension at point “O”; T is the tension at
point “P” and L is the span. Apply the given
expressions to derive expressions for sag “d”,
length of the conductors between the poles “l”
and maximum tension “Tmax” in terms of T0, w
and L.
 Problem 2
a. Briefly explain the factors affecting sag of a power transmission line

b. Qualitatively discuss how wind and ice on conductors affects sag.

c. Calculate the horizontal component of tension and maximum sag for a

span of 300 m if the maximum tension in the conductor be 4,000 kg and
weight of conductor is 800 kg/km. determine also the location of points
on the conductor at which the sag will be half of the above value.
 Solution to problem 2
c. Calculate the horizontal component of tension and maximum sag for a span of 300 m if the maximum tension
in the conductor be 4,000 kg and weight of conductor is 800 kg/km. determine also the location of points on
the conductor at which the sag will be half of the above value.

Hint:

𝒘𝑳 𝟏 𝒘𝑳 𝟐 𝒘𝟐 𝑳𝟐
Use 𝑻𝑴𝑨𝑿 = 𝑯𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 =𝑯 𝟏+ +⋯ ≈𝑯+
𝟐𝑯 𝟐! 𝟐𝑯 𝟖𝑯

𝒘𝟐 𝑳𝟐
𝑻𝑴𝑨𝑿 =𝑯+
𝟖𝑯
Where TMAX = 4000 kg; w = (800/1000) kg/m = 0.8 kg/m; and L = 300 m, then solve the equation
quadratically to get H

𝑯 𝒘𝑳 𝑯 𝟏 𝒘𝑳 𝟐 𝒘𝑳𝟐
Maximum sag is calculated from the expression: 𝒅𝑴𝑨𝑿 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉 −𝟏 = +⋯ ≈ since
𝒘 𝟐𝑯 𝒘 𝟐! 𝟐𝑯 𝟖𝑯

H, L and w are known then maximum sag is easily calculated